题型写作技巧.

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1 题型写作技巧

2 1. 补齐段落 占到考试总分的20% 考查学生对英语篇章的整体把握和段落写作。　 审题： 1）补齐的段落是引言，正文还是结论段落； 2）字数要求是100字； 3）要和原文保持连贯（Unity）， A. 语气一致:作者对话题的态度，写作目的和中心思想 B. 用词一致:选词要和原文相符合，是正式，学术词汇还是非正式的，日常用语 C. 语法句子复杂程度一致:句式复杂程度要和原文一致，是简单句为主还是复杂句为主

3 阅读： 文章的观点（Thesis），作者态度,文章的大纲，文章的重要细节,段落间的衔接，尤其是所缺段落与前文的联系。 写作： 引言段写作：遵循一般到具体的原则，引出话题，点明论点，论点可通过总结正文各段主题句或是结论中获得 正文段写作: 注意从引言段论点出发，结合正文段其它段落主题句，确定本段主题句，还要注意和相邻正文前一段落的最后和后一段的第一句。 结论段: 重述论点，总结全文，注意和前一段落结尾的联系。

4 Ⅰ.Supply the missing paragraph(20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided.

5 Childhood Fears I remember my childhood as being generally happy and can recall experiencing some of the most carefree times of my life. But I can also remember, even more vividly, moments of being deeply frightened. As a child, I was truly terrified of the dark, of getting lost, and of not being liked by others. These fears were very real and caused me some extremely uncomfortable moments. Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that scared me so much. There was never total darkness, but a streetlight or passing car lights made clothes hung over a chair take on the shape of an unknown beast. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw that the curtains seemed to move when there was no breeze. A tiny crack in the floor would sound a hundred times louder than in the daylight, and my imagination would take over, creating burglars and monsters. Darkness always made me feel so helpless, too. My heart would pound, and I would lie very still so that the “enemy” wouldn't discover me. __________________________________ Perhaps one of the worst fears I had as a child was that of not being liked by others. First of all, I was quite shy. Second, I worried constantly about my looks, thinking people wouldn't like me because I was too fat or wore braces. I tried to wear the “right” clothes and even had intense arguments with my mother over the importance of wearing the “flats” instead of saddle shoes to school. Being popular was so important to me then, and the fear of not being liked was a powerful one. One of the processes of evolving from a child to an adult is being able to recognize and outgrow our fears. I've learned that darkness does not have to take on a life of its own, that others can help me when I'm lost, and that friendliness and sincerity will encourage people to like me. Understanding the things that scared us as children helps us to cope with our lives as adults.

6 Another fear in my childhood was that I would get lost
Another fear in my childhood was that I would get lost. When all the buses were lined up along the curb, I was terrified that I would get on the wrong one. I would scan the bus for the faces of my friends, make sure the bus driver was the same one that had been there in the morning, and even then ask the others over and over again to be sure I was on the right bus. On school or family trips I wouldn’t let the leaders out of my sight. And of course I was never very adventurous when it came to taking walks or hikes, because I would go only where I was sure I could never get lost.

7 　　Too Many Moves 　　My first semester of college was the worst I‘ve been through. Everything started out smoothly enough. I had made plans during the summer to share an apartment with two of my close friends from high school. We had found a nice enough apartment about two miles from campus， but before we even moved in， problems started developing that kept me on the move the entire semester. 　　One of the two girls I was to share an apartment with was going to work instead of going to college. However， a week before we were to move in ， she found out that she didn‘t get the job she had been counting on. She was forced to live at home and look for work， and two of us were stuck with higher monthly rent payments. We lasted for a month and then agreed that we couldn’t make it by ourselves. Joan moved away and I started looking around. 　　I found another apartment and the rent wasn‘t bad. The room was small with one tiny bathroom for four people. The place was noisy， but it was the best I could afford for the time. However， one day when I returned from school， I saw smoke coming from the back of the house. The cottage had caught fire， and the fire department was putting out the last flames. My room was a charred mess； there was no way that anyone could live there for a long time. I was once more out of a place to stay， and there was still over a month of school left. After looking around all weekend for lodging， I finally gave up and moved home. I had to drive forty miles to school every day， so I almost spent as much on gas as I would have on lodging . I‘d drive to school， go to classes， and come home and sit in an empty house for a few hours. I was very bored； I’d also lost the will to study. It had been such a bad semester moving all over the place that my heart wasn‘t in school anymore. So the semester just played itself out.

8 Ⅰ.Supply the missing paragraph （20 points）
The following passage is incomplete with the ending paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.

9 I finished the semester with low grades and I’d had a lousy time
I finished the semester with low grades and I’d had a lousy time. It was a wasted semester. I did learn a few things, though. First, when a plan on rooming with a non-college person, i am taking the risk that he or she will not be around for an entire semester. Next, if you want to be bored to death, live at home. I’ve now decided that the best place for me is the dormitories, and that’s where I’m living next semester. That way I’ll have the library to study in, and plenty of people around for social life. Besides, nothing would be worse than living in three different places in one semester.

10 There are several reasons why an examination is held and why it should not be abolished.
The basic purpose of an examination is to evaluate a person’s capacity and ability in retention, application and deduction. The results of an examination serve as a gauge of one’s power of thought. We can use it as a guide to see a person’s logic and how he or she looks at ideas and theories. Thus, examinations have to remain as yardsticks for students to be measured by. Another reason why they should not be abolished is the fact that examinations make students more eager to learn and study. If there were no examinations to be passed, they would not bother to study at all and the end result would be a group of half-illiterates. From the results of the examinations, we can see a student's inclination. Using the examination, we can sieve the academically inclined from the mechanically inclined. We can put the student into the field he excels in. It gives him or her a chance to prove himself or herself and to make a good job of it. At the same time, we must not overlook the fact that it is examinations that put a bar on a student's future. A student takes an important examination when he or she is about fifteen. He or she might, if he or she were not very intelligent, fail the examination. This failure closes the door to the many opportunities that might have been open to him or her. He or she remains on a lower economic strata and might even resort to an undesirable way of living. If examinations were abolished, it would mean a furtherance of his studies, at least till he or she is sixteen. His or her studies play the uppermost part in his or her life and help him or her to reach wider horizons in time to come. When an examination is held, it is merely to see one’s academic qualifications. It is not really a proper judge of one's intellect or capability. Thus, it might be better to abolish it and to find a better method of assessment.

11 Nowadays, the paper chase has become so important that many students do not take part in sports or extra-curricular activities. Thus, students tend to become very text-book oriented. Their education is not complete. They have little or no time for sports and games. As we can see, examinations have their merits 'and demerits. Hence, we can not say categorically that they should be abolished or that they should be retained.

12 2. 大纲写作 占整个考试的20% 考查大纲写作能力， 注意阅读的质量， 切忌边读边写 要先通读原文，再进行写作

13 注意这几个问题： a. 审题，确定要写的是句子型还是话题型大纲。 b.先明确话题和论点并写下来。话题就是题 目，论点往往出现在引言段最后一句。 c.注意正文段第一、二句，锁定各段主题句。 注意，需要合并自然段形成较大的段落。 看作者总体谋篇使用了何种方法。 　d. 细节要适当，不可过简或是过细。 e.结论段

14 撰写大纲的基本要求 1. 部分若含有分项（sub points），则分项不能少于两个。处于同一地位的分项要具有同样的重要性，安排要合乎逻辑。分项要用相同的语法结构来表达。 2. 不要将话题大纲（a topic outline）和句子大纲（a sentence outline）相混淆。话题大纲由名词短语，动名词短语，不定式短语等构成。句子大纲由完整的句子构成。 3. 话题大纲的第一个字母要大写，短语后不必点句号；句子大纲要遵循英语句子的标点规范。但是在序列号中每一个罗马字母，大写字母，阿拉伯数字或是小写字母后要加句号，加了括号后不再加句号。 4. 大纲序列号如下： 　I.   罗马字母 　　A.   大写字母 　　 1.   阿拉伯数字 　　 a.   小写字母 　　 ）  带括号的阿拉伯数字 　　 a）  带括号的小写字母

15 大纲实例 　　话题大纲：（教材P17) 句子大纲（教材P15）

16 Write a sentence outline.
Just What Is a Vacation Anyway?

17 A vacation is generally seen as a positive experience
A vacation is generally seen as a positive experience. In fact, when a person says, "I' m on vacation" or “I' m leaving for my vacation", we all smile and offer our congratulations to the lucky guy .It’s as if we collectively agree upon what this man is about to experience. It is my contention, however ,that we do not agree upon what makes up a vacation. In fact, I believe that most of us don’t even understand what a vacation truly is. Many people seem to think that a vacation is merely a two-week reprieve from their place of employment. Well, a vacation cannot be defined in terms of "two weeks off". First of all, some people get a four-week vacation while others get only one. Some people get days off from work but still man age to take a very nice vacation from time to time. What about the people who don' t "go to work" such as mothers at home? Their idea of a vacation may be a weekend break from their children. The break may be a short time, but this makes it no less of a vacation for the person taking it. Other people consider a vacation to be a period of rest. While a vacation is often a time of relaxation and quiet thoughts, it certainly doesn't have to be so. How many times have you gone back to work or school from a vacation more exhausted than when you left? For many people, taking a vacation means action--swimming, hiking, boating, running, driving. If they are not moving, then it really isn't a vacation to them.

18 Still others think it isn't a vacation unless they have agony away somewhere. To support this, invariably the first question we ask someone after her vacation is, "Oh, where did you go on your vacation?" My parents fall into this category of vacationers. Not only do they tend to go somewhere on their vacation, but they after plan up to a year in advance where they' 11 be going next. Not all people like to "get away", though. Many like to stay home during their holidays, yet they have no less of a vacation than my wandering parents. The last group of vacationers feels that the vacation is a time to catch up on all the things they normally don't have time to do. This, to me, seems like work, but to others it is truly a vacation. These are the people who will tell you, "I had the most wonderful vacation. I got the house painted, cleaned out the garage, and fixed the broken fan and vacuum cleaner. "I know that this cannot be the true definition of a vacation because I take a vacation every year, and I would never paint my house during one Well, then, just what is a vacation? A vacation is a time to leave( to vacate). In other words, it is an indeterminate amount of time in which a person departs from his or her ordinary routine to do something out of the ordinary. So, a vacation is not a two -week break from the office, a ride down a river, or a trip to a new city although any of these things could be included on one. Vacations are simply a chance to change for a while. That is why, regardless of their form, we like them so much.

19 I. Although people generally regard vacation and positive experience, they have different view on what a vacation truly is. A. Some people think a vacation is "two weeks off". B. Other people consider a vacation to be a period of rest. C. Still others think it isn't a vacation unless they have agony away somewhere. D. The last group think a vacation is a time to catch up on all the things they normally don' t have time to do. II. Author' s opinion: A vacation is a time to leave, is simply a chance to change for a while.

20 3. 篇章写作 　　占到60%.综合考查学生的写作水平 英语写作流程 先构思，写出大致的大纲，再进行写作。 写作大纲时，要适当考虑应该采用的论证 或是说明方法，以便进行总体的布局谋篇。 写作一稿完成后，一定要进行检查，修改。

21 写作类型（Types of Writing）
主要有四种： 记叙文（Narration）， 描写文（Description）， 说明文（Exposition） 和议论文（Argumentation）。

22 说明文（Exposition）是为了解释或阐述某一问题，某一过程或是关系的写作类型。其目的是通过解释，使人明白某件事情，明白如何去做一件事情，或是明白一件事情的原因，及其引发的后果等。
1.总体结构 一个引言段，三个主体段，一个结论段 2. 引言段 （Introduction） 3. 正文部分 4.结论

23 说明文类型 　　 1. 过程法（Process Analysis） 指令性（the directional type）:提供说明，指导读者去做一件事情。 “How-to essay”。一般使用第二人称，句法形式往往是祈使句，时态为现在时。（P118） 信息性（the informative type:说明事情是如何工作的，一件物品是如何制作的等等。（P120） 过程分析的基本行文结构是：引言段表明所要说明的过程的名称和写作目的，所需的原料工具等。正文部分按照时间先后顺序，说明各个步骤。结论强调说明的目的，让读者感到有所收获。 2. 分类法（Division/Classification）　 注意分类标准的选择要有意义，避免重复分类，不要采用两分法，也不宜分类太过琐细。 经常含有这一类的词语， “types，” “kinds”， “categories”等。；例如Sports fans fall into four types. 较为复杂的表述句型是：In order to explain…… clearly， it can be divided into …… categories by the criteria of ……。 分类法的行文结构符合五段式写法，引言段引出观点（以分类的方法表述），正文段一类为一段，主题句为分类句。结论同其它说明文。参见P139.

24 3. 对比法（Comparison and contrast）
　　一般来说，comparison强调两个事物的相同点，而Contrast强调两个事物的不同点。写作过程中要注意连词的使用。(P185.) 　　对比法行文结构有两大类：主题型subject-by-subject和要点型point-by-point. 前者适用于简短的话题写作，后者适合复杂问题写作。Page 188 4. 原因/影响分析Cause and Effect 　例如我们分析春运火车票价格上调的原因，就是原因分析；分析火车票价格上调带来什么样的后果，就是结果分析…… 其典型结构如下：引言段引入问题和现象，并提出论点。正文部分三段， 每一段写一个原因和影响；结论提出解决问题的方案或是对问题做出评价。P161.

25 议论文（argumentation） 写成六段，引言段，反拨段，论证三段和结论 p223

26 Composition (196)

27 Some people like to learn foreign language by listening lessons, writing homework and reading books, while others like to learn by talking to foreigners, listening radio program, watching TV and seeing films. Which do you prefer? Write a short argumentative essay (about 300 words) expressing your view.

28 Some people insist that the family has the most important influence on young adults. Other people think that friends have the most important influence on young adults. Which view do you prefer? Write a short argumentative essay (about 300 words) expressing your view.

29 Write a short narrative essay about 300 words to narrate a miserable moment you have experienced.

30 Write a short expository essay about 300 words to explain why young people are enthusiastic about computers.

31 Account for the rapid growth of the population and discuss the main problems it will give rise to.

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