英语语法（1） --名词，冠词，代词 周村电大: 张婉茹.

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1 英语语法（1） --名词，冠词，代词 周村电大: 张婉茹

2 名 词 要求掌握： 　　一、可数名词与不可数名词 　　二、可数名词的复数形式 　　三、名词的所有格 　　四、名词在句子中的作用

3 一、可数名词与不可数名词 可数名词表示某类人或东西中的个体。如table， country.
　　或表示若干个体组成的集合体。如 family， people， committee， police. 　　不可数名词表示无法分为个体的实物。如air， tea， furniture， water. 　　或表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如work， information， advice， happiness. 　　有些名词在一种场合下是可数名词，在另一种场合下是不可数名词。 　　如room 房间(可数)，空间(不可数) 　　time 时间(不可数)，次数(可数) 　　fish 鱼(不可数)，各种各样的鱼(可数)

4 可数名词的复数形式 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词复数的构成如下： 1.一般情况下在名词后加-s.如：girls， books.
　　★浊辅音、元音结尾，s发[z] 2.以s， x ， ch， sh结尾的词在名词后加-es.如：glasses， boxes， matches， bushes. 　　★以s， x ， ch， sh结尾，es发[iz] 3.“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i再加-es.如：city-cities， country-countries. 4.以o结尾的词多数加-es.如：heroes， tomatoes， potatoes. 　　radios， zoos， photos， pianos， kilos 例外。 5.f， fe 结尾的词，多数变f，fe为v再加-es.如：thief-thieves， leaf-leaves， half-halves， life-lives， wife-wives， knife-knives. 　　少数名词有不规则的复数形式。如：man-men， woman-women， foot-feet， tooth-teeth， child-children， mouse-mice. 　　★可数名词复数一般情况下考不规则复数形式。个别名词的单数和复数的形式是一样的。如Chinese， Japanese， sheep， deer.

5 名词的所有格 （1） 名词的所有格表示所属关系， 起形容词的作用。 当名词表示有生命的东西时，所有格一般是在词尾加 s .
　　如：Jeans room， my daughter-in-laws friends， my daughters-in-laws friends， children‘s books. 　　如果名词已经有了复数词尾s， 则只需加。如：the teachers books， my parents car. 时间名词的所有格在后面加s ，复数加 .如：today’s newspaper， five minutes walk. 当名词表示无生命的东西时，所有格常由“of”短语构成。 　　如：the top of the world， the cover of the book， Chinas capital. 加 s 或 的名词所有格可以表示店铺或某人的家。 　　如：the grocers， the tailors， the Smiths .

6 名词的所有格（2） ★名词所有格考试常见部分是 名词表示没有生命的东西时，不能直接在其后加s.

7 名词在句子中的作用 名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语，有时可以作状语。
名词、代词或其他结构作主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。 1.主语是可数名词单数时，谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。 ★the number of 表示数量，无论后面名词是复数还是单数，谓语动词是单数形式。几分 之几作主语，谓语是单数形式。在名词作主语时，the number of 谓语动词单数形式; 几分 之几，谓语单数形式; 　both 谓语使用复数形式。 2、主语是不可数名词、不定式或动名词词组、从句时，谓语动词用单数形式。 3.主语部分若有as well as， with， together with， like， but， except等短语， 谓语动词的单、复数与短语前面的名词一致。

8 名词在句子中的作用 4.表示时间、距离、重量、价值等的复数名词作主语时， 如果当作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。“
…+(×)…=…”算式中的谓语动词也用单数形式。 5. Either， neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 none代表可数的人或东西时，谓语动词可以用单数也 以用复数，代表不可数的东西时，谓语动词用单数形式。

9 名词在句子中的作用 6.主语由either…or， neither…nor， not only…but also连接时，
谓语形式由最邻近的主语决定。 7.主语中有and，如果表示单一概念，谓语动词用单数。 8.主语前有many a， more than one修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。 9.集合名词作主语，当作整体看待时，语动词用单数形式，当作 每个独立的个体看待时，谓语动词用复数。

10 名词部分考试重点 1、可数名词与不可数名词里，哪几个词是不可数名词。 2、可数名词复数形式重点掌握不规则形式，单、复数相同的名词。
3、名词所有格重点掌握时间名词所有格在其后加s，复数加。 4、名词在句中的作用，重点掌握刚才的9点。

11 冠 词 1.不定冠词的基本用法 2.定冠词的基本用法 3.不加冠词的基本规则以及冠词的习惯用法
冠词是一种虚词，只能附着在名词上帮助说明名词的含义。 冠词分为定冠词(the)和不冠词(a或an)两类，定冠词表示特指，不定冠词表示泛指。 a用于读音以辅音开头的词前面，an用于读音以元音开头的词前面。 如：a university， a useful book， an umbrella， a horse， an honest man.

12 一.不定冠词的基本用法 1.表示“一”的含义。 Give me a pen please.
We go shopping twice a week. 2.泛指某个人或东西。 Yesterday we visited an English secondary school. She picked up a magazine and began to read. 3.表示一类人或东西。 He works as a language teacher in that university. As a writer， he is successful. Even a child can answer this question. 可数名词单数出现，泛指用不定冠词，特指用定冠词。 一个可数名词的单数不能自己单独出现。

13 二、定冠词的基本用法(1) 1.表示特定的人或东西。 Give me the magazine.
　Have you decided on the prices yet? 　The book on the table is an English dictionary. 　Beijing is the capital of China. 2.复述前文提到的人或东西。 　Last week， I saw a film. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people. 　The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing. 3.用于形容词前面，代表一类人或东西。 　　the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the wounded 受伤的人 　　the sick 生病的人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 the old 老年人 　　the young 年青人 4.用于表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词前面。 　　the moon， the sun， the earth

14 二、定冠词的基本用法(2) 5.用于序数词、方位名词、形容词与副词的最高级前面，副词最高级前面的the可以省略。
January is the first month of the year. The sun rises in the east. Japan lies to the east of China. “东、南、西、北”作副词时，前面不加冠词。 We are walking south. 形容词最高级前若有物主代词，就不加定冠词。 Monday is my busiest day. 6.用于姓氏的复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。 The Lius have moved to Guangzhou. The Smiths came to China for visit in 1996. 7.不可数名词前面通常不加定冠词，但若有限制性定语修饰，或表示特定部分、 特定内容时，前面需加定冠词。 　　Drink some water. 　　Is the water in the well fit for drink? 　　What do you think of the music?

15 三、不加冠词的基本规则 1.季节、月份、日期前一般不加冠词。 2.表示球类、棋类、三顿饭的名词前通常不加冠词，但乐器前需加定冠词。
2.表示球类、棋类、三顿饭的名词前通常不加冠词，但乐器前需加定冠词。 　 3.有些固定词组中的名词前不加冠词。 at noon at night at dawn at midnight in town in front of at distance as a whole to catch cold in the morning in the afternoon in the evening in the daytime (at the back of) (in the distance) on the whole to have a cold

16 冠词考试重点 1、什么时候加定冠词。 2、可数名词单数出现，必须用a或an或定冠词修饰，不能单独出现。 3、什么情况下，不用加冠词。
冠词易考： 1、冠词修饰名词。 Please go _____ upstairs after you have finished the lunch. upstairs是副词，前面不需要加冠词。 2、可数名词单数泛指，前面加不定冠词。an用于读音以元音开头的单词前。 Reading English story books is a good way of improving your English. I have been waiting for him for half an hour. 3、名词特指时，前面加定冠词。 　　He is enjoying his stay in Denmark， but has some difficulty with the language. 　　Is the water from the tap fit for drink?

17 冠词考试重点 (2) 4、可数名词的复数和不可数名词泛指，前面不加冠词;大部分专有名词前也不加冠词。
As we know， the most dangerous enemies are those who pretend to be friends. They left for work after supper. The film includes some recently discovered newsreels of World War II .(the Second World War) 5、冠词在固定词组中的特定用法。 Without any news from Tom for a long time， his father left for Shanghai to see him. They will travel by air. 　 I will help you for the sake of your sister ( for the sake of 因为) 　 I will go to school on foot. 　 My mother is in hospital. 　 He has been in prison for two years.

18 代 词 包括：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词及其用法。
代词部分的难点之一是名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的区别。顾名思义，形容词性物主代词起的是形容词的作用，在句子中只能作定语，名词性物主代词起的是名词的作用，代替上文出现的名词，在句子中一般作主语、宾语、表语等。 代词部分的主要考核点是不定代词。如some， any， few， a few， little， a little， many， much， one， none， all， both， either， neither， each， every， other， another， 以及some， any， no， every 与body， one， thing 构成的合成代词。 代词部分的另一个考核点是it.

19 人称代词有第一、第二、第三人称和单数、复数之分，在句子中可以作主语和宾语。英语中有下列人称代词：
一、人称代词 人称代词有第一、第二、第三人称和单数、复数之分，在句子中可以作主语和宾语。英语中有下列人称代词： 在并列的主语或宾语中，I或me 通常放在后面。如： Liping and I are in charge of the work. My farther asks my sister and me to have dinner with him tomorrow.

20 物主代词有形容词性与名词性物主代词之分。
二、物主代词 物主代词有形容词性与名词性物主代词之分。 形容词性物主代词在句子中作定语，名词性物主代词在句子中主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语(接在of 后面)。英语中有下列物主代词： 名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上上文出现的名词。如： My bag is yellow， his (his bag) is black and theirs (their bags) are brown.

21 反身代词在句子中可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。如： Please help yourself to some tea.(宾语)
三、反身代词 反身代词在句子中可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。如： Please help yourself to some tea.(宾语) The boy is too young to look after himself.(宾语) I’ll be myself again in no time.(表语) The desk itself is not so heavy. (同位语) I fixed the door myself. (同位语)

22 四、指示代词 指示代词包括this， that， these， those 和such， 在句子中可以作主语、定语、表语、宾语等 (such不作宾语)。 that和those有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以避免重复。 而可数名词单数往往用the one 或that one 来代替。用the one 的时候更多一些。如： These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 生产 The best wine is that from France. My room is lighter than the one next door. The film is more funny than that one. that 可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要谈的事情。如： They have no time to read the books. That's their trouble. I want to know this： How much money we have left? this 和that 有时还可以用来表示程度。如： I don't want that much. 　　He is not that wise. 　　The book is about this thick.

23 五、疑问代词 疑问代词包括what， which， who， whom， whose， 可以用来构成特殊疑问句，
如：Who is speaking? (主语) Which do you prefer， the yellow one or the white one? (宾语) What’s your sister?(表语) The man who is talking with my mother is an engineer.(引导定从句) The old man whose son is studying abroad is our formal dean of the department. (引导定从句) This is the plane which will fly to Wuhan this afternoon. (引导定从句) I don't remember whom I have lent my dictionary to. (引导宾语从句) 疑问代词what， which， who， whom后面可以加ever来加重语气。如： Whoever can be calling at this time of the night ?谁这么深更半夜来找人? I’ll say whatever comes into my head. Take whichever book you like.

24 六、不定代词（1） 不定代词包括both， either， neither， all， none， no， one，each， every， few， a few， little， a little， many， much， some， any， other， another， 以及some， any， no， every构成的合成代词。 (一)both， either， neither both 表示“两者(都)”，either表示“(两者之中)任何一个”，neither表示“(两者之中)没有一个”。三个词在句子中都可以作主语、宾语、定语，both还可以作同位语。 My sister is good at planning her time so that she always has enough time for both work and play. (be good at 擅长做某事) Neither of the answers is right. Either of the books belongs to you. You and I are both to blame. You both agreed to stay. Both 放在实意动词前，系动词be 的后面。

25 六、不定代词（2） (二)all， none， no， one
all和none用于三者以上的场合，分别表示“全部都”和“一个都没有”，none往往与of连用。 All of us are fond of sports. (be fond of 爱好) We are all for him .(be for sb 支持某人) Grasp all， lose all. 什么都抓，什么都抓不住。(谚) None of them know how to read and write. A friend to all is a friend to none. 滥交者无友。(谚) None of us are perfect. None of them has had that kind of experience. no表示“没有”，在句子中只能作定语，相当于not a 或not any，not否定动词，no否定名词。 Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。(谚) No man is born wise. 没有人是生来聪明的。(谚) one 指代上文提到的人或物，前面可以加定冠词，可以有自己的定语，还可以有复数形式。 Your answer is a good one. I don't like colored envelopes. I like white ones. I haven't got a raincoat. Ill have to buy one.

26 六、不定代词（3） (三)each， every
each 和every表示“每一个”，every 在句子中只能作定语，each 可以作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。 The headmaster shook hands with each of the teacher. (shake hands with 握手) The students try to set aside a little money each month. (set aside 节约) From each according to his ability， to each according to his needs (work)。各尽所能，按需分配。 I have every reason to believe that she can finish the job well. There is every possibility of our winning the game. every 还常用在every little while (每隔一会)，every other day， every three days(每隔两天)， every ten miles(每隔十英里)， every now and then (不时)， every four years， every other line， one out of every three students.

27 六、不定代词（4） (四)few， a few， little， a little， many， much
few， a few， many 修饰或指代可数名词， little， a little， much修饰或指代不可数名词。 few， little表示否定，a few，a little表示肯定， much常用于否定句中。 Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。(谚) Few words are best. 话少最好。(谚) They don‘t take much interest in it. I know little about it. There‘s a little water left in the jar. Few of them have been to India. I‘ve read a few books written by Dickens.

28 六、不定代词（5） (五)other， the other， others， the others， another
Forty people came to the meeting. Two of them were from Japan， the others from America. Many people came to attend the meeting. Some were from Japan， others were from America. The United States， unlike many other countries， receives a large number of immigrants every year from all over the world. The twin sisters are so alike that we find it difficult to tell one from the other. (so……that 如此以至于 tell sb. from 区分) Some students are watering the flowers，others are weeding the fields. The task will be finished in another three days. Four of them are in the classroom. What about the others? Please give me another example to illustrate your point. There are three apples on the table. One is for my mother， another is for my father and the third is for me.

29 七、it的用法 1.指代一个人或事物。 It‘s only a fifteen-minute ride to my school.
It often rains in the south of China. 2.作句子的形式主语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。 It took me five minutes to finish reading the exercise. It cost me five yuan to buy the pen. 3.作句子的形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。 They all regard it their duty to help the poor people. I don't think it worthwhile taking so much trouble. (Its worthwhile doing. 做……事是值得的) We find it difficult to learn English without practicing. I think it no use telling them. 4.构成强调句型。当强调的部分是主语，并且主语是人时，句型中的that 也可以换作who. 强调句基本构成 it is that… It is in the room that we met each other for the first time. It was not until 1936 that basketball became a part of the Olympic Games. (not until 直到……才) It was they who attended the meeting last week.

30 Enjoy your study