NEIE Book 3--Unit 2 The Road Ahead. Identify a writer's audience and purpose  Identify a writer’s audience and purpose so that you can better understand.

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1 NEIE Book 3--Unit 2 The Road Ahead

2 Identify a writer's audience and purpose  Identify a writer’s audience and purpose so that you can better understand why a writer includes certain information and presents it in a certain way. Good writers consider their audience (the people they are writing to) and their purpose (the reason or the reasons for writing). A writer’s audience is evident by the language or content that the writer uses.

3  Writers have different purposes. They may want to inform their readers (objective) or persuade them to change their minds or take certain actions (subjective), or produce a certain emotional response (subjective).

4  Apply the Strategy  1. According to paragraph 1 of “Site-seeing on the Internet”, who is (are) the writer’s audience? Make a possible list of possible audiences.  2.According to paragraph 1, what is the writer’s purpose?  3.Does the sentence “ ‘Site-seeing on the Internet’ is a US government publication” help you identify the audience and purpose of the publication?

5 Example 1 : How to learn English well? I think, at first, reading is a must, as we all know, English is a communication tool, so reading to English is what water to a fish. Secondly, writing shouldn’t be forgotten, as long as you write something even everything interesting or meaningful around you, then your English will become better and better. Thirdly---

6 Can you imagine the audience and purpose of such a passage? Have a try.  The writer tries to persuade English learners to learn it as said in the passage. Thus the language used there is quite subjective. And the topic there is focused on English learning.

7 Use figurative language  Figures of speech ( 修辞 ): when we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Observing how figurative language is used will help you identify the writer’s meaning.

8  There are several forms of figures of speech: simile / metaphor / hyperbole 夸张 / metonymy 借喻 / synecdoche 提喻 / irony 反 语 / personification / pun 双关 / synaesthesia 通感, 复合感觉

9  Love is food for the soul, but jealousy is poison. The ground is thirsty and starving ． (dry)  To drink like fish （狂饮）  We can’t say that his heart is not so dark as hell.  When I first saw her ． My soul began to quiver ． (I began to fall in love)

10  Site-Seeing on the Internet

11 Background information Topic-related words and terms  Netizen 网民 cyberspace 网络  Digiteer 计算机能手 cyber crime 网络犯罪  blogger 开博客的人 virus infection 感染病毒  Cyber word / cyber speak 网络用语  hacker 黑客 virtual space 虚拟空间  surf the Internet 上网冲浪 spam / junk mail  get addicted to the Internet 上网成瘾  thread / thread starter 帖子 / 楼主  online love affair / finger love 网恋

12  system halted 死机 green hand 菜鸟  Antivirus 抗病毒软件 computer breakdown 电脑 故障 network meltdown 网络瘫痪 online transaction 网上交易 Internet addict 网瘾者  cause the meltdown of the Internet 导致网络瘫痪  The domain names : com. (commercial enterprises) edu. (educational institution) gov. (government) net. (network) org. (nonprofit organization) mil. (military institution)

13 What is the Internet ? The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a “network of networks” that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks ， which together carry various information and services ， such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).

14 What is the Cyberspace ? Cyberspace is a term originated by author William Gibson ( 威廉 · 吉布森 ) in his novel Neuromancer 《神经漫游者》 in 1984. The word Cyberspace is currently used to describe the whole range of information resources available through computer networks.

15 Discussion  How can we travel in cyberspace safely ?

16  Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of the cyber industry and some newly-emerging words have come into everyday use. This situation has posed a very serious and profound problem for us : how can we travel in cyberspace safely ?  In my mind, there are two factors we should bear in mind when we surf on the Internet.

17  First, we should not let our personal information be known to any strangers on the Internet, such as our ID and credit card numbers, as well as our passwords. With the further development of the Internet, some cyber deceptions may appear to be very authoritative; therefore, we should be very cautious whenever we are online. Second, when we are buying something

18  online, we should be particularly careful with the shopping procedures and we had better go to an official website which has good credibility and reliability. Only in this way we can avoid being cheated and get the satisfactory goods and services we desire.

19 Language Points  Linger over : 细细思考, 细细欣赏 ; 停留在, 慢吞 吞地做.  Questions linger over the cancellation of the negotiation.  Linger over one’s work 磨洋工  You’ve lingered long enough over breakfast. Eat it up.

20  Venture: v. 冒险, 敢于 ; n. 风险, 冒险 ( 事业 ), 投 机.  ·Nothing ventured, nothing gained.( 不入虎穴, 焉得虎子 )  When darkness fell, the hunter would venture out ．  She paused before venturing up the steps to the door ．

21  I venture to ask if anything sprang up between you.  They ventured their lives in exploring (to explore) the desert.  He ventured large sums of money on speculative stocks.  He is too timid to venture upon a new undertaking.

22  Access to sth. / obtain access (to sth.)  Access : n. 入口, 通道, 接近或使用 …( 的机会 或权利 ); v. 进入, 获取.  The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields ． Students have full access to all resources. Students have full access to all resources.  I demanded access to a telephone.

23  Citizens may have free access to the library.  We can't access the Internet.  She access three different files to find the correct information.  他是一个很好接近的人。  He is a man of easy access.  Block access to : 封锁

24  Tailor : v. to build or make as the buyer specifies; n. 裁缝.  He wears a beautifully tailored suit.  我们能调整我们的设计以满足你的要求。  We can tailor our design to meet your request.

25  你得量入为出。  You have to tailor your spending to your income.  This tailor is famous for making good suit.  … collect a complete picture of … (Para.6) : 完全了解

26  Highlight : v. 照亮, 使 … 突出明显, 使 … 显得重 要, 强调 ; n. 精彩部分, 亮点, 最重要的部分.  Please use the cursor to highlight the important words in this text ．  你的简历应该突出强调你的技能和成绩。  Your resume should highlight your skills and achievements ．

27  Matches flared, momentarily highlighting the faces.  去年美俄贸易以谷物为主。  Grain highlighted U.S.-Russian trade last year.  出口活跃显出经济在好转。  Brisk exports highlight the upturn of the economy.

28  我们旅游中最有意思的活动就是参观宫殿。  The highlight of our tour was seeing the palace.  Defraud : v. to cheat  She is defrauded of her money by a dishonest accountant.  He defrauded the author of his property.

29  Disrupt : v. 干扰，打断，防碍，使分裂破裂。  The bad weather has seriously disrupted supplies of food.  政府采取了重要措施去瓦解来自恐怖主义的 威胁。  The government took decisive steps to disrupt any threats from the terrorists.

30  Converse : n. 相反的事物； adj. 相反的，逆 的； v. 交谈 (to converse with sb.)  He says she is satisfied, but I believe the converse to be true: she is very dissatisfied.  I believe the converse of what you are saying.  This statement is converse to that one.

31  Entail : v. 使必需，使承担，带来.  This job entails a lot of hard work.  Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk.  此项改变将为他带来每月五十英磅的花费。  This alteration would entail an expenditure of 50 pounds on him every month.

32  Attachment (to): n. 附件，附属物，忠诚，依 恋，依赖.  Please send your resume by attachment.  她现在隶属于国防部。  She's on attachment to the Ministry of Defense.  We should not doubt against his attachment to the company.

33  Scramble : v. & n. 混乱，攀爬，争夺.  How can you scramble up such a steep hillside?  People were scrambling madly for shelter.  To scramble some eggs 炒鸡蛋

34 Foolproof : adj. 不会出错的, 简单的, 安全无比 的, 可靠的, 易懂的, 易操作的, 很不错的. There is no foolproof way to beat virus attack for now.  foolproof (or user-friendly) camera; instant automatic camera 傻瓜相机 a foolproof method / plan / scheme  万无一失的方法、 计画、 方案.

35  Chances are your Internet…on its web site ． (Para ． 2)  Chances (The chances) are that- It is possible ／ likely that  Chances are that the guest team will win ．  The chances are that they will be late as usual ．

36  Be (well ／ fully ／ acutely) aware (that / of / how / when / what) :  He is aware of her presence.  I am not aware how long he has lived here.

37 Discourse analysis of Reading 1  Section 1 ： (Para ． 1)Introduction to the Internet ．  Section 2 ： (Para ． 2—14)Common sense and knowledge are your best travel companions.  1) Getting the most from your travel ． (Para ． 2—3) Travel tip ： A little planning goes a long way on the Internet  2) Information--the accuracy of cyberspace (Para ． 4—6) Travel tip ： As you enter a website ， look for a privacy policy that answers your questions about accuracy, access, security ，

38  and protection of personal information, as well as how that information will be used ， and whether it will be provided to third parties ．  3) Maintaining privacy when you travel. (Para ． 7—9) Travel tip ： Be sure to know who you’re “talking” to ．  4)Travel insurance for Cyberspace.(Para.1 0—14) More travel tips ．  Section 3 ： (Para ． 15—36) Cyberspeak--learning the language ．

39  Clone Farm

40 Keys to Exercises (Reading 2)  I. Comprehension of the Text  1. 1) d iv 2) c i 3) a iii 4) b ii  2. (as written in Reading 2)  II. Vocabulary  1) farmers 2) producers 3) prospect 4) vision 5) teaming up with 6) mass-producing 7) genetically modified 8) embryos 9) vulnerable 10) victims

41 Language Points  Scale : n. 1) the size or level of something ， or the amount of something  We had underestimated the scale of the problem ．  on a large ／ small ／ grand, etc ． scale  There has been housing development on a massive scale since 1980. Most alternative technologies work best on a small scale ．

42  多层次的调查全面展示了受损的状况.  A structural survey revealed the full scale of the damage ．  2) a whole range of different people or things ， from the lowest level to the highest  Some rural schools have 50 pupils ， while at the other end of the scale are city schools with nearly 5000 pupils ．

43  她逐渐提升自己的社会地位。  She gradually made her way up the social scale ．  Scale up 增加 / scale down / scale back 减 少, 减小

44  Alarm : v.1) to make someone feel worried or frightened  I don’t want to alarm you ， but I can’t find the key ．  n.2) a piece of equipment that makes a loud noise to warn you of danger  a burglar ／ fire ／ smoke alarm

45  3) a feeling of fear or worry because something bad or dangerous might happen  There is growing alarm in the increase in crime ．  She looked up in alarm ．

46  Vulnerable : 弱小的, 脆弱的, 易受 … 的, 有缺点 的.  The potato is vulnerable to several pests.  她很年轻，易受骗上当。  She is very young and vulnerable to fraud.  她感到自己孤立无助，非常脆弱。  She was left feeling exposed and vulnerable.

47  Put someone off : 使 … 反感, 使 … 受打扰, 让 … 等待.  It puts me off when you watch me all the time.  When he calls, put him off as long as you can.  His arrogance really puts me off.

48  Envisage : v. 想像, 设想.  你估计什么时候能够还钱给我 ?  When do you envisage being able to pay me back? We had not envisaged that the situation would get so bad. He had not envisaged the matter in that light.

49  Roll off : 印出，产出，复制出.  Roll out : 铺开，滚出，用洪亮的声音说出.  Roll in : 滚滚而来，蜂拥而至，尽情享受（钱 等）.  Roll up : 卷起，把 … 裹起来，累积成，到达， 出现，（烟雾等）升起.  To roll out the red carpet for sb.

50  Be rolling in ease 过安逸的生活  To roll up one’s sleeves / the umbrella  To roll the child up in the blanket  To roll up a huge fortune

51 Writing Knowledge  Paragraph Organization—Classification  To make each classification from one perspective, or based on one criterion / to include all possible cases in your classification / to introduce the factors to be classified, the criterion for classification, and how many categories there will be / to describe each category / to make further classifications within each category if necessary.

52  Language you can use in classifications (on page 40)  Sample for reference (on page 41)

53 Writing Strategy  Budget your time efficiently when writing your essay  Before you start working on your writing assignment, it is highly recommended that you work out a working schedule that you and your instructor agree upon. You should follow the schedule unswerving and firmly so as to complete parts of the assignment step by step. Then you can be sure to complete your assignment on time.

54 Translation Strategy  Free from the original text  Examples given in our textbook (on page 42-43)

55  When he might well have acted with boldness ， he found himself filled with doubts ， scruples and equivocations ， in addition to the ordinary fears of a lover ．

56  当他可以大胆行动的时候，他发现自己除了 一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外，心 里充满疑惑, 顾虑和踌躇。  等到他放胆去追求的时候，他觉得迟疑不定， 顾虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人常有的提 心吊胆的心理，就更难免了。

57  Yet he failed somehow ， in spite of a mediocrity which ought to have insured any man a success ．

58  然而不知怎么的，他失败了，尽管他的平庸 本该确保像他这样人的成功。  按理说，他这样的庸才，正该发迹才是，可 是不知为什么，只是不得意。

59  There were many forces at work, which made virtually inevitable the discovery of America at about the time Columbus accomplished it ．

60  有许多力量在哥伦布发现美洲的时期前后起 着作用，使美洲的发现成为实际不可避免的 事。  美洲的发现实际上是势所必然的, 因为在哥 伦布完成这一使命的前后时期，就已经有许 多重要因素在起作用。

61 Keys to Exercises of Reading 1  III. 2. 1) linger 2)scramble 3)foolproof  4)personalize 5)unsolicited 6)maliciously  7)hijack 8)disrupt 9)attachment  10) anonymous  3. 1)insured 2)personal 3)awareness  4)accurately 5)accessible 6)exposing  7) conversation 8) have ventured  9) reveals 10) afford

62  IV. 1. 1) tips 2) determine 3) charged 4) privacy  5) personal 6) collecting 7) personalized  8) guarantees 9) definitely 10) passwords  11) access 12) bulletin 13 ) attachment  14) transmitted 15) assure  2. 1) far-reaching 2) digital 3) anonymous  4) filters 5) simulation 6) retreat  7) assume 8) isolated

63  V. 1. 1) We should be fully aware of the importance of online security.  2) Sometimes watching movies online can expose your computer to viruses.  3) Anti-virus software keeps the spreading of viruses under control.  4) Viruses can be transmitted through many ways, in particular, through the Internet.

64 5) As getting on line gets easier and more affordable, more and more people will venture into Cyberspace.  2. 1) 在网络空间里，有如此之多的事情可以做， 又如此之多的 “ 站点 ” 可以浏览，因为你的因特网 服务商在网站上提供了大量的信息。  2) 当你参与一个聊天室的论坛，在一个公告板上 写留言，在一个商业网站注册，参加一个竞赛， 或者是订购某种产品的时候，你直接公开地

65  将信息传送到了网络空间。  3) 当你再次访问这个网站时，该网站将会打开 cookie 文件，获得所存储的信息，从而知道怎样欢 迎你 —— 它甚至可以叫你的名字。  4) 信用权利法案和其他消费者保护法规都适用于因 特网事项，如果遇到问题，应报告给执法单位来处 理。  5) 网上购物时, 如果告知别人你的社会保障卡, 信用 卡号码和发送地址, 你要非常小心.

66  Thank U (^_^)