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The World Famous Three Gorges Project
三峡大坝
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The special-purposed Road for the Three Gorges Project
It was built in 1994, and put into use in Oct The single route is km long, of which the bridges and tunnels take up 40%, including 34 bridges and 5 double-routed tunnels, of which the single route of the Muyucao Tunnel extends 3,610 meters. The road is really a museum of Chinese bridges and tunnels.
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Huangbaihe Bridge
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Xialao Stream Bridge
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Xiannv cableway
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double - tube tunnel
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Liantuo Bridge
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The Yellow Ox Rock
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Mt. Chairman Mao
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Letianxi Bridge
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Daxiangxi inspection station
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Ⅰ。Opening Good morning, ladies and Gentlemen, Welcome to China! Welcome to Yichang! Today I am very pleased to show you Three Gorges Project Site of the Yangtze River. It only takes you half an hour bus-driving from the Yichang urban area to the dam. Now, I’m going to introduce something about it when we’re driving to the site.
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Ⅱ General Introduction
1. The Three Gorges Project is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, in the Yiling District of Yichang, Hubei province. It’s on the Xiling Gorge’s reach of the Three Gorges .
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2.It is the world's largest electricity-generating plant (power station) of any kind(22,500,000)=18 nuclear stations. 3. It is the biggest concrete structure, which used 27 million cubic meters concrete, just like a solid pipe concrete of 1 meter diameter which can roll around the world. (concrete gravity dam)
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4. It’s over 2.3km long, 60 stories’ tall (185m).
5. It takes 40,000 workers and 17 years to build 6. It can produce 22,500 （MW）megawatt power，as much as the power produced by all the nuclear stations put together in Britain.
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As well as producing electricity, the dam increases the Yangtze River's shipping capacity, and reduces the potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space.
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7. The reservoir submerged about 28,767 hectares (431,300mu 亩 ) of farmland.
8. More than 1.3 million people are forced to immigrate to higher places. 9. Its construction investment comes up to 180 billion RMB（1800亿元人民币）， 12% under budget, equals to 30 billion USD. (2039亿元人民币)
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11. The total construction period lasts for 17 years including 3 phrases.
( , 1998—2003, ) 12. The scheme officially : “developed in one scale, completed in one time, water-storage by stages, and continuous migration”. 长江三峡工程采用“一级开发，一次建成，分期蓄水，连续移民”方案
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三峡水电站1992年获得中国全国人民代表大会批准建设，1994年正式动工兴建，2003年开始蓄水发电，于2009年全部完工。
In 1992， The construction of the project was approved by the National People's Congress. In 1994, it starts to be built. In 2003, the reservoir was operated and the plant began to produce the power In 2009,the project was completed except the ship lift.
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Like China's Great Wall, it will be one of the few man-made structures visible from space.
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Zhongbao Island四面环水，面积为0.15平方公里
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Ⅲ. Project history 1. The father of modern China, Sun Yat-sen, first proposed the idea of a hydroelectric dam at Three Gorges in 1919. 2. After the 1949 Communist victory, Mao Zedong supported the project, but began the Gezhouba Dam project first. 3. The National People's Congress approved the dam in 1992: out of 2,633 delegates, 1,767 voted in favour, 177 voted against, 664 forfeited, and 25 members did not vote.
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In his poem "Swimming" (1956), engraved on the 1954 Flood Memorial in Wuhan, Mao Zedong envisions "walls of stone" to be erected upstream. A bridge will fly to span the north and south Turning a deep chasm into a thoroughfare; Walls of stone will stand upsteam to the west To hold back Wuhan’s clouds and rain Till a smooth lake rises in the narrow gorges The mountain goddess if she is still there Will marvel at a world so changed.
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水调歌头·游泳 毛泽东 一九五六年六月 风樯动， 龟蛇静， 起宏图。 一桥飞架南北， 天堑变通途。 更立西江石壁， 截断巫山云雨， 高峡出平湖。 神女应无恙， 当惊世界殊 才饮长沙水， 又食武昌鱼。 万里长江横渡， 极目楚天舒。 不管风吹浪打， 胜似闲庭信步。 今日得宽馀， 子在川上曰： 逝者如斯夫！
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Ⅳ The Buildings of the Project
1. The main dam 大坝、 2. Generation/power stations 水电站 3, Navigation buildings 通航建筑物 (Ship lift; Double-line and Five stages Ship Locks)
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This is the model of TGP, which is made by the scale of 1:850 of the real project.
Please look at the whole sand map! It’s divided into three parts. The white part is the buildings of the project. The green part is the grassland of the district, the blue part, surely, is the Yangtze River. Now, we are facing the upsteam of the river, so the right side is the north bank of the river, the left side is the south bank.
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Now, please note the main dam!
The main dam shows the dam body (middle left), the spillway (middle of the dam body) and the ship lift (to the right).
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The Dam Body Made of concrete, the gravity dam is 2,335 m (7,661 ft) long, 185 metres (607 ft) tall above the sea level. The project used 27,200,000 cubic metres of concrete (mainly for the dam wall), 463,000 tonnes of steel (enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers). The concrete dam wall is 181 metres (594 ft) high above the rock basis.
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The dam top is 15meters wide, while the bottom is 124 meters wide.
The spillway is 483 meters long, which consists of 22overflows and 23 deep overflows, functioning as flood discharge and sludge remove.
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位于河床中央的泄洪坝上还设置了６７个孔，从上往下分为三层，依次叫溢流表孔、泄洪深孔和导流底孔，其中，最下层的２２个导流底孔，在２００３年蓄水至１３５米时，已经全部关闭，今后也将不再打开。
另外，左右电厂厂房坝段设置了７个排沙孔、３个排漂孔。
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When the water level is at its maximum of 175 metres above sea level (110 metres higher than the river level downstream), the dam reservoir is on average about 660 kilometres in length and 1.12 kilometres in width. It contains 39.3billion km3 of water and has a total surface area of 1,084 km².
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三峡大坝为混凝土重力坝，它坝长2335米，底部宽124米，顶部宽15米，高程185米，正常蓄水位175米。整个工程的混凝土浇筑量约2720万立方米，耗用钢材46.3万吨。水库全长600余千米，水面平均宽度1.1千米，总面积1084平方千米，总库容393亿立方米，其中防洪库容221.5亿立方米，调节能力为季调节型。
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三峡大坝设计成由多个功能模块组成，从左至右（面向下游）依次为永久船闸、升船机、泄沙通道（临时船闸）、左岸大坝及电站、泄洪坝段、右岸大坝及电站、山体地下电站等。大坝的永久船闸为双线五级船闸，建于坛子岭背对长江的一侧，年通过能力5000万吨。
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The generation stations 坝后电站 ( Power Plant )
The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest capacity hydroelectric power station with 32 generators: 32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW（70万千瓦）, and two plant power generators, each with capacity of 50 MW（5万千瓦）, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW(2250万千瓦).
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Among those 32 generators, 14 are installed in the north side of the dam, 12 in the south side, and the remaining six in the underground power plant in the mountain south of the dam. The expected annual electricity generation will be over 100 TWh =TeraWatt Hour(s) (1千亿千瓦/小时 –度)， 18% more than the originally predicted 84.7 TWh. 水电站的机组布置在大坝的后侧，共安装32台70万千瓦水轮发电机组，其中左岸14台，右岸12台，地下6台，另外还有2台5万千瓦的电源机组，总装机容量2250万千瓦 ，预计年发电量为一千亿度。是葛洲坝水电站的5倍，是大亚湾核电站的10倍，约占全国年发电总量的3%，占全国水力发电的20%。
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Three Gorges uses Francis turbines， each has the capacity of 710MW.
Turbine diameter is 10.4 m and rotation speed is 75 revolutions per minute. 三峡工程使用混流式水轮机，水轮机额定出力71万千瓦，转轮直径10m,转速为每分钟75圈。
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The navigation buildings
The navigation buildings include the double-way and five-step ship lock, the vertical ship lift.
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The ship lift is to the right of the dam body with its own designated waterway. The ship locks are to the right (northeast) of the ship lift.
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Locks There are two ship locks installed near the dam. Each of them is made up of five stages, with transit time at around two and a half hours. The locks are 280 m long, 35 m wide, and 5 m deep. The installation of ship locks is intended to increase river shipping from ten million to 100 million tonnes annually, with transportation costs cut by 30 to 37%. Shipping will become safer on the deeper water.
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The Vertical Ship lift 垂直升船机
The ship lift, a kind of elevator for vessels, is under construction. The ship lift is designed to be capable of lifting ships of up to 3,000 tons. Construction of the ship lift started in October 2007 and is anticipated to be completed in 2014.
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!. Be designed for fast-navigation and small ships
2. Passing through the dam of ships is by the elevator container. 3, 30—40 minutes.
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Ⅴ Benefits 1. Biggest Flood Control Benefit in the World
2. Remarkable Power Generation Benefit Three Gorges Power Plant will Provide Clean Energy. 3. Remarkable Navigation Benefit 4. Other Benefit of Three Gorges Project Improving the weather in this area, be favorable for agriculture, and improving water quality in the mid and lower reaches,
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Disadvantages: 1. Large cost （203.9 billion RMB）
2. Flood some historical places, such as Fengjie Town 3. Millions of people move their houses 4. Changes to environment and climate
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Conservation of Natural Scenery and Cultural Relics
Forty four relics are influenced by the rise of water level of Three Gorges reservoir. Some relics are preserved at its original location or transferred or copied to another place, such as: Zhang Fei Temple, Shibaozhai and Qu Yuan Temple.
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Protection of Valuable and Rare Species
There are forty seven kinds of precious botanic植物的, species that are near extinction, but most of them grow in the area higher than m, which will not be influenced by the project. Twenty six rare wild animals which are among the first and second classes of national list of protecting animals, but most of them lives in high mountain areas, and will not influenced by the submerge. Now the state has established a lot of natural zones to protect the wild animals and botanic species of this area.
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Other dangers The dam is also a possible target in war, weakening China‘s national security。 It is also possible that the dam sits on a seismic fault. 地震断层
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The Brief Introduction of the Project Tourism Area
In the year 2007, it was ranked as 5A tourism area by the national tourism bureau. Currently, it consists of 3 parts Tanziling Ridge, 185 Platform, the River Closure Theme Park. The tourism area is focused on the project while representing the construction and hydrologic 水文的 culture in all aspects.
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Tanziling Ridge 坛子岭
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Tanziling Ridge (the Ridge of Crock) is one of the most famous scenic spots in the Three Gorges Dam area. It was named after the up-side-down crock-shaped sight-seeing platform in it. Located at the surveying point of the Three Gorges Dam, it is the best site to enjoy the panoramic Three Gorge Dam.
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4. The Ridge is in the work area of the dam with a height of 242.48 m .
5. The scenic area can be divided into three layers, comprising many scenic spots such as the Model Exhibition Room, the Footstone of the site of Three Gorges Dam and the Tanziling Sight-seeing Platform.
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Sightseeing in Tanziling
1. TGP Exhibition Room 三峡工程模型室 2. Eternal Riverbed Rock 万年江底石 3. the Stone used in Dam 大江截流石 4. the Cornerstone of the TGP 三峡坝址基石 5. the Silver Big Book 银版天书 6. the Sight-seeing Platform坛子岭观景台
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Eternal Riverbed Rock 万年江底石
The stone had been hidden under the river bed for millions of years till when the TGP was operated. It weighs about 20 tons, and is of granite 花岗岩. It was dig up from the pit of cofferdam.
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the Pyramid-shaped Stone used in Dam 大江截流石
It’s 28 tons weight， the mark of damming. Actually，it is two times larger than the original one. The pyramid shape makes the stone withstand the water better and the stone can insert into the sludge deeply.
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the Cornerstone of the TGP 三峡坝址基石
It is a sample of cornerstones of TGP. It’s drilled by the drilling machine from the core of zhongbao Island, which is the site of construction of TGP. The terrane where the stone was from is 14 km thick with great quality---strong, hard and low water permeability透水率低
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The Relief Sculpture of Tanziling
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The relief sculpture circling the Tanziling is called the Runshengyuan, which means the origin of the life. The front side of Tanziling is a giant bulgy copperplate凸出的铜板 relief sculpture, looking like a volute shell涡壳of water turbine. There are three strong men revolving in the water flow hand in hand, like the Buddha's warrior attendant blending with the water, showing the strong spiritual strength of all things on earth living on water.
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At the two sides of the copper relief sculpture, the upper side is a tiger and the lower side is a phoenix, displaying the geological location and cultural background of three gorges project. Because in the ancient time, some of the Chu People worshiped the phoenix, and the Ba people admired the tiger, while three gorges dam is just between the Ba and Chu, showing the three gorges dream of millions of people.
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At the upper right side of the relief sculpture, there is a man and an image of Dayu, overlapping to be the characters of Da (big) or Fu (husband). The man has a footing stone drill core in his hand, symbolizing the scientific belief of modern water-power utilization. While in the hand of Dayu, there is a shovel铲子 , revealing the long tradition of managing the flood of Chinese nation. The background of the man and Dayu is the scene of the construction of Three Gorges Dam.
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The Relief Sculpture of the Back Side
Corresponding to the relief sculpture of the front side, the center of the back side of Tanziling is the image of the ox assisting Dayu to control the flood and exploit the gorge. 背面一块浮雕中心部位是传说中黄牛助大禹治水合力开峡的景象，峡石和流水向两侧展开，下面有纤夫、船夫、埋葬水难者的白骨塔、漂在水患中的孩童房屋等，场面十分悲壮。
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185 Platform 185观景点 It’s the start part of the main dam and got the name from the height of 185 m. Seeing from the top of the platform, you can enjoy the beauty and the height of the dam.
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The Memorial Park of Damming
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The Memorial Park of Yangtze River Damming
The park is located at the lower reaches of the dam, 800m away from the dam, covering 100 thousand square meters. It’s the best place to observe the history of the dam and enjoy the local culture. The park combines the functions of tourism, education, modern science and entertainment together.
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The landscape is designed to push forwards the feature of river, dam, and project through keeping the model of damming and the large-sized machine. It tells the significance and hardship of damming through the memorial wall of damming, performing square.
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Closing The Three Gorges Project in the Yangtze River, are not only the proud of the Chinese people, but also a resplendent 辉煌的 new page in the world hydropower developing history.
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