A Comprehensive English Course 2 A Comprehensive English Course 1

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1 A Comprehensive English Course 2 A Comprehensive English Course 1
总主编：张海波 应用商务英语系列 综合英语教程2 Enter 综合英语教程2 普通高等教育“十二五”规划教材 A Comprehensive English Course 2 A Comprehensive English Course 1 主编：范云霞 中国出版集团现代教育出版社 电子教案制作人：张海波

2 Population & City Contents Unit 4
1. Lead in: Listen, Respond, Judge and Complete 2. Key words and phrases: Dictation, Collection and Match 3. Reading in depth：Sustainable Cities Must Be Compact and High-Density 4. Skimming and scanning: Economics of Aging Population 5. Language focus: The Present Continuous Tense 6. Skills：Problem Solving Skills 4 7. Oral training: Topic, Presentation and Interview 8. Extending reading: Growth of Metropolis 9. World anecdotes: The Whole World Stinks Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter

3 1. Lead In 1.1 Listen & Respond
Directions: Listen to Extract 1 twice and then answer the following 5 questions. 1. What contributes to Angola’s economic growth? 2. What are the expensive cities in emerging economies mentioned in this extract? 3. What’s the second expensive city in the world? 4. Which two cities keeps its ranking from last year? 5. Which city is the cheapest city to live in 2011 according to Mercer survey? 2018年4月19日星期四

4 1.2 Listen & Judge Directions: Listen to Extract 2 twice and choose the best answers to the following questions 1) Why do city planners and architects try to plan for future human habitation? A. Because the planet becomes more crowded. B. Because human likes to explore new world. C. Because they like invention. D. Because the earth is no longer suitable for human living. 2) Which one of the following explains the meaning of “biospheres”? A. it is a globe. B. it is a separated ecosystem. C. it refers to the zone of life on Earth, a closed and self-regulating system D. it refers to the wild nature. 3) Which of the following is NOT true of Noah according to what you hear? A. It is a blueprint of a possible future dwelling pattern B. It emphasizes on the sustainability and environment-protection. C. It’s like a huge ship. D. It depends on wind turbines instead of solar energy. 2018年4月19日星期四

5 4) What inspired the architect to build Noah?
A. the destruction of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. B The crowded urban life . C. The Bible. D. Ecological theories. 5) What is the extract mainly about? A. It’s about a future human habitat which combines eco-technology with architecture designing. B. It’s about a conceptual habitat. C. It’s about a conceptual underground housing. D. Both A and B 2018年4月19日星期四

6 Floating cities may be habitats of the future
1.3 Listen & Complete Directions: Listen to Extract 2 again and fill in the missing words or phrases mentioned in the passage. Floating cities may be habitats of the future As our planet becomes more crowded, city planners and architects are trying to come up with new ideas for future human 1 habitation. We’ve seen biospheres and proposals for 2 underground housing, but now one Boston-based architectural firm has come up with a 3 conceptual plan that envisages cities that float. This is a 4 glimpse of what may be the future of urban living. It’s called Noah, a fully 5 sustainable floating habitat designing to support thousands of people. The idea comes from Architect Kevin Schafer. He says he was 6 inspired by the destruction of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina in He says Noah is an example of our ecology, a design incorporating the principles of architectural 7 with ecology . Reporter：I begun thinking serious about the notion of how do you 8 combine ecology with the technologies of floating cities, what should they be, and what would they need? Kevin Schafer: Noah will set down a barge on the river. It will be built from 9 sustainable and recycle material and fitted with thousands of 10 solar panels and wind turbines to generate its own energy. You are as driven to sustainable perfection as you can be, and you try every move to make sure that what materials you use, how you use them, are reacting in the right way with the environment. 2018年4月19日星期四

7 2. Words & Phrases 2.1 Dictation
Directions: Listen to Extract 3. You are going to hear 10 words or expressions on population and city. Each one will be repeated twice. You have 10 seconds to write down the word you hear before you get the next one done. 1 urbanization 6 demographic dividend 2 modernity 7 census 3 populous 8 urban sprawl 4 fertility rate 9 booming 5 baby bust 10 sustainable 2018年4月19日星期四

8 2.2 Phrase Collection order Noun phrases Verb phrases urban planning
Directions: Find out at least 10 of noun phrases and verb phrases from Text A. Add as many as you can. One is done for you. order Noun phrases Verb phrases urban planning Put into 1 Communist states drag out of 2 rural idiocy bully into 3 consumer economy be equated with 4 subsistence farming empty out 5 marketing networks be crammed with 6 peasant communities point out 7 population growth move out of 8 air quality perceive sth. to 2018年4月19日星期四

9 2.3 Match Work Directions: Match the words in Column A with the proper definitions in Column B. Column A Column B [ F ] 1. indigenous A) a positive motivational influence [ D ] 2. agro-industry B) the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad [ E ] 3. subsistence farming C) preoccupy or fill the mind of someone continually and to a troubling extent [ G ] 4. bulge D) industry connected with agriculture [ C ] 5. obsess E) farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing [ H ] 6. strain F) originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native [ A ] 7. incentive G) swell or expand [ B ] 8. emigration H) pressure or burden [ J ] 9. viable I) the feeling of being alienated from other people [ I ] 10. alienation J) capable of working successfully; feasible: 2018年4月19日星期四

10 Sustainable Cities Must Be Compact and High-Density
3. Reading in Depth Sustainable Cities Must Be Compact and High-Density 3.1 Text A As the balance of the world’s population tips from rural to urban, we need strict urban planning to keep cities from collapse For at least a century, governments have tried to urbanize their nations. Communist states sought to drag people out of what Marx and Engels called their “rural idiocy”. Capitalist governments – Mahatir Mohammed’s administration in Malaysia is a good example – tried to persuade and bully indigenous people into leaving the land (which then became available for exploitation) and move to the cities to join the consumer economy. Urbanization was equated with progress and modernity. In a few nations such as Britain there is a significant middle-class flight to the countryside, while in most places, as agro-industry replaces subsistence farming, as local marketing networks collapse and ecosystems fail, the countryside is emptying out and the cities are bulging. In 2007 the balance of the world’s population tipped from rural to urban.It’s not all push. An ethnographer I know who worked among peasant communities in the Amazon found that many of the people he met were obsessed by the idea of moving to the cities. In view of the hellish nature of many Brazilian favelas – especially in the booming Amazonian towns – he wanted to know why. “You have a wonderful life here: the rivers are teeming with fish, your gardens are crammed with food, you work an hour or two a day to meet your needs. You can’t read or write: if you move to the city, you’ll have to beg or steal or sell your body to survive,” he pointed out. “What you say is probably true,” they answered, “but in the city you can dream.” The result of these factors, in combination with population growth, is that in many cities the strain on both infrastructure (housing, water, sewerage, transport, electricity supply) and the quality of life (community, security, open spaces, air quality) is becoming unbearable. The New South Wales government in Australia – which has announced a $7000 incentive for residents to move out of 2018年4月19日星期四

11 Sydney – is not the first to pay residents to leave a city
Sydney – is not the first to pay residents to leave a city. At the beginning of the 20th century, for example, the Japanese government, perceiving the nation to be overcrowded, paid people in both Tokyo and the countryside to emigrate to Brazil. In the 1980s Suharto’s government in Indonesia, with the help of the World Bank, both forced and subsidized a massive emigration from Jakarta to the outer islands. But it could be a sign of mass movements to come. The environmental consequences depend on where you are. In the rich nations, urban living tends to have smaller impacts than rural living. Public transport requires a certain population density to be economically viable: otherwise people are forced to use their cars. The more widely distributed people are, the greater the resources required to provide their services. Most of the houses which, being off the gas grid, still use coal or heating oil in the UK are in the countryside. But in poorer countries, where most rural people consume and travel very little, the relationship is often reversed. Only when they move to towns and cities do the poor come to rely on fossil fuels and join the consumer economy, albeit often at a very low level.In countries such as Australia, the US, Canada, Spain and Italy, weak planning has ensured that the distinction between town and countryside is blurred. Here you can find the worst of both worlds: a wildly unsustainable, disaggregated urban nightmare, in which infrastructure is stretched across sprawling suburbs, people have no choice but to drive, and anonymous dormitory estates seem perfectly designed to generate alienation and anomie. Sydney is not as bad in this respect as Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide, whose sprawl and low urban densities beggar belief, but the problems it now faces are the result of catastrophic planning failures. Without policies to keep cities compact and urban densities high, they will begin to fail all over the world: logistically, socially and economically. Remember that, whenever anyone argues that we should weaken the planning laws to stimulate the economy. 2018年4月19日星期四 参考译文

12 1) Why did the governments seek to propel urbanization?
3.2 Work On Text A 3.2.1 Answer the following questions according to the passage you’ve just learned. 1) Why did the governments seek to propel urbanization? 2) What changes do the world’s population take place in 2007? And why? 3) Why did the peasant communities in the Amazon want to move to the cities? 4) What’s the result of urban bulging? 5) What did some governments do to cope with over-population problem and strained resources pressure in the cities? 2018年4月19日星期四

13 3.2.2 Choose the best answers to the following questions according to the passage you’ve just learned. 1 The author holds that____________. A The more scatteredly people live, the fewer resources required to provide for their services. B Urban living tends to have greater impacts on environment than rural living in rich nations. C In countries such as Australia, the US, they had better city planning than the other countries. D Certain population density can improve resource using ratio. 2 Which of the following statements is true? A The cost of public transport is higher in densely populated city. B In poorer countries, rural people tend to consume greater resources. C All farmers who moved to the cities were pushed by the governments. D Urbanization is the result of agro-industry and governments’ efforts. 2018年4月19日星期四

14 The reason why cities become overcrowded is that____________. A
3 The reason why cities become overcrowded is that____________. A As Traditional agriculture collapsed, redundant countryside labor flooded to the cities. B The civilization of urbanization attracts rural people to move to the cities. C Cities population keeps on growing. D all of the above 4 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?. A A sustainable city must undertake careful planning to reduce resource waste. B Unlike other cities, Sydney has good planning. C Urban sprawl adds the distance of the city which forces people to drive by themselves. D Weak planning goes against the utility of basic resources. 5 In order to make the cities sustainable, the author believes that____________. A Cities should be compact but not over-crowded. B People should move to the countryside. C Cities should sprawl to the suburb to reduce the pressure of the cities’ infrastructure. D Urban living tends to have smaller impacts on the environment than rural living in underdeveloped countries. 2018年4月19日星期四

15 Middle age begins at 35 and ends at 58
3.3 Word Training Direction: Fill in the following blanks with proper words or phrases given. Change the forms if necessary. One is done as a sample surprise, prejudice, differ， direct，youth, live, pass, perceive, fifty, actress Middle age begins at 35 and ends at 58 According to a study, the average Briton believes that youth ends at 35 and old age begins at 58. In between - all 23 years - is your middle age. The news that 58 is “over the hill”(在衰退中) may come as a surprise to anyone who has passed 1 the milestone and feels they are not yet in the twilight of their lives. They include Prime Minister Gordon Brown and the glamorous actress 2 Jane Seymour, who are both full of energy at 59. Kathryn Bigelow, 58, has just won an Oscar for directing the action-packed movie The Hurt Locker. The finding that we regard people in their fifties 4 as getting doddery(衰弱的), despite the evidence that older people are living more active lives 5 than ever, was revealed by academics from the University of Kent to a meeting of the Economic and Social Research Council, in London. Professor Dominic Abrams, who studied data from 40,000 people across Europe, said: “The survey showed that age prejudice 6– being treated as “too young” or “too old” – is perceived 7 to be a serious or very serious issue by 63 per cent of respondents, so it is obviously important to know what these age labels mean to people.” A survey asked: when does youth 8 end and old age begin? For the UK, the average response was that you stop being young at 35, and start being old at 58. But the figures also showed that opinions differed 9 among the age groups. Younger people, those aged 15 to 24, thought youth ended at just 28 and old age began at 54. Not surprisingly 10, people in their eighties were more generous. They regarded the final year of youth as 42, and the onset of old age as 67. Professor Abrams, a psychologist, added: “This evidence shows that what counts as young and old is very largely down to the age of the beholder.” 2018年4月19日星期四

16 Please to hold these books.（把这些箱子腾空）(empty out)
3.4 Writing Practice 3.4.1 Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese into English. 1 If fun and pleasure , then pain must (等同于幸福, 等于不幸福) (be equated with) 2 Please to hold these books.（把这些箱子腾空）(empty out) 3 The baby boom created （学校入学人数暴涨）(bulge, enrollment) 4 The small town and everybody was dressed up in best. （挤满了人）( cram) 5 Lower energy prices means (某些项目已不再可行） (viable) If fun and pleasure are equated with happiness, then pain must be equated with unhappiness. 参考答案 Please empty out these boxes to hold these books 参考答案 The baby boom created a bulge in school enrollment. 参考答案 The small towns were crammed with people and everybody was dressed up in best. 参考答案 Lower energy prices means certain projects are no longer viable. 参考答案 2018年4月19日星期四

17 3.4.2 Write a short passage, titled by City Problems. No less than 120 words. Sample City Problems 　　Nowadays, millions of migrant workers flock into cities in search of jobs and better living. However, with the sharp rise in the urban population, many problems arise in the development of cities. 　　Firstly, cities become more and more crowded, putting much pressure upon transportation, housing, sanitation, education, employment and so on. City services and facilities have been strained to a breaking point. Secondly, a growing number of private cars emit huge amount of carbon dioxide, leaving the air mercilessly polluted. What is more, the city is also threatened by rising crime. Not a single day passes without the report of someone being robbed, kidnapped or murdered. 　　Last but not least, city-dwellers are not only separated from the natural world but also isolated from each other, even not knowing the name of their next-door neighbor. 　　All these problems have harmed the attractiveness of the city. 　　Unless there is some improvement, more and more people may seek to live in the suburbs. 2018年4月19日星期四

18 Economics of Aging Population
4. Skimming & Scanning Economics of Aging Population 4.1 Text B The National Bureau of Statistics has released the results of the sixth national census. China remains the most populous country in the world with more than 1.3 billion people and continues to experience population growth at a moderate pace of about 0.5 percent a year. China’s fertility rate is so low, however, that population decline and rapid population aging are imminent. These demographic changes will have profound implications for China’s economy, the role of the public sector and families concerned about their prosperity and economic security. To understand the enormity of the demographic changes facing China one need look no further than children’s population trend. In 1976, the population under the age of 15 years reached a historic high of nearly 360 million according to United Nations estimates. The 2010 census shows that the country now has only about 222 million children (0-14 years old). During the last 35 years the number of children has declined by about 138 million, and over the next 35 years the UN projects a further drop of more than 80 million. China is experiencing a “baby bust”, which is unprecedented for its magnitude and the speed with which it has occurred. Until now China’s “baby bust” has been favorable for economic growth yielding what is often described as the “demographic dividend”. The decline in the number of children has freed up resources that have been put to good use by the public and private sectors both. Some of these resources have been used to improve standards of living and reduce poverty, some have been saved leading to increased capital accumulation and some have been used to increase per child spending on education and healthcare. China’s current age structure is now the most favorable in its history. Its population is heavily concentrated in the ages where people are most productive and have the highest earnings. Relatively few people are young or old when production is low and consumption is high. The age structure is highly favorable for public finances, too. Taxes are paid predominantly by working-age adults, while benefits go predominantly to the young as well as the old. 2018年4月19日星期四

19 But China has reached a turning point
But China has reached a turning point. Demographic conditions are becoming unfavorable as the “baby bust” generation comes of age - entering and progressing through the working ages. Currently, the “baby bust” is pushing down the number of people in their early 20s. In another 10 years, the number of people in the 20s and early 30s will be in decline. With each passing year, a larger share of the labor force, too, will be in decline. The aging population is growing and will continue to grow very rapidly. The speed of aging will depend primarily on whether the fertility rate recovers from its currently low level or declines further as has been the case in South Korea and Japan. If China’s total fertility rate begins to recover from its current level of about 1.5 to 1.6 births per woman, about 34 percent of its population will be 60 years or older in But if the total fertility rate declines to lower levels, about 39 percent of its population will be 60 years or older by then. How is China’s condition facing the aging population? First, aging is beginning in China when its per capita income is much lower than in rich countries. And because China is a relatively new market-based economy, many of its institutions and systems are not fully developed. Of particular note are China’s rural health and pension systems. Second, China has one of the highest saving rates in the world but the accumulated wealth may not fund the retirement needs of the elderly, who currently rely little on personal assets to fund their old-age needs. Third, financial support for the elderly from their adult children is modest in China. Taking other East Asian countries as an indicator, the economic importance of the family system is likely to decline further as China becomes wealthier. Hence, providing for the economic security and prosperity of its aging population will be an enormous challenge for China, particularly if the fertility rate continues to decline. 2018年4月19日星期四 参考译文

20 What did the sixth national census reveal? A
4.2 Work On Text B 4.2.1 Choose the best answers to the questions according to what you’ve learned from this passage. 1 What did the sixth national census reveal? A China remains the most populous country in the world. B Presently China’s population grows at a moderate pace. C Both A and B. D China’s population is shrinking dramatically. 2 What’s the meaning of “baby bust”? A It refers to the sudden increase in population. B It refers to the period of relative low birth-rate. C It refers to the chest of a baby. D It refers to zero birth rate of children. 3 Which of the following description of demographic dividend is true? A It refers to the benefits bring about by large population. B It means a country should always encourage fertility. C It is more common in developed countries. D It refers to favorable age structure that a greater proportion of people are young and in the working age-group. This cuts spending on dependants, spurring economic growth. 2018年4月19日星期四

21 What benefit(s) does demographic dividend bring to China? A
4 What benefit(s) does demographic dividend bring to China? A The government can take use of it to improve current living standards. B It spurs China’s domestic demand. C The age structure is highly favorable for public finances. D Both A and C. 5 What demographic changes do China face now? A The “baby bust” generation is coming of age. B The working age people will be in decline. C The aging population is growing and will continue to grow very rapidly. D all of the above. 2018年4月19日星期四

22 Match the words in Column A with the proper definitions in Column B.
4.2.2 Match the words in Column A with the proper definitions in Column B. Column A Column B [ E ] 1. populous A) about to happen [ G ] 2. moderate B) the great size or extent of something [ I ] 3. fertility C) an increase by natural growth or addition [ A ] 4. imminent D) much greater in number or influence [ K ] 5. prosperity E) having a large population; densely populated [ L ] 6. enormity F) a regular payment made by the state to people of or above the official retirement age and to some widows and disabled people [ B ] 7. magnitude G) average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree [ C ] 8. accumulation H) a thing that indicates the state or level of something [ D ] 9. predominantly I) the ability to conceive children [ F ] 10. pension J) produce or generate (a result, gain, or financial return) [ H ] 11. indicator K) the condition of prospering; having good fortune [ J ] 12. yield L) (in neutral use) large size or scale 2018年4月19日星期四

23 4.3 Translation 4.3.1 Directions: Put the following sentences into Chinese. To understand the enormity of the demographic changes facing China one need look no further than children’s population trend. 2) China is experiencing a “baby bust”, which is unprecedented for its magnitude and the speed with which it has occurred. 3) Until now China’s “baby bust” has been favorable for economic growth yielding what is often described as the “demographic dividend”. 4) Demographic conditions are becoming unfavorable as the “baby bust” generation comes of age - entering and progressing through the working ages. 5) The speed of aging will depend primarily on whether the fertility rate recovers from its currently low level or declines further as has been the case in South Korea and Japan. 要想了解中国当前人口结构发生的巨变，只消看看儿童人口的变化趋势。 参考答案 中国正经历一个在规模和速度上都前所未有的“生育低谷”。 参考答案 直到现在，中国的“生育低谷”对经济的发展都非常有利，带来通常所说的“人口红利”。 参考答案 随着“生育低谷”期出生的一代人达到法定年龄——即步入并经过劳动年龄，人口状况正在开 始变得不利。 参考答案 老龄化速度将主要取决于出生率是从现有的低水平恢复到较高的水平还是像韩国和日本那样 进一步降低。 参考答案 2018年4月19日星期四

24 4.3.2 Find out the errors in each of the following sentences. Then correct them by rewriting the sentences. 1 Americans this year will swallow tons of aspirin, one of safest and most effective drugs. Rewrite Americans this year will swallow tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drugs 2 When one have money, he can do what he want to. When one has money, he can do what he want to. 3 In some parts of the Amazon rainforest in brazil, all the trees have cut down. In some parts of the Amazon rainforest in brazil, all the trees have been cut down. 4 There are many students play football on the sports ground. There are many students playing football on the sports ground. 5 The judge ordered that the suspect was detained immediately. The judge ordered that the suspect (should) be detained immediately. 2018年4月19日星期四

25 The Present Continuous tense
5. Language Focus The Present Continuous tense 现在进行时主要是用来表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作 ，还可以表示计划、安排好的动作或行为。 一般过去时的基本结构： 结构形式subject+ auxiliary verb+ main verb+ing主语+ Be动词（is,am,are）动词-ing形式。 E.g. I am speaking to you. You are reading this.3 She is (not) staying in London. We are (not) playing football. Is he watching TV? Are they waiting for John? Examples subject auxiliary verb Main verb+ing 1 I am speaking to you. 2 You are 3 She is 4 We (not) playing football. 5 Is he watching TV? 6 Are they 2018年4月19日星期四

26 1)表示说话时正在进行的动作 （actions happening at the moment of speaking）
Peter is reading a book now. Hurry up! We’re all waiting for you. 2) 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作（actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions) My friend is preparing for his exams. I’m reading an interesting book at the moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it. 3) 临时性的动作（temporary actions） His father is working in Rome this month. 4)表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作（fixed plan in the near future） She is going to Basel on Saturday. Mr. Cameron is leaving China in a few weeks. 5)表示一种趋势 （trends） More and more people are using their computers to listen to music. 6)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，通常与always、constantly、forever等频度状语连用，表达某种感情色彩 （repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)。 Andrew is always coming late. You are continually finding fault with me. Joyce is constantly complaining that she is not properly paid. 2018年4月19日星期四

27 The population of the world is rising very fast.
5.1 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs: get, change, fall, increase, rise. You don’t have to use all the verbs and you can use a verb more than once. 1 The population of the world is rising very fast. 2 Ken is still ill but he is getting better slowly. 3 The world is changing Things never stay the same. 4 The cost of living is increasing Every year things are more expensive. 5 The economic situation is already very bad and it is getting worse. 2018年4月19日星期四

28 Arrangements for the future
5.2 Group the sentences: put the number of the sentences into the check box on the right according to the uses of the present continuous tense. 1 Janet is sitting over there. 2 I’m looking for a new job. 3 They’re selling their house. 4 I’m playing squash with Jo tonight. 5 She’s learning Spanish. 6 She’s moving to the US in June. Oh, dear! 7 The traffic is getting worse. 8 Where are you going? Come back! 9 Ssh! I’m trying to work. 10 They’re leaving on Saturday. 11 We’re going to Italy this year. 12 I’m falling asleep. At the time of speaking 1\8\9\12 Temporary actions 2/3/5/7 Arrangements for the future 4/6/10/11 2018年4月19日星期四

29 5.3 Put the following Chinese into English according to the words given, use present continuous tense. 1 玛丽正躺在床上。（lie） Mary is lying down on her bed. 2 我将在美发店上班到九月份。(work) I am working at the hair salon until September. 3 凯特正在跟谁打电话? (talk) Who(m) is Kate talking to on the phone? 4 她总是上课迟到。(come) ) She is always coming to class late. 5 他们要到下周二才到。（arrive） They aren’t arriving until Tuesday. 2018年4月19日星期四

30 Start Here Queuing Models 6. Problem-Solving Skills 2
It’s 5:30 pm, it seems like everybody has just left work, and you’re stuck in a long checkout line at the grocery store. Do you wonder why store management hasn’t figured out how many cashiers they need during the evening rush? If you do, you probably have an intuitive appreciation for the importance of queues. Whether workers wait to use the office copier, airplanes wait to land, or parts wait on an assembly line, queues are an inevitable, and often frustrating, part of life. Waiting lines affect people every day, which is why a primary goal in many businesses is to provide the best level of service possible. Minimizing those waiting lines is a key part of creating a positive experience for the customer. How can you achieve that in your organization? Well, there’s a whole body of mathematical knowledge dedicated to studying, simulating, and analyzing wait times. It’s called queuing theory, and it can help minimize the cost to your business of waiting lines. It does that by helping you determine the best way to use your staff and other resources, while reducing customer wait times. Queuing models show you how to make sure you have enough staff working, at any given time, to provide a good level of service – without hurting profitability by having people standing around doing nothing. Queuing models consider the following: The average arrival rate of customers. The average rate of servicing customers. The cost to the business of customer dissatisfaction resulting from waiting time. The cost to provide the service points. 2018年4月19日星期四

31 Topics for Discussion 7.1 7. Oral Training
Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following topics in turns. Choose one or two of them. 1. City life and country life 2. Public transport versus private car 3. Aging problem 4. City pollution problems 5. Green City in your eyes 2018年4月19日星期四

32 Presentation Training
7.2 Presentation Training Directions: Describe each of the following pictures in pairs by using your imagination. Traffic jam Forestation population 2018年4月19日星期四

33 Interviewing Training
7.2 Interviewing Training Directions: Paul and Alice are would-be graduates. They are talking about population growth in the city and employment pressures. Complete the talk according to some necessary hints given on the right column. Student A acts as Paul, student B acts as Alice. Hints Paul: Next month we are going to graduate from our college, isn’t it great? Alice: Yes. But I’m worry about my employment problem. You know, as the population keeps growing, the unemployed population is increasing too. her worries on the employment problem Paul: Don’ worry. There are still many opportunities in this city , for example, there are new economic development zones which provide many job positions.. opportunities in the city Alice: What job shall we do since we are inexperienced? Paul: As a green hand, I think we should start from the basic work. work attitudes Alice: I share your view there. . agree Paul : So let’s go for a drink, shall we? Alice: Good idea. 2018年4月19日星期四

34 Growth of the Metropolis
8. Extending Reading Growth of the Metropolis The following article is chosen just for your homework in order to expand your knowledge on population and city. Try to get the main idea of this article with the help of dictionaries afterwards. By the turn of the 19th century, London, Paris and New York City had each developed into a vibrant metropolis. Greater London The Tower Bridge Between 1666 and 1821, London’s population rose from half a million to 1.2 million. As the centre of the British Empire, London became the hub of world trade. The first Great Exhibition was held at London’s Crystal Palace in 1851 and it confirmed Great Britain’s role as the leading industrial nation. The population continued to climb quickly, partly due to the influx of immigrants from the colonies, rising to 6.6 million by 1901. During World War II, around 35% of the city was destroyed by German air raids. Amazingly St. Paul’s Cathedral remained virtually unscathed, even though it stood right at the heart of the devastation that cost 10,000 lives. London was able to rebuild its economic might following the war and, by the end of the 1950s, most of the damage had been repaired. In 1965, London’s neighbouring suburbs, which were home to countless workers, became part of the city - the urban sprawl that is Greater London was born. It covers an area stretching to around 1,580 square kilometres and is divided into a total of 32 districts, or boroughs. Of the total population of 7.7 million, approximately 2.7 million live in the central parts of the city that make up Inner London. Today the city remains a royal residence and host to the government, the Houses of Parliament, courts of law and major public authorities. As the capital of Great Britain, a financial, commercial and administrative centre and a cultural and political focal point for the entire nation, London is truly one of the largest cities on the globe. 2018年4月19日星期四

35 Paris – capital and conurbation par excellence The Louvre
Just like London, Paris has also continued to expand. In the 19th century, the industrial revolution contributed to particularly high rates of immigration. Napoleon III decided to completely remodel the capital, in order to create healthier working and living conditions, as well as impress France’s imperial power upon the outside world. Napoleon appointed Georges E. Haussmann to the post of Paris Prefect in 1853, giving him the enormous task of renovating and redesigning the city. Although he did much to improve the levels of hygiene and created a network of broad boulevards and parks, his achievements also cost the city some of its valuable historical buildings. From 1855 onwards, numerous world exhibitions - particularly those of 1867, 1878, 1889 and showcased the cultural and economic progress of this great city. But Paris still had its share of political upheaval. After the collapse of the Second Empire and German occupation of the city, the Paris Commune rose up against the Republic’s conservative interim government, although the communist and socialist revolt was quashed. During the “belle époque” - between 1880 and Paris experienced a cultural resurgence. Buildings such as the Gare de Lyon and the Pont Alexandre III Bridge, over the River Seine, bear witness to the style of the times. Today around 2.1 million people live in the 20 districts, that make up France’s largest city, which is the cultural and political centre of the country. In total about 10 million people (nearly 20 per cent of the French population) now inhabit the Greater Paris area. 2018年4月19日星期四

36 New York City – the city that reached for the stars
By the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, New York had become a burgeoning centre of commerce, industry and finance. The population more than doubled between 1820 and 1840 and doubled again in the next ten years. As space was at a premium, the start of the 20th century saw New Yorkers turn their eyes to the heavens and the first skyscrapers, such as the Woolworth Building, soon began to shoot up. But the events of 25 October 1929 changed the mood of the Wall Street bankers and their customers alike. On the day known as Black Friday, stocks and shares crashed and it seemed that the bubble had burst. Despite economic instabilities, two major architectural projects did see completion: the Chrysler Building in 1930 and the Empire State Building in To accommodate the countless number of refugees that arrived from abroad during the 30s and 40s, the US relaxed its laws on immigration. The largest city in the US and comprising one of the most important economic areas on the globe, New York has been home to approximately eight million people since 1953. 2018年4月19日星期四

37 The Whole World Stinks 整个世界都发臭了！ 中 文 对 照
9. World Anecdotes The Whole World Stinks 整个世界都发臭了！ 历代的智者和哲学家对许多事情各持己见，但有一点许多人都一致赞同：“我们成为自己认为的那种人。”拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生说：“一个人整天都是他所认为的那种人。”罗马皇帝马可·奥里利乌斯这样说：“一个人的人生是他的思想所形成的。”在圣经里我们读到：“人心里怎么想，他就是怎样的人。” 一个周日的下午，一位年迈的爷爷去孩子家做客。当他躺下小睡一会时，他的孙子决定和他开个小玩笑，他把一块林堡干酪放在爷爷的胡子上。不久，爷爷打了个喷嚏醒了过来，他走出卧室说：“这个屋子有股臭味。” 他穿过房子，发现他经过的每个房间都有同样的臭味。最后他走出屋外却发现“整个世界都发臭了！” 当我们的脑海里满是消极想法时也是如此。我们所经历的一切，我们遇到的每个人都带有我们脑子中持有的“气味”。 Wise men and philosophers throughout the ages have disagreed on many things, but many are in unanimous agreement on one point: "We become what we think about." Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "A man is what he thinks about all day long." The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius put it this way: "A man's life is what his thoughts make of it." In the Bible we find: "As a man thinks in his heart, so is he.“ One Sunday afternoon, a cranky grandfather was visiting his family. As he lay down to take a nap, his grandson decided to have a little fun by putting Limburger cheese on Grandfather's mustache. Soon, grandpa awoke with a snort and walked out of the bedroom saying, "This room stinks." Through the house he went, finding every room smelling the same. Desperately he made his way outside only to find that "the whole world stinks!“ So it is when we fill our minds with negativism. Everything we experience and everybody we encounter will carry the scent we hold in our mind. 中 文 对 照 2018年4月19日星期四

38 Text A 参考译文 可持续城市需规划紧凑，人口密集 随着世界人口的天平从农村向城市倾斜，我们需要严格的城市规划来保持城市的可持续发展。
至少一个世纪以来，各国政府都努力地要城市化他们的国家。共产主义国家努力使人们摆脱马克思和恩格斯所说的“农村愚昧”。资本主义政府——例如马来西亚马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德政府——试图说服及迫使原著居民离开土地（以便腾出土地来开发），移居城市加入消费经济。城市化即代表进步和现代化。 在英国等少数几个国家，相当多的中产阶级迁居乡村，而在大多数地方，随着农工业取代自给农业，加上当地市场网络的解体和生态系统的破坏，农村逐渐人烟稀少，城市开始扩大。2007年，世界人口的天平开始从农村向城市倾斜。 人口的迁移并非全是被动的。我认识的一位人种志学者在亚马孙河流域的农民村落发现他遇到的许多人都一心向往着搬到城市去住。想到许多巴西贫民窟恶劣的生存环境——特别位于新兴的亚马逊人聚居的城镇的贫民窟，他不明白为什么这些村民要搬到城市去。他告诉村民：“你们在这有着美好的生活：河里到处都是鱼，你们的庄园里食物富饶，你们一天只要工作一两个小时就可以满足你们的需求。你们不会读写：如果你们搬到城市去，你们得靠乞讨、偷窃或卖身才能生存。”他们回答道：“你说也许都是真的，但在城市里你可以有梦想。” 因为这些原因加上人口的增长导致许多城市基础设施（住宅，水，排污，交通和电力供应等）和生活品质（社区，安全，空旷地，空气质量等）的压力开始变得不堪重负。澳大利亚新南威尔士政府宣布拿出7000美元奖励居民搬出悉尼。这种做法并不是创举。早在20世纪初，日本政府在察觉到国家过度拥挤后就出资鼓励东京和农村地区的人移民到巴西。20世纪八十年代，印尼苏哈托政府在世界银行的帮助下，强迫并补贴雅加达居民大规模移民到外岛屿。这可能标志着大规模的人口转移即将到来。 2018年4月19日星期四

39 对环境影响取决于你居住的位置。在发达国家，城市生活比农村生活对环境的影响较小。公共交通需要一定的人口密度，资金上才可能维持：否则人们就得被迫使用汽车。人口越分散，为他们提供服务所消耗的资源就越大。在英国，大多数煤气网络通不到而使用煤炭或燃油的房子位于农村。但在不发达国家，多数农村人几乎不消费也不旅游，在这些国家情况就相反了。只有当他们搬到城镇，这些穷人才开始依赖化石燃油，并加入消费者大军——虽然是非常低的消费水平。 在澳大利亚，美国，加拿大，西班牙和意大利等国家，糟糕的城市规划使得城市和农村之间没有什么区别。在这些国家，你可以看到两者最糟糕的情况：极不可持续性，杂乱无章的城市布局，基础设施一直延伸到扩大的市郊，人们除了开车别无选择，还有那些陌生的住宅区，恰好制造了隔阂和混乱。 在布里斯班，珀斯和阿德莱德等城市，市区的扩张和人口密度之低令人难以置信。相比之下，悉尼在这些方面会好些。但它现在面临的问题是彻底的规划失败导致的后果。没有政策规划使得城市紧凑而保持较高的密度，不管是后勤保障，社会还是经济等方面，任何一个城市都将难以维持。任何时候，有人提出我们应该弱化规划法律来刺激经济时，请不要忘记了这一点。 2018年4月19日星期四 返 回

40 Text B 参考译文 老龄人口经济 中国国家统计局公布了第六次全国人口普查的结果。中国仍然是世界上人口最多的国家，拥有超过13亿人口，而且继续以每年0.5%的缓慢速度增长。 虽然中国的出生率很低，但是人口的减少和快速的人口老龄化即将到来。这些人口变化将对中国的经济，公共部门的角色和担忧财富和经济安全的家庭具有深刻的含义。 要想了解中国面临的人口变化有多大，我们只需对比下儿童人口的趋势。根据联合国预算，1976年，15岁以下儿童人口达到历史最高，接近3.6亿。2010年的人口统计表明，中国现在仅有约2.22亿儿童（0-14岁）。 在过去的35年，儿童人口的数量下降了约1.28亿，而在接下来的35年，联合国预计儿童人口数量将继续减少八千多万。中国正面临一个“生育低谷”，其规模和速度都是前所未有的。 直到现在，中国的“生育低谷”对于经济的增长还是有利的，产生了所谓的“人口红利”。 儿童人口的减少释放了资源，公共部门和私营机构都可以好好利用这些资源。一些资源被用于改善生活水平，减少贫困，一些被用于储蓄，使资本积累增加，还有一些被用于增加儿童人均教育和医疗保健的支出。 目前，中国现有的人口结构是历史上最有利的。人口主要集中在最具有生产力和收入最高的年龄段。相对较少的人是生产力较低而消费较高的青少年和老年人。这种年龄结构对于公共财政也非常有利。税收主要由处于工龄的成人支付，而福利则主要由青少年和老年人享受。 但是中国人口已经到了一个转折点。随着“生育低谷”期出生的一代人达到法定年龄——即步入并经过劳动年龄，人口状况正在开始变得不利。 2018年4月19日星期四

41 目前，“生育低谷”正使20出头的人的数量减少。再过10年，20-30岁人口的数量和30出头人口的数量将会下降。每过一年，劳动人口的比例也会随之大幅减少。
老年人口开始增加，并将快速地增长。老龄化速度将主要取决于出生率是从现有的低水平恢复到较高的水平还是像韩国和日本那样进一步降低。如果中国的总出生率开始从目前的每个妇女生1.5个小孩恢复到1.6的水平，到2050年会有约34%的人口达到60岁以上。但如果总的出生率降到更低的水平，届时60岁以上人口将会有39%。 面对人口老龄化社会，中国的情况如何呢？首先，中国的老龄化刚刚开始，而其人均收入还远远低于发达国家水平。因为中国是一个相对新的市场化经济，它的许多机构和体系还不够完善，特别值得注意的是中国的农村医疗和社保体系。 第二，中国是世界上储蓄率最高的国家之一，但是积累的财富不一定能资助老年人的退休需要，目前老年人基本不靠个人资产来支持他们晚年的生活需要。 第三，在中国，老年人从他们的成年子女得到适当的经济支持。从其他东亚国家的情况来看，随着中国变得更加富裕，家庭体系的经济重要性可能下降 因此，对于中国来说，准备好应对老龄化时代的经济安全和社会繁荣将会是一个巨大的挑战，特别是如果出生率继续下降的话。 2018年4月19日星期四 返 回

42 Unit 4 Glossary accumulation [ə,kju:mju’leiʃən] n. 积聚，累积 an increase by natural growth or addition agro-industry [,æɡrəu’indəstri] n. 农用工业；农工业 albeit [ɔ:l’bi:it] conj. 虽然；即使conj.虽然；即使 although alienation [,eiljə’neiʃən] n. 异化；疏远；the feeling of being alienated from other people anomie [‘ænəmi] n. 社会的反常状态；混乱lack of moral standards in a society arrondissement [ə'rɔndismənt] n. 郡，法国的行政区 blur [blə:] vt. 涂污；使…模糊不清；to make less distinct or clear boulevard [‘bu:lvɑ:, ‘buləvɑ:d] n. [建] 林荫大道；（美）大马路 a wide street or thoroughfare bulge [bʌldʒ] vt. 使膨胀；使凸起 vi. 膨胀；凸出 swell or protrude outwards burgeoning [‘bə:dʒəniŋ] adj. 增长迅速的；生机勃勃的 of growing and flourishing vigorously census [‘sensəs] n. 人口普查，人口调查 a periodic count of the population conurbation [,kɔnə:’beiʃən] n. 有卫星城的大都市 an aggregation or continuous network of urban communities cram [kræm] vt. 填满，塞满；死记硬背 . crowd or pack to capacity 2018年4月19日星期四

43 demographic [,demə’ɡræfik,-kəl] adj
demographic [,demə’ɡræfik,-kəl] adj. 人口统计学的；人口学的 a statistic characterizing human populations (or segments of human populations broken down by age or sex or income etc.) disaggregate [dis’æɡriɡeit, -ɡət, -ɡeit] vt. 分解；使…崩溃 empty out 腾空；倒空 equate with 把…等同于；认为…是 hygiene [‘haidʒi:n] n. 卫生 a condition promoting sanitary practices imminent [‘iminənt] adj. 即将来临的；迫近的close in time; about to occur imperial [im’piəriəl] adj. 帝国的；皇帝的；至高无上的；威严的2. befitting or belonging to an emperor or empress incentive [in’sentiv] n. 动机；刺激a positive motivational influence indigenous [in’didʒinəs] adj. 本土的；土著的；originating where it is found infrastructure [‘infrə,strʌktʃə] n. 基础设施；the basic structure or features of a system or organization no further than 只要，仅仅 magnitude [‘mæɡnitju:d] n. 大小；量级；[地震] 震级；重要；光度 1. the property of relative size or extent (whether large or small) metropolis [mi’trɔpəlis, me-] n. 大都市 a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts 2018年4月19日星期四

44 obsess [ɔb’ses] vt. 迷住，缠住；使…着迷；使…困扰 be preoccupied with something
par excellence [,pɑ:r’eksəlã:ns] 出类拔萃的；最卓越的 to a degree of excellence perceive [pə’si:v] vt. 察觉，感觉, 理解 to become aware of through the senses quash [kwɔʃ] vt. 撤销；镇压；宣布无效；捣碎 . put down by force or intimidation resurgence [ri’sə:dʒəns] n. 复活；再现；再起 bringing again into activity and prominence revolt [ri’vəult, -’vɔ:lt] n. 反抗；叛乱；反感 1. make revolution showcase [‘ʃəukeis] vt. 使展现；在玻璃橱窗陈列 display sprawl [sprɔ:l] vi. 蔓延；伸开手足躺；无计划地扩展 go, come, or spread in a rambling or irregular way subsidise [‘sʌbsidaiz] vt. 资助 support through subsidies subsistence farming n. 自给农业；少有余粮的农场经营 tip [tip] vt. 给小费；倾斜 cause to tilt unscathed [,ʌn’skeiðd] adj. 未受伤的wholly unharmed unwounded upheaval [ʌp’hi:vəl] n. 剧变；隆起；举起. a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally) vibrant [‘vaibrənt] adj. 振动的；充满生气的 vigorous and animated yield [ji:ld] vt.出产，产生， give or supply 单词学习完毕！ 2018年4月19日星期四

45 The End 2018年4月19日星期四