Content Listening and speaking Reading Grammar Writing Culture express.

Content Listening and speaking Reading Grammar Writing Culture express

Listening and speaking
Pronunciation and listening skills Conversations Passage

Practicing tongue twister
Listen to the following tongue twister and try to imitate it. Tips 多读英语绕口令可以锻炼发音器官的灵活性和协调性，有助于说话人表达流畅、用气自如、吐字清晰。 Betty Botter bought some butter. “But,” she said, “the butter’s bitter; If I put it in my batter, It will make my batter bitter; But a bit of better butter, Will make my batter better.” 点击左上角的“Unit 1”的左半部和右半部可以前后翻页。点击“？”按钮可以打开更多的“tips”。展示答案请点击右下角的“钥匙”按钮，点击“扫把”按钮可以清空答案。 4

Listen to the following tongue twister and try to imitate it. So she bought a bit of butter, Better than her bitter butter; And she put it in her batter, And the batter was not bitter. So it was better Betty Botter bought a bit of better butter. 点击左上角的“Unit 1”的左半部和右半部可以前后翻页。点击“？”按钮可以打开更多的“tips”。展示答案请点击右下角的“钥匙”按钮，点击“扫把”按钮可以清空答案。 5

Tips 绕口令(Tongue twister)是一种语言游戏。多读英语绕口令不仅可以锻炼发音器官的灵活性和协调性，还有助于了解英语语言的特点，以下是更多的英语绕口令： 1 Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

3 Three gray geese were in the green grass grazing.
Practicing tongue twister Tips 2 She sells seashells by the seashore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells by the seashore, I’m sure she sells seashells. 3 Three gray geese were in the green grass grazing. Gray were the geese and green was the grass. 4 I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won’t wish the wish you wish to wish.

Conversation 1 Exercises Functional language Conversation 2 Exercises
Conversations Conversation 1 Exercises Functional language Conversation 2 Exercises Functional language

✔ ✘ ✔ ✘ 1 The man would like to watch a horror movie. an action movie.
Conversation 1 – Expressing hope & desire 1. Listen to a conversation and check (✔) what the man and the woman are going to do. 1 The man would like to watch ✔ a horror movie. Word tips horror n. 恐怖 amusement park 游乐场 be dying to do sth. 渴望做某事 ✘ an action movie. 点击右下角的“ABC”按钮可以查看录音原文。 2 The woman will visit ✔ an amusement park. ✘ a museum.

T F T Conversation 1 – Expressing hope & desire
2. Listen again and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). T 1 The man has been very busy with his work recently. F 2 According to the woman, horror movies are really amazing. T 3 It’s said that the newly-opened amusement park is very popular.

Conversation 1 – Expressing hope & desire
Scripts Woman: I'm looking forward to relaxing this weekend. Man: I hope that I can finally find some free time too. I've been so busy with work recently. How will you spend it? I feel like seeing a movie. Good idea. What kind of movies do you like? I'd like to watch a horror movie. I find horror movies really amazing. What about you? Do you have any plan for the weekend? 11

Scripts Woman: If the weather is nice, I'll visit the newly-opened amusement park. I've been dying to go there. Man: Oh, the newly-opened amusement park is said to be very popular. You're right. I can't wait to go there. Hopefully, we can both relax and have fun. 12

3. Role-play a conversation in pairs according to one of the following situations. You may refer to the Functional Language. Situation 1 A and B are on their way to their holiday destination. They are talking about the places they want to visit. (Sample) Situation 2 A and B are going to give a performance on the New Year Evening Party of the college. They are talking about what performance they hope to give. (Sample)

3. Role-play a conversation in pairs according to one of the following situations. You may refer to the Functional Language. GUIDED CONVERSATION A: Ask where B hopes to visit / what B hopes to perform. B: Express your hope to visit some place with beautiful scenery / perform a dance that is new to the audience. A: Show your agreement and give a suggestion. B: Say that is a good idea but you hope to visit another place / perform another kind of dance. A: Ask about the reason. B: Express your desire to visit as many scenic spots as possible / to show your best. B: Show your agreement. 14

Role play - Sample conversation Situation 1 John: So, where do you want to visit, Tim? Tim: I’m looking forward to seeing some place with beautiful scenery. Me too. How about going to Hangzhou? That’s a good idea. But I feel like going to Yunnan better. Why? It is quite far away. Well, I hope that we can visit as many scenic spots as possible. In Yunnan, we can visit Lugu Lake (泸沽湖), Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (玉龙雪山), Napahai Natural Reserve (纳帕海自然保护区), etc. There are so many beautiful scenic spots there. You’re right. I can’t wait to go there.

Role play - Sample conversation Situation 2 Ann: What do you want to perform, Mary? Mary: I think we’d better perform a dance that is new to the audience. Sounds great! What about the belly dance that we've just learned? It is new to the audience. That's a good idea, but I'm thinking about the tap dance. Why do you choose tap dance? Well, because I want to show our best. We have just started practicing that belly dance. I'm afraid we won't have enough time to make full preparation. I agree. Hopefully, the audience will like it. I’m sure they will.

Expressing hope& desire
Conversation 1 – Expressing hope & desire Functional Language Expressing hope& desire I’m looking forward to… I feel like… I’m dying to… Hopefully, we can… I hope that… I’d like to… I can’t wait to… 17

F F T Conversation 2 – Expressing hope & desire
1. Listen to a conversation and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). F 1 The man wants to be a fashion designer when he finishes university. Word tips animation n. 动画片 designer n. 设计师 Miyazaki Hayao 宫崎骏 F 2 According to the woman, experience is very important for one to succeed in a field. T 3 The man hopes that one day he can create some cartoons that can match those of Miyazaki Hayao.

2. Listen again and complete the following sentences with what you hear. Pay attention to the function of these expressions. I __________ go into animation design. ’d like to Yes, you know I’m very interested in cartoon movies, especially Japanese cartoon movies. I’ve always ______________ work in this field. been longing to Cool. Follow your dream. I _____________ watching your cartoons. look forward to

Scripts Woman: What do you hope to do when you finish university? Man: I’d like to go into animation design. Sounds good. So you want to be an animation designer? Yes, you know I’m very interested in cartoon movies, especially Japanese cartoon movies. I've always been longing to work in this field. I think interest is very important for one to succeed in any field. Right. I hope that one day I can create some cartoons that can match those of Miyazaki Hayao, a famous Japanese cartoon director. Cool. Follow your dream. I look forward to watching your cartoons. 20

3. Role-play a conversation in pairs according to one of the following situations. You may refer to the Functional Language. Situation 1 A and B are talking about their ideal boyfriend / girlfriend. (Sample) Situation 2 A majors in Music. B studies Costume Design. They are talking about their ideal future jobs. (Sample)

3. Role-play a conversation in pairs according to one of the following situations. You may refer to the Functional Language. GUIDED CONVERSATION A: Ask B what his / her ideal girlfriend / boyfriend is like / what kind of job he / she hopes to do. B: Describe your ideal girlfriend / boyfriend / job. A: Make a comment. B: Ask A what his / her ideal girlfriend / boyfriend is like / what kind of job he / she desires. A: Describe your ideal girlfriend / boyfriend / job. B: Make a comment. 22

Role play - Sample conversation Situation 1 Ann: Hi, Mary. What are you watching? Mary: I’m watching a love movie. Speaking of love, what’s your ideal boyfriend like, Mary? Hm, I hope I can have a boyfriend who shares some interest in common with me. Yeah, I agree. Having common interests may make you have more common topics and thus feel closer. How about you, Ann? I’ve dreamed of having a boyfriend who is responsible for me and care about my friends and relatives. Yes, that’s really important. I hope you can find your Mr. Right in the near future.

Role play - Sample conversation Situation 2 John: What do you hope to do when you finish university? Tim: I want to find a job in a big company to do my costume design. Sounds good. So you want to be a costume designer? Yes, you know I'm very interested in costume design and have always longed to work in this field How about you? I'd give anything to have a chance to play in a famous orchestra. I hope that one day I can play in the Golden Hall of Vienna. Cool. I look forward to watching your performance.

Expressing hope & desire
Conversation 2 – Expressing hope & desire Functional Language Expressing hope & desire I want to… I’m really longing to… I’m anxious to… I’ve always dreamed of… I’d give anything to have a chance to… Wouldn’t it be nice to… ?

Passage 1. Listen to a passage and answer the following questions with “yes” (Y) or “no” (N). Y 1 Is it said that connecting with nature can improve people’s health? Word tips awaken v. 醒来 sunrise n. 日出 starry adj. 布满星星的 rainfall n. 降雨 N 2 Are scenic spots the best places for people to get close with nature?. Y 3 Are scenic spots often too expensive for people to visit?

Passage 2. Listen again and complete the following paragraph with what you hear. Actually, the wonders of nature are just 1) __________ us. All we need to do is to be aware of them and let ourselves 2) __________ them. For example, have we ever awakened early to 3) __________ the sunrise? Have we ever stopped to 4) __________ the starry sky? Have we ever gone out after a rainfall to 5) __________ the fresh air? Have we ever taken time to 6) __________ to the song of birds? around enjoy watch observe breathe listen

Passage Scripts It is said that connecting with nature can improve our health. But with our busy lives and jobs keeping us indoors for much of the day, it's hard to get in touch with nature. We might feel the best places for getting close with nature are scenic spots. These spots can provide us with wonderful experiences. But they might be too expensive or require too much time off work. Actually, the wonders of nature are just around us. All we need to do is to be aware of them and let ourselves enjoy them. For example, have we ever awakened early to watch the sunrise? Have we ever stopped to observe the starry sky? Have we ever gone out after a rainfall to breathe the fresh air? Have we ever taken time to listen to the song of birds? So, we can enjoy nature everywhere as long as we open our eyes, ears, mind, and heart.

Passage 3. Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 1. What do you think are the best places or best ways to get close with nature? I think swimming outdoors, skiing, scuba diving, hiking, growing vegetables, watching the sunrise, and taking a walk in the woods are all the best ways to get close with nature.

3. Work in groups to discuss the following questions.
Passage 3. Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 2 Are you getting closer with nature or farther away from nature? How about the people around you? I'm getting closer with nature by taking a walk in the small garden on campus every morning and going picnicking on weekends. The people around me, for example, my classmates, friends, and family members, are getting closer with nature as well because they spend more time traveling around. I'm farther away from nature because my time has been occupied by my studies. The people around me are also farther away from nature because they are busy with their studies or work all day long and have no time to connect with nature. 30

Passage A Passage B Reading We have planted more than a garden
What shall I paint today?

We have planted more than a garden
Passage A We have planted more than a garden Lead-in Text study Exercises

Passage A – We have planted more than a garden
Lead-in Extended reading Pre-reading questions

Lead-in - Extended reading 春朱自清盼望着，盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。一切都像刚睡醒的样子，欣欣然张开了眼。山朗润起来了，水涨起来了，太阳的脸红起来了。小草偷偷地从土里钻出来，嫩嫩的，绿绿的。园子里，田野里，瞧去，一大片一大片满是的。坐着，躺着，打两个滚，踢几脚球，赛几趟跑，捉几回迷藏。风轻悄悄的，草软绵绵的。桃树、杏树、梨树，你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿。红的像火，粉的像霞，白的像雪。花里带着甜味儿，闭了眼，树上仿佛已经满是桃儿、杏儿、梨儿。花下成千成百的蜜蜂嗡嗡地闹着，大小的蝴蝶飞来飞去。野花遍地是：杂样儿，有名字的，没名字的，散在花丛里，像眼睛，像星星，还眨呀眨的。

Lead-in - Extended reading “吹面不寒杨柳风”，不错的，像母亲的手抚摸着你。风里带来些新翻的泥土的气息，混着青草味儿，还有各种花的香，都在微微润湿的空气里酝酿。鸟儿将巢安在繁花嫩叶当中，高兴起来了，呼朋引伴地卖弄清脆的喉咙，唱出宛转的曲子，跟轻风流水应和着。牛背上牧童的短笛，这时候也成天在嘹亮地响着。雨是最寻常的，一下就是三两天。可别恼。看，像牛毛，像花针，像细丝，密密地斜织着，人家屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。树叶儿却绿得发亮，小草也青得逼你的眼。傍晚时候，上灯了，一点点黄晕的光，烘托出一片这安静而和平的夜。在乡下，小路上，石桥边，有撑起伞慢慢走着的人；还有地里工作的农民，披着蓑戴着笠。他们的草屋，稀稀疏疏的，在雨里静默着。天上风筝渐渐多了，地上孩子也多了。城里乡下，家家户户，老老小小，也赶趟儿似的，一个个都出来了。舒活舒活筋骨，抖擞抖擞精神，各做各的一份儿事去，“一年之计在于春”；刚起头儿，有的是工夫，有的是希望。

Lead-in - Extended reading 春天像刚落地的娃娃，从头到脚都是新的，它生长着。春天像小姑娘，花枝招展的，笑着，走着。春天像健壮的青年，有铁一般的胳膊和腰脚，他领着我们上前去。

Pre-reading questions Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 1. If you had a garden, how would you keep it? 2. What do you think the passage is about according to its title? 1. If I had a garden, I would water and fertilize the plants and remove the weeds regularly. In a word, I would try my best to make sure that all the plants can get enough care. 2. I think by saying “We have planted more than a garden,” the writer may tell us that taking care of a garden can help him or her get a lot of things besides the garden itself.

Text study Text reading Organization of the text Language points

Passage A We have planted more than a garden As I write, gentle, much-needed rain is falling this morning. It has been a dry spring here in Vermont. So dry in fact that the spring peepers were late enough in coming that many thought these amazing little frogs would fail to bless us with their song this year. But they came, and I can’t blame them for being late. In almost any seasonal wetland in the state, these frogs can be heard. They are a sign of spring, of life and a new beginning. ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ____ 按图标S只显示需讲解的句子超链接；按图标W只显示需讲解的词汇和短语超链接；按扫帚图标清除所有超链接标记。按上箭头回到上一层。

Passage A We have planted more than a garden It is late June and the mountain snow has left the higher slopes of the mountains. Folks have planted their gardens, even though there is still the threat of frost. Yes, it is almost July, yet in the evenings here, the temperature can still sometimes fall below the low 30s. My family planted our garden during the last weekend of May, and frost came twice since then, luckily not a killing frost. But others were not so lucky. There is a very ambitious gardener in the village that lost most of his plants this year. There is a saying in this state: If you don’t like the weather, wait five minutes. This spring has proven the old saying to be true. Twice this spring it has been warm enough in the day that my family went swimming, but there was frost on the ground the next morning. __________ ______________________________

Passage A We have planted more than a garden I enjoy both the unusual changes in weather and the steady rhythms of life here. Folks have been tending to the chores of spring for generations, knowing well that they really can’t depend upon nature. Planting a garden in Vermont is almost an act of faith. Will our sweat and hard work be rewarded by abundance enough to share with our friends and families, or will a killing frost bring these efforts to nothing? ________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______ _____________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ __________________

Passage A We have planted more than a garden And I have planted more than a garden this year. My family was recently faced with a hard decision: Do we leave this place and the people whom we have come to know and love, or do we stay and make a commitment? Well, we have decided that this is where we will make our stand. Along with our little garden, this year we have planted ourselves. And this is no less an act of faith than the one mentioned above. Will my family be blessed with that which is needed to grow and flourish? We have no way of knowing this but we do have faith. The rain has stopped and the sun is shining. Strong winds have blown the cloud cover away. It is a beautiful day. ________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _____________________________________ _______________________________________________ _____ 42

Passage A We have planted more than a garden There is another saying among farmers here: There is no better fertilizer than a farmer’s footprints. To me this means that what is planted must be revisited often. The garden must be nurtured and tended. It must be cared for with love. It seems to me that this applies to our lives as well. Hopes and dreams and aspirations must be revisited often so that we won’t lose sight of things that are really important to us. Commitments must be tended to as carefully as any garden plot. While there are no guarantees as with gardening, there is faith. And today is a beautiful day. ___________ _____________________________________ 43

Organization of the text Part I (Para. ______) 1 Beginning: The spring is coming. Structure Part II (Para. ______) 2-5 Development and End: The changeable weather and the life rhythm in the countryside of Vermont make me love here and stay here.

So dry in fact that the spring peepers were late enough in coming that many thought these amazing little frogs would fail to bless us with their song this year. (Line 3, Para. 1) 天气非常干旱，连雨蛙都姗姗来迟了,迟得让许多人以为这些神奇的小精灵今年不会再用它们的歌声为我们祝福了。 in fact 可用于补充说明，强调前面所说的话，意为“事实上”。in fact在文中承接上文所说的干旱的春天，强调非常干旱。我和那个作家很熟。事实上，我经常和她一起吃饭。 I know the writer very well. In fact, I often have dinner with her.

So dry in fact that the spring peepers were late enough in coming that many thought these amazing little frogs would fail to bless us with their song this year. (Line 3, Para. 1) 天气非常干旱，连雨蛙都姗姗来迟了,迟得让许多人以为这些神奇的小精灵今年不会再用它们的歌声为我们祝福了。 so... that...: 如此…以致… (引导结果状语从句) 该句中，句首的so和in fact后面的that构成了“so... that...”结构。那么多的人来看音乐会，以至于有些人都进不来了。 So many people came to the concert that some couldn’t come in. 46

This spring has proven the old saying to be true. (Line 13, Para. 2) 这个春天就验证了这句古老谚语的正确性。 prove sth. to be: 证明某事物… 要证明答案是错误的，你必须提供足够的事实。 To prove the answer to be wrong, you should provide enough facts.

Folks have been tending to the chores of spring for generations, knowing well that they really can’t depend upon nature. (Line 3, Para. 3) 人们世世代代已习惯了在春天劳作，深知真的不能仅靠自然。 knowing well that they really can‘t depend upon nature作伴随状语，其中包含了一个that引导的宾语从句。

Will our sweat and hard work be rewarded by abundance enough to share with our friends and families, or will a killing frost bring these efforts to nothing? (Line 6, Para. 3) 我们的汗水和辛劳是换来足够与我们的朋友和家人分享的丰裕收成，还是一场使我们的努力白费的致命霜冻? enough to do sth.: 足够可以做某事。 Surely no one would be foolish enough to believe him. 当然没有人傻到会去相信他。

My family was recently faced with a hard decision: Do we leave this place and the people whom we have come to know and love, or do we stay and make a commitment? (Line 2, Para. 4) 我们全家这些日子面临着一个艰难的选择——离开这片土地以及我们从相识到相爱的人们，还是留下来不再离开? whom we have come to know and love是定语从句，修饰先行词people。

And this is no less an act of faith than the one mentioned above. (Line 8, Para. 4) 这和上面提到的一样也是一种信念。 no less... than...:不亚于;正如 He shouted no less loudly than others. 他大声喊叫，声音不亚于其他人。

It seems to me that this applies to our lives as well. (Line 6, Para. 5) 在我看来，这也适用于我们的生活。 it seems to sb. (that): 照某人看来。在我看来，你机会不多了。 It seems to me (that) you don't have much choice.

(Line 4, Para. 1) be late (in) doing sth. 做某事做晚了我们吃饭晚了。 We were late (in) having dinner. He was late (in) coming to the office. 他上班迟到了。

(Line 5, Para. 1) fail to do sth 未能做某事信没到达。 The letter failed to arrive.

(Line 7, Para. 1) blame v. consider or say that sb is responsible for sth done (badly or wrongly) or not done责备；把…归咎于… 常见的搭配有： 1. blame sb./sth.for sth.: 因为…而责备… Marie still blames herself for Patrick's death. 玛丽仍然为帕特里克的死而责备自己。

(Line 7, Para. 1) blame v. consider or say that sb is responsible for sth done (badly or wrongly) or not done责备；把…归咎于… 常见的搭配有： 2. blame sth. on sb./sth.: 把…归咎于… One of the computers is broken and she's blaming it on me. 有一台电脑坏了，她却把责任推到我身上。 56

(Line 3, Para. 3) tend to 1) 倾向于我在冬天常睡得较早。 I tend to go to bed earlier during the winter. 女人多比男人长寿。 Women tend to live longer than men. 57

(Line 3, Para. 3) tend to 2) 照顾；打理 Eddie kept himself busy tending to the garden. 艾迪一直忙于打理花园。 Sofia was in the bedroom tending to her son. 索菲亚在卧室里照顾儿子。 c.f. tend sb/sth & tend to sb/sth 58

(Line 3, Para. 3) tend to tend sb/sth 照看 If you tend someone or something, you do what is necessary to keep them in a good condition or to improve their condition. “照看”某人或某事，就是说，你必须尽力保证他/它处于一个状态良好或改善他/它的现状 tend to sb/sth 关照 If you tend to someone or something, you pay attention to them and deal with their problems and needs. “关照”某人或某事，就是说，你对他/它面临的困难和需要表示关注。 p.s. 前者是责任(责无旁贷)，后者是义务(伸出援手)。 59

(Line 2, Para. 4) be faced with 面对；面临如果你遇到紧急情况，你知道怎么应付吗？ If you were faced with an emergency, would you know how to cope? 60

(Line 5, Para. 4) make a commitment 做出承诺；承担义务 Sometimes the easiest way to take action is to make a commitment. 有时开始行动的最简单的方式就是许下一个承诺。 We are looking for someone who can make a commitment to the job. 我们在寻找一个能对此工作尽职尽责的人。

Passage A – Exercises Comprehension Vocabulary & Structure Translation

Passage A – Comprehension
1. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). F 1 The amazing little peepers came early this spring in Vermont. F 2 The mountain snow has made the slopes of the mountains higher than before. F The writer dislikes the unusual changes in weather and the steady rhythms of life in Vermont. T 4 Planting a garden in Vermont is almost an act of faith.

2. Work in groups to answer the following questions. 1 What’s the decision the writer’s family faced with? What’s their final decision? 2 How do you understand the old saying “There is no better fertilizer than a farmer’s footprints” in the passage? Are there any similarities between planting gardens and realizing dreams? Give your reasons.

2. Work in groups to answer the following questions. 1 What’s the decision the writer’s family faced with? What’s their final decision? The writer's family is faced with the decision which is whether to leave this place and the people whom they have come to know and love, or stay and make a commitment. Their final decision is to stay. 65

2. Work in groups to answer the following questions. 2 How do you understand the old saying “There is no better fertilizer than a farmer’s footprints” in the passage? To me, the old saying means that the planter's regular care is better than any fertilizer. 66

2. Work in groups to answer the following questions. 3 Are there any similarities between planting gardens and realizing dreams? Give your reasons. Yes. there are. What we plant, whether gardens or dreams, must be revisited often. The gardens must be nurtured and tended. Similarly, in order to realize dreams, people have to persist in it and work very hard. 67

Passage A – Vocabulary and structure
1. Complete the following sentences with the words given below. Change the form if necessary. flourish threat ambitious steady aspiration generation nurture 1. She ______________ the child as if he had been her own. nurtured 2. Pollution is a(n) ______________ to the lives of animals and people. threat 3. The older and the younger ______________ listen to different music. generations 4. Her parents are very ______________ for her and her younger sister, hoping them to be famous and wealthy in the future. ambitious

1. Complete the following sentences with the words given below. Change the form if necessary. flourish steady aspiration 5. Chen maintained a ______________ pace throughout the race. steady 6. Most plants ______________ in this rich soil. flourish 7. He has a(n) ______________ to be a poet. aspiration 69

2. Complete the following sentences with proper prepositions or adverbs. 1. The other driver blamed me ______________ the accident. for 2. The old man depends ______________ his daughter to keep house. on/upon 3. Thank you for sharing your feeling ______________ me. with 4. She’s faced ______________ some very tough choices. with

3. Add the suffix "-er" to the words given below. Then complete the following sentences with the words thus formed. make design plant dance cook 1. The design of this fashion ______________ is simple and elegant ( 优雅的 ). designer 2. If the machine doesn’t work, you can send it back to the ______________. maker 3. The invention of seed ______________ has helped the farmers a lot. planters 4. We bought our own ______________ to go out for a picnic. cooker 5. She practices dancing hard and hopes to be a good ______________ in the future. dancer

4. Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese given in brackets into English using the structure "so that." Sample: Hopes and dreams and aspirations must be revisited often so that we won’t lose sight of things that are really important to us (这样，我们就不会忘记那些对我们而言真正重要的东西). A teacher must speak clearly ________________________ _________________________ (以便学生能充分理解). so that students can understand him or her fully Please get prepared ______________________________ (这样，我们就可以随时出发). so that we can leave at any time I stayed on ______________________________________ (使他不至于觉得孤单). so that he wouldn’t feel lonely 72

4. Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese given in brackets into English using the structure "so that." Sample: Hopes and dreams and aspirations must be revisited often so that we won’t lose sight of things that are really important to us (这样，我们就不会忘记那些对我们而言真正重要的东西). I put your keys in the drawer ________________________ (这样就不会丢了). so that they won’t get lost They got up very early _____________________________ (以便能赶上火车). so that they could catch the train 73

Passage A – Translation
1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. There is a saying in this state: If you don’t like the weather, wait five minutes. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 在这个州有这样一句谚语:“如果你不喜欢这天气，请等五分钟。” 2. I enjoy both the unusual changes in weather and the steady rhythms of life here. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 我喜欢这里变化无常的天气，也喜欢这里平稳的生活节奏。

Passage A – Translation
2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English with the help of the words or phrases given in brackets. 1. 很幸运，他拥有健康的身体。(be blessed with) He ___________________________________________. is blessed with good health 2. 同样的技术可以被运用到癌症治疗上。(apply to) A similar technique ______________________________. can be applied to the cure of cancer 3. 这种学习方法证明是有效的。(prove) This method of learning ___________________________. has been proved to be effective

What shall I paint today?
Passage B What shall I paint today? Lead-in Text study Exercises

Passage B – What shall I paint today?
Lead-in Pre-reading activity Background information 77

Pre-reading Work in groups to do the following activities. Match the following expressions with the pictures below. A) historical picture B) landscape C) portrait D) still life D B

Pre-reading Work in groups to do the following activities. Match the following expressions with the pictures below. A) historical picture B) landscape C) portrait D) still life C A

Pre-reading Work in groups to do the following activities. Look at the above pictures again and tell your partner which one do you like best and why. Sample answer: I like the second one best. I love nature very much, and when I look at this picture I can find peace and contentment in it, so I like it best. 80

Background information 1. Robert Henri 2. Eugène Delacroix 3. Igor Stravinsky 81

1. Robert Henri Robert Henri (罗伯特·亨利， ) is an American painter and teacher. He was a leading figure of the Ashcan School (垃圾箱画派<20世纪早期的一群描绘日常城市生活的现实情景的美国画家>) and an organizer of the group The Eight (八人派) which was a loose association of eight artists. They intended to protest against the narrowness of the tastes of the National Academy of Design and prompted hot discussion about the revolt against academic art and the new ideas about acceptable subject matter in painting. 82

1. Robert Henri Betalo "The Dancer" Tam Gan 83

2. Eugène Delacroix Eugène Delacroix (欧仁·德拉克罗瓦， ), as a French Romantic painter, has such a profound influence on the Romantic movement that he is regarded as the leader of French Romantic school. As a fine lithographer(平板画家), Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Walter Scott (沃尔特·司各特), and the German writer Goethe (歌德). 84

2. Eugène Delacroix Liberty Leading the People Mademoiselle Rose 85

3. Igor Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky (伊果·史特拉汶斯基， ), a Russian, and later American composer, is widely considered to be one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century. He wrote music in different styles. Some of his best-known works were written for ballets, including The Rite of Spring (《春之祭》), The Firebird (《火鸟》), and Petrushka (《彼得鲁什卡》). 86

Text study Text reading Organization of the text Language points

Passage B What shall I paint today? What shall I paint today? Artists are often troubled by this question. The answer is not so much about what to paint as it is about why you paint. Robert Henri said, “What we need is more sense of the wonder of life and less of this business of making a picture.” I think he meant that we should allow ourselves to feel the subject more deeply and think less about how it looks. What is the subject, after all? The subject is you: your knowledge and understanding of what you see, your emotional response to what you see, and your interpretation of what you see. Eugène Delacroix said, “Everything is a subject; the subject is yourself. It is within yourself that you must look and not around you… The greatest happiness is to reveal it to others, to study oneself, to paint oneself in one’s work.” _________________________________________ ________________________ ________ _______________________________________________ ________________________ ______________________ _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ _____________ ________________________ __________________________ 88

Passage B What shall I paint today? 3. Ask yourself, “What am I trying to say? What is the best way to say it?” Explain a concept in two or three words. Communicate this idea through your materials, techniques, and design. The design you choose should support your basic concept. The elements of design are line, value, color, shape, size, pattern, and movement. The principles are harmony, contrast, rhythm, repetition, gradation, balance, and dominance. When elements and principles work together well, you achieve unity, the ultimate purpose of design. And this brings us to where you find your subject matter and source material. According to Igor Stravinsky, “The ability of creating is never given to us all by itself. It always goes hand in hand with the gift of observation. And the true creator may be recognized by his ability to find about him, in the commonest and simplest things, items worthy of note.” ______ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ______ 89

Passage B What shall I paint today? 4. The best subjects are found in nature: still life, life studies, outdoor paintings. Observe, select, simplify, and organize objects in a picture that describes your response to what you see. Use a viewfinder to isolate the area you want to concentrate on to help you create your picture. Add your memories, use your imagination, exercise your creative power and your sense of humor. 5. If you decide to work non-objectively, you’ll use pure design. The subject here may be one or more of the elements or principles of design. For example, it might be a painting about color or repetition or movement. Paintings like this can stand on their own or work as a plan for a general idea with some reference to a subject. _________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________ ___________________________________________________ __________________ 90

Passage B What shall I paint today? 6. What about style? Style is a natural development, not something you arbitrarily decide to do. It happens naturally. Your style and subject fit together perfectly if you’re painting the right subject for you. Choose your own subject matter, not something you’ve seen someone else do. Your interest in the subject shows in your work. When you copy, your work will be short of conviction. Draw inspiration from your close observation of a subject. Use your own sketches or photos, so you feel the special qualities of the place and express it with your colors, shapes, and brush strokes in your own picture. _______________ _____________________________ 91

Organization of the text Part I (Para. ______) 1 RAQ: What should be painted in one’s work? Structure Part II (Para. ______) 2-5 Subject of painting: What is a subject and where to find the right subject. Part III (Para. ______) 6 Style of painting: Style and subject fit together perfectly if you’re painting the right subject for you. 92

The answer is not so much about what to paint as it is about why you paint. (Line 2, Para. 1) 答案与其说是关于你要画什么，不如说是关于你为什么要画。 not so much... as... 与其说是…，不如说是… 我躺下，与其说是睡觉，不如说是思考。 I lay down not so much to sleep as to think. 与其说他是个作家，不如说他是个记者。 He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 93

What we need is more sense of the wonder of life and less of this business of making a picture.” (Line 4, Para. 1) 我们需要更多地感受生活中的美，而不是为了作画而作画。 what we need为what引导的主语从句，作整句话的主语。你说的完全正确。 What you said is perfectly true. 94

The subject is you: your knowledge and understanding of what you see, your emotional response to what you see, and your interpretation of what you see. (Line 1, Para. 2) 主题是你自己:你对所见事物的认识和理解，你对所见事物的情感反应，以及你对所见事物的阐释。三个名词词组your knowledge and understanding of what you see, your emotional response to what you see和 your interpretation of what you see构成平行结构。 95

It is within yourself that you must look and not around you… (Line 6, Para. 2) 你必须关注的东西就存在于你自身内部，而不是在你的周围。句中“It is... that...”是强调形式，强调的内容是within yourself。该句的正常语序是： You must look within yourself and not around you... 96

And the true creator may be recognized by his ability to find about him, in the commonest and simplest things, items worthy of note.” (Line 15, Para. 3) 真正的创作者具有在他周围那些最平凡、最简单的事物中发现值得注意的东西的能力。” to find about…是不定式短语作后置定语，修饰ability。在to find about…这个短语中，find的宾语是items worthy of note。这句话其实是回答前面提出的问题: this brings us to where you find your subject。因为问题问的是where，所以，这里把about him, in the commonest and simplest things这些回答where的内容提前，表示强调。其实，这个短语的正常语序应该是:to find items worthy of note about him, in the commonest and simplest things。 97

Add your memories, use your imagination, exercise your creative power and your sense of humor. (Line 5, Para. 4) 然后加入你的记忆，发挥你的想象，运用你的创造力和幽默感。三个动词add，use，exercise构成平行结构。 exercise: v. to use a power or a quality that you have 运用;行使国王不能行使太多的政治权力。 The king cannot exercise much political power. 98

Paintings like this can stand on their own or work as a plan for a general idea with some reference to a subject. (Line 4, Para. 5) 像这样的绘画是独立的，或是对你所画主题大概想法的勾画。 stand on: 坚持；保持没有你，我可以依靠我自己。 I can stand on my own without you. 99

Draw inspiration from your close observation of a subject. (Line 8, Para. 6) 你要从对事物的细致观察中得到灵感。祈使句。 draw: v. to get sth. that you need 得到;获取 draw sth. from sth. else: 从……获取…… 我从她温柔的话语中得到了莫大的安慰。 I drew a lot of comfort from her kind words. 100

Draw inspiration from your close observation of a subject. (Line 8, Para. 6) 你要从对事物的细致观察中得到灵感。 inspiration: n. 灵感 draw/take inspiration from...: 从……中汲取灵感 Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. Poets and artists often draw their inspiration from nature. 101

(Line 2, Para. 1) trouble 1) v. to make sb. feel worried or upset 使烦恼有一件事情一直困扰着我。 There is one thing that has been troubling me 2) v. to disturb 麻烦麻烦您把盐递给我行吗? May I trouble you for the salt? 102

(Line 2, Para. 1) trouble -- 要我给您寄出去吗? -- 不必费心了, 谢谢你。 -- Do you want me to post it for you? -- No, don't trouble (about it), thank you.' 请您注意风度。 I'll trouble you to watch your manners. 为什麽我得费事都解释一遍呢? Why should I trouble to explain it all? 103

(Line 5, Para. 1) sense n. a feeling of sth. (对某物的)感觉此后我便有一种幸福感。 Afterward I felt a sense of happiness. 常用短语： a sense of security a sense of danger a sense of belonging a sense of humor a sense of pride a sense of achievement 安全感危险意识归属感幽默感自豪感成就感 104

(Line 1, Para. 4) response n. 1. answer 回答;答复 She made no response. In response to your inquiry... (兹答复您的询问…) n. 2. act or feeling produced in answer to a stimulus; reaction 反应; 响应。常和介词to搭配。我们希望得到帮助的呼吁得到了极少的回应。 There has been very little response to our call for help. respond: vi. 105

(Line 4, Para. 2) interpretation n. 1. the action of understanding and explaining sth. 阐释;理解您对这段文章的阐释让人印象深刻。 Your interpretation of this passage is very impressive. n. 2. a way of performing a piece of music, a part in a play, etc. that shows how you understand it and feel about it艺术处理他对英国民间音乐的艺术处理手法是最有名的。 He was best known for his interpretation of English folk music. interpret v. 106

(Line 8, Para. 2) reveal vt. to let sth. become known, for example a secret or information that was not known 透露；揭示他的信透露了他个性的另一面。 His letters reveal a different side of his personality. 107

(Line 4, Para. 5) concept n. an idea of how sth. is, or how sth. should be done 概念；想法要孩子们慢慢懂得什么是分享很重要。 It’s important that children learn to understand the concept of sharing. 108

(Line 5, Para. 5) pattern 1) a regularly repeated arrangement of shapes, colors, lines, etc. 图案；花样这块布带有红白方块图案。 The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares. 2) the regular way in which sth. happens, develops, or is done 模式；方式爱情小说通常都遵循雷同的模式。 Romantic novels tend to follow a similar pattern. 109

(Line 5, Para. 5) worthy adj. deserving sth or to do sth 应得某事物; 值得做某事她的成就应该得到最高的赞美。 Her achievements are worthy of the highest praise. 她说她不配接受他们给予的荣誉. She said she was not worthy to accept the honour they had offered her. 比较：worth adj. deserving of; meriting 值得的；应得的 110

(Line 5, Para. 5) worthy worth: adj. deserving of; meriting 值得的；应得的这本书值得一读。 This book is worth reading/It's worth reading the book. 这个计划（方案）倒值得一试。 The scheme is well worth a try. 111

(Line 5, Para. 5) stand on one’s own 独立她是个成年人了，必须学会独立。 She is an adult and must learn to stand on her own. 成语：stand on ones own two feet 独立自主，有主见有的人也许会劝你喝酒或吸毒，但是我希望你能够坚持自己的主见，拒绝他们的引诱。 Somebody may try to get you to drink or smoke marijuana. But I hope you can stand on your own two feet and say no. 112

(Line 6, Para. 5) with reference to 关于；就……而论敬复者, 关于您申请工作一事。 I am writing with reference to your job application. 扩展： without reference to sb/sth: 不考虑某人/某事物; 置某人/某事物于不顾她未请示上级擅自把所有这些请柬都发了出去. She issued all these invitations without any reference to her superiors. 113

Vocabulary & structure
Passage B – Exercises Comprehension Vocabulary & structure Translation Oral work 114

Passage B – Comprehension
1. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). T 1 Elements and principles need to work together to achieve the purpose of design. F 2 According to Igor Stravinsky, the ability of creating is given to us all by itself. T 3 The best subjects are found in nature. T 4 Your style and subject fit together perfectly if you’re painting the right subject for you. 115

2. Work in groups to discuss the following questions. Why are artists often troubled by the question “what shall I paint today?” Because the answer to this question is not so much about what to paint as it is about why to paint, but artists often don't consider why to paint. 116

2. What are the subject and style of a painting? What’s the relationship between them? The subject is actually the painter: his/her knowledge and understanding of what he/she sees, his/her emotional response to what he/she sees, and his/her interpretation of what he/she sees. Style is a natural development, not something the painter arbitrarily decides to do. It happens naturally. The style and subject will fit together perfectly if the painter chooses the right subject. 117

Passage B – Vocabulary and structure
1. Complete the following crossword based on the information given. 1 to plan or arrange sth. 2) s l a t i 3) u e i y 2 to make or keep one person or thing separate from others 1) r a n i e o g z 3 the state of being complete and having all the separate parts connected t 4) r v a e e l 4 to show sth. that was previously hidden 118

2. Compare each pair of words and complete the following sentences with the right one. Change the form if necessary. 1. natural, naturally ___________ enough, she wants her child to grow up fit and strong. Naturally It is quite ___________ to be tired after such a long walk. natual 2. creator, create Janet ___________ a wonderful chocolate dessert (点心)for the party. created The toy made a huge profit for its ___________. creator 119

2. Compare each pair of words and complete the following sentences with the right one. Change the form if necessary. 3. select, selection Our school ___________ five students for the program. selected It takes her a long time to make the ___________ among these dresses. selection 4. worth, worthy The new computer system has already proved its _______. worth We need a leader who is ________ of respect. worthy 120

3. Complete the following sentences with proper prepositions or adverbs. 1 Winning a prize would give me a great sense ___________ achievement. of 2 There was a positive response ___________ my suggestions. to 3 They left the boy ___________ himself for two days! by 4 In this lecture Tom will concentrate ___________ the early years of Charles’ reign (统治) . on 5 I received a collection of documents with reference ___________ World War II. to 121

4. Rewrite the following sentences using the word “what.” Sample: The thing that we need is more sense of the wonder of life and less of this business of making a picture. What we need is more sense of the wonder of life and less of this business of making a picture. 1. The thing that he told me is really true. _______________________________________________ What he told me is really true. 2. The thing that he said is of great importance. _______________________________________________ What he said is of great importance. 3. The thing that they want is some financial aids. _______________________________________________ What they want is some financial aids. 122

4. Rewrite the following sentences using the word “what”. Sample: The thing that we need is more sense of the wonder of life and less of this business of making a picture. What we need is more sense of the wonder of life and less of this business of making a picture. 4. The thing that he thought and did at home has nothing to do with this problem. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ What he thought and did at home has nothing to do with this problem. 5. The thing that she was afraid of was their taking her daughter abroad. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ What she was afraid of was their taking her daughter abroad. 123

Passage B – Translation
1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. The subject is you: your knowledge and understanding of what you see, your emotional response to what you see, and your interpretation of what you see. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 主题是你自己:你对所见事物的认识和理解，你对所见事物的情感反应，以及你对所见事物的阐释。 When elements and principles work together well, you achieve unity, the ultimate purpose of design. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 如果这些元素和原则相辅相成，你就实现了整体性，这是设计的最终目的。 124

Passage B – Translation
2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English with the help of the phrases given in brackets. 在大多数社会里，财富和权力都是紧密相关的。(hand in hand) _______________________________ in most societies. Wealth and power are hand in hand 老师说这个建议值得考虑。(worthy of) The teacher said _________________________________ this suggestion was worthy of considering. 我不明白究竟是什么驱使他做出这样的事情。(after all) I don’t understand _______________________________ what made him do such a thing after all. 125

1. If you were a painter, what would you prefer to paint? Why?
Passage B – Oral work Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 1. If you were a painter, what would you prefer to paint? Why? 2. What do you think is the most important element for a painter to create an ideal picture? Words you may use • subject • style • sketch • line • value • color • shape • size • harmony • contrast • rhythm • repetition • gradation • balance • dominance 126

1. If you were a painter, what would you prefer to paint? Why?
Passage B – Oral work Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 1. If you were a painter, what would you prefer to paint? Why? If I were a painter, I would paint a landscape. A beautiful landscape can give the viewer a sense of peace, which may help him/her forget all his/her worries and sorrows. So, a landscape is my best choice. 127

Passage B – Oral work Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 2. What do you think is the most important element for a painter to create an ideal picture? The most important element is the subject. Only when the painter chooses the right subject can he/she combine the element and principle together, and convey his/her ideas naturally and exactly. 128

Grammar Tag questions (附加疑问句) Exercises

Grammar - Tag questions
定义：附加疑问句是附在陈述句或祈使句之后，对事实或观点提出疑问的句式。结构：附加疑问句由“系动词 / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”构成。形式：陈述部分如果是肯定结构，其后的附加疑问句用否定结构；陈述部分如果是否定结构，其后的附加疑问句则用肯定结构。附加疑问句的主语须用代词。注意事项：使用附加疑问句要注意以下6个问题：

There’s no help for it, is there?
Grammar - Tag questions 1. 陈述部分为 there be 句型时，附加疑问句部分的主语也用 there。 e.g. There’s no help for it, is there? There is enough water in the bottles，isn't there?

Bob hardly got drunk, did he? Few people know him, do they?
Grammar - Tag questions 2. 陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词（如：hardly，seldom, rarely，never，few，little，nowhere，nothing 等）时, 附加疑问句部分的动词则用肯定形式。 e.g. Bob hardly got drunk, did he? Few people know him, do they? He seldom goes to the library, does he? 注：当陈述部分含有带否定意义前缀的词(如：unhappy, dislike, unsuccessful 等)时，陈述部分应作肯定句处理，附加疑问句部分的动词用否定形式。如： e.g. John was unsuccessful, wasn’t he? 132

e.g. I’m late, aren’t I? Grammar - Tag questions
3. 如果陈述部分是 I’m…结构，附加疑问句一般用 aren’t I。 e.g. I’m late, aren’t I? 133

I believe you can pass the exam, can’t you?
Grammar - Tag questions 4. 陈述部分为主从复合结构时，附加疑问句应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。 e.g. David wouldn’t get such a long holiday if he didn’t work in a school, would he? 注：但陈述部分的主句是 I think，I believe，I suppose 等结构时，附加疑问句应与从句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，且要注意否定转移。 e.g. I believe you can pass the exam, can’t you? I don’t think she cares, does she? 134

You have to study English, don’t you?
Grammar - Tag questions 5. 陈述部分含有 have to，used to，had better 等时，附加疑问句部分形式如下： e.g. You have to study English, don’t you? They used to live in London, didn’t they / usedn’t they? You’d better go at once, hadn’t you? 135

Don’t close the door, will you? Have a cup of coffee, won’t you?
Grammar - Tag questions 6. 肯定祈使句或否定祈使句表“请求”时，其后的附加疑问句都用 will you；肯定祈使句表“邀请、劝诱”时，其后的附加疑问句用 won’t you。 e.g. Do it at once, will you? Don’t close the door, will you? Have a cup of coffee, won’t you? 136

There isn’t anything on the desk,
Grammar - Exercises 1. Combine the sentences in Column A with the tag questions in Column B. Column A Column B isn’t he? is he? is there? doesn’t she? does she? didn’t they? won’t you? will you? There isn’t anything on the desk, Anthony Hopkins is a very good actor, Jennifer Lopez seldom appears in such films, I don’t suppose George is serious, Don’t open the window, Have a cup of tea, Jane has to stay in our city for a whole year, The tourists arrived in Vegas after the rain had stopped, 137

3. The official (裁判员) was laughing, _________________? wasn’t he
Grammar - Exercises 2. Complete the following sentences from an interview with a basketball player with correct tag questions. 1. If you’re going to learn English in America, you can’t try to be perfect, ______________? can you 2. King James complained about a call ( 体育比赛中的判决 ) on Tuesday, _______________? didn’t he 3. The official (裁判员) was laughing, _________________? wasn’t he 4. Sports teach you how to be quick, __________________? don’t they 5. Buying a house in America won’t cost a lot of money, ______________? will it 6. A good team leader should be fair, _________________? shouldn’t he 7. I’m right, _______________? aren’t I

Writing Developing a paragraph by cause & effect (通过原因和结果分析展开段落) Exercises

Writing - Developing a paragraph by cause & effect
Notes 通过原因和结果分析展开段落是利用事物内在的因果关系，或通过原因说明结果，或通过结果解释原因，以此来发展段落。一种原因可能会导致一种或多种结果；一种结果也可能是由一种或多种原因造成的。 Sample 1 The world population has been growing rapidly in recent years. The rapid growth of population leads to an increasing demand of food. It also causes the problems of less job opportunities, insufficient houses, schools, and health care. What’s more, due to the rapid growth of world population, the whole world will face the problem of natural resources being used up at an increasing speed, which will bring about serious threat to mankind.

此段第一句是主题句，指出世界人口增长过快这一现象。接下来详细阐述这一现象带来的问题，分别用lead to，causes 和 due to表示，突出了人口增长过快这一原因会导致多种结果：人们对粮食的需求增加，工作机会、住房、学校和医疗资源减少，全球自然资源也急剧减少。常用于引导原因的表达如下： now that, thanks to, because, since, as, due to, because of, owing to, in that 141

Sample 2 Trees are very important to humanity. One reason is that they are material sources for many things from our houses to our books. Another reason is that they protect the soil and stop it from being washed away. And also, trees give food and shelter, so they make the Earth a more beautiful place to live in.

此段段首主题句指出结果，即树对人类是很重要的。接下来从三个方面对其原因进行了分析——树是人们日常生活用品的原料，树能防止水土流失，树能为人们提供食宿。文中分别用one reason，because 和 so 三个表达方式，强化了因果关系。常用于引导结果的表达如下： consequently, therefore, so, it follows that, as a result, result in, accordingly, cause, hence, thus, so that, the effect of, so as to, accordingly

1. Living conditions have been improved a lot.
Writing - Exercises Fill out the following two tables with appropriate and relevant information. Cause Effect 1. Living conditions have been improved a lot. More and more people travel abroad. 2. ______________________________ ______________________________ People prefer to experience different cultures. 3. ______________________________ ______________________________ Modern transportation is really convenient. Cause Effect Many people smoke. 1. Smoking can lead to lung cancers. 2. ______________________________ Smoking is bad for the envirenment. 3. ______________________________ Smoking costs a lot of money.

Culture express Video appreciation Gardening in Japan Questions

The Japanese garden (with no subtitle)
Culture express – Video appreciation The Japanese garden (with no subtitle) 146

The Japanese garden (with subtitle)
Culture express – Video appreciation The Japanese garden (with subtitle) 147

Culture express - Gardening in Japan
The art of Japanese gardening has been an important part of Japanese culture for many centuries. The traditional Japanese garden originally developed under influences of Chinese garden designs, but gradually theJapanese began to develop their own aesthetics (美学), based on Japanese materials and culture. Since the 17th century, the Japanese garden has had its own distinctive appearance.

The Japanese garden is built to look like a very small representation of nature. For example, rocks are used to represent mountains and ponds to represent seas. The rocks, ponds, and plants are carefully and exactly arranged to look natural but also very tidy and precise. Often, smaller gardens are designed so that the real hills, trees, or temples outside the garden are included as part of the overall effect. Garden design in Japan is based on Japanese attitudes

to nature. The Japanese believe that man is part of nature, so man should respect nature and live in harmony with nature. On the other hand, under the influence of Shinto (神道教), Buddhism and Taoism (道教), Japanese gardens look natural, simple, and moderate. For instance, many Japanese gardens have a large empty area of white sand or gravel (碎石) which represents purity. Such a place can not only be used to invite gods or spirits to visit, but also be used by people for meditation and reflection. 150

Culture express - Exercises
Work in groups to discuss the following questions. How do you understand the relationship between Japanese gardens and nature? What do you know about Chinese gardens?

Work in groups to discuss the following questions. How do you understand the relationship between Japanese gardens and nature? The Japanese people respect nature and never attempt to control or conquer nature. So Japanese gardens are built in order to show the beauty of nature instead of the skillfulness of craftsmen. The close relationship between Japanese people and nature is also showed in a number of traditional and ritualistic activities such as bonsai (盆景) or ikebana (花道). 152

Work in groups to discuss the following questions. What do you know about Chinese gardens? The Chinese gardens often aim to recreate natural landscapes in miniature. The style which has evolved for more than 3,000 years includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and various gardens built by scholars, poets, and former government officials. Gardens in China are known for their skillful combination of landscapes. They use man-made structures, such as towers, corridors, bridges, pavilions, ponds, and together with trees and flowers to create a poetic atmosphere. Suzhou Gardens are among the most famous gardens around the world, including the Lion Grove Garden(狮子林), the Lingering Garden(留园), and the Humble Administrator's Garden(拙政园), etc. 153

Content Listening and speaking Reading Grammar Writing Culture express.

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