Zhu Yaoyun Shandong University

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1 Zhu Yaoyun Shandong University
The Four Ages of Poetry Zhu Yaoyun Shandong University

2 Outline The Age of Iron The Age of Gold The Age of Silver
The Age of Brass Classical poetry Modern poetry (1820)

3 Para.7 Question 5. What the difference between imitative and original? Please cite some relevant samples to describe it. The imitative consists in recasting, and giving an exquisite polish to, the poetry of the age of gold: of this Virgil is the most obvious and striking example. The original is chiefly comic, didactic, or satiric: as in Menander, Aristophanes, Horace, and Juvenal.

4 7 Imitative Modulation Recast重组 n.调制；调幅度；移调 Exquisite Utmost[ˈʌtməʊst]
Polish Didactic说教的 Satiric [sə‘tɪrɪk] 嘲讽的; 俳谐;  Fastidious[fæˈstɪdiəs] 挑剔的；讲究的； Monotonous-monotony Exhaust Modulation n.调制；调幅度；移调 Utmost[ˈʌtməʊst] adj.极度的，最大的， n.极限，最大限度 Reconcile Inflexibility Civilized Versification 诗律，作诗 sacrifice

5 7 Recast [ˌri:'kɑ:st] VERB重组;重塑;重新安排-change it by organizing it in a different way. 改组的目标是把IBM重组为一个灵活的、相互竞争的子公司联盟。 The shake-up aims to recast IBM as a federation of flexible and competing subsidiaries. recasting ...the recasting of the political map of Europe. 欧洲政治版图的重新整合

6 7 didactic  He mentioned in his paper the didactic tendency in chinese literature.  他在论文中提到了中国文学中的道德说教倾向。 Satiric  means the same as satirical . 易卜生对中产阶级礼数的讽刺性抨击 ...Ibsen's satiric attack on bourgeois convention.

7 7 Fastidious[fæˈstɪdiəs]
1.ADJ-GRADED讲究的；一丝不苟的；注重细节的 pay great attention to detail because they like everything to be very neat, accurate, and in good order. ...her fastidious attention to historical detail... He was fastidious about his appearance. 2 .ADJ-GRADED过分讲究整洁的；有洁癖的 concerned about keeping clean to an extent that many people consider to be excessive. Be particularly fastidious about washing your hands before touching food.

8 Publius Vergilius Maro 前70年10月－前19年9月
"Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori."爱胜过一切；所以让我们臣服于爱。 《牧歌集Eclogues 》 Protinus aerii mellis caelestia donaexsequar: hanc etiam, Maecenas, adspice partem. 我接下来要讲述的，是天赐的礼物。 呵，梅塞纳斯，请看——蜂蜜从天而降。 （《农事诗Georgics 》 ） 一幅公元3世纪时的镶嵌画。画中维吉尔坐在克利俄和墨尔波墨涅之间。来自哈德卢密塔姆（今突尼斯的苏斯）。维吉尔被誉为古罗马最伟大诗人，他的《埃涅阿斯记》长达十二册，是代表着罗马帝国的巨著。

9 Publius Vergilius Maro
"...multosque per annoserrabant acti fatis maria omnia circum. tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem." ⋯⋯积年累月， 他们被命运所驱赶，飘零着，环绕了所有的海洋。 蕴涵了如此巨大的艰险的，是罗马民族的建立。 史诗《埃涅阿斯纪Aeneid）》 1, 33.

10 Menander  Menander (/məˈnændər/;  c. 341/42– c. 290 BC) was a Greek dramatist and the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy.[1]  He was the author of more than a hundred comedies, and took the prize at the Lenaia festival eight times.[2]  He who labors diligently need never despair, for all things are accomplished by diligence and labor. He [Caesar] declared in Greek with loud voice to those who were present 'Let the die be cast' and led the army across. (Plutarch, Life of Pompey, )[19]

11 Aristophanes the Father of Comedy the Prince of Ancient Comedy,
Aristophanes (/ˌærɨˈstɒfəniːz/ or /ˌɛrɨˈstɒfəniːz/;[2]  c. 446 – c. 386 BC), a comic playwright of ancient Athens. Playwright and director ofOld Comedy the Father of Comedy  the Prince of Ancient Comedy, The Acharnians, 425 BC The Knights 424 BC The Clouds 423 BC The Wasps 422 BC Peace 421 BC The Birds 414 BC Lysistrata 411 BC Thesmophoriazusae 411 BC The Frogs 405 BC Ecclesiazusae c. 392 BC Wealth II 388 BC Illustration from a bust found near Tusculum†. Eleven of his thirty plays survive virtually complete. These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are used to define the genre.[4] Also known as the Father of Comedy[5] and the Prince of Ancient Comedy,[6] Aristophanes has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author.[7] 

12 Aristophanes People among us, and I don't mean the polis,Remember this — I don't mean the polis -But wicked little men of a counterfeit kind.... How many are the things that vex my heart! Pleasures are few, so very few — just four -But stressful things are manys and thousands and heaps![74] VERB 使恼火;使困惑;使伤脑筋 If someone or somethingvexes you, they make you feel annoyed, puzzled, and frustrated. It vexed me to think of others gossiping behind my back... 一想到别人在背后说我闲话，我就很恼火。

13 7 于是白银时代，或者说，文明生活的诗，到来了。 这种诗有两类：摹仿的和独创的。
摹仿对的诗把黄金时代的诗改制，而予以细意琢磨：维吉尔是这类诗最显著最触目的例子， 独创的诗是戏剧诗、教诲诗或讽刺诗，例如米南德、阿里斯托芬、贺拉斯、朱文纳尔等人的诗。 这个时代的诗的特点是：词句上的精挑细选，表达上的苦心推敲而多少单调的谐韵。

14 7 但是它之所以单调，是因为经验已经把各式各样的音韵抑扬搜罗殆尽，文明的诗就挑选最美的韵律，宁可重踏旧路，而不愿跋涉长途去探索种种新声。
然而，最佳的表达乃是词义自然合韵的表达，这就需要刻苦用功，务使舒卷自如的优雅语言和细意琢磨的押韵方法，同有意表达的意义，彼此调和，庶不至于因韵而害意。 所以有过无数尝试，而甚少成功。

15 Para.8 Question 6. In the silver age, the state of poetry is towards its extinction, why? Do you agree with the writer’s ideas? Poetry consists in passion and language. It is impossible to express the reason and truth by the way of poetry. Question 9. For these four ages of the classical poetry, which one put more emphasis on reason and moral? The silver age of poetry.

16 8 Tangible Assent Severity[sɪ‘verətɪ] Palatable[ˈpælətəbl] Ascendancy
Extinction Ornamental Figurative Unvarnished [ʌnˈvɑ:nɪʃt] 未涂漆的； 无装饰的；质朴的； Dispassionate Ridiculous Versify Tangible Assent Severity[sɪ‘verətɪ] 严谨，严格；质朴 Palatable[ˈpælətəbl] 可口的；（想法、方法等）合意的 Ascendancy [ə'sendənsɪ] 优势，支配地位；支配倾向

17 8 Euclid欧几里得 (/ˈjuːklɪd/;   fl. 300 BC), also known as Euclid of Alexandria, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry".  "Euclid" is the anglicized version of the Greek name Εὐκλείδης, meaning "renowned, celebrated" 欧几里得（约公元前3世纪的古希腊数学家）

18 8 unvarnished, Assure to install an entrance formerly, unvarnished, do not have any face-lifting. 包管企业原装国外进口，原样，没任意依旧翻新。 severity --you do not like its plain appearance and lack of decoration 女性开始在办公室上班后，就会选择朴素而简洁的着装，以看上去持重冷静。 When women started working in offices, they opted for severity in dress in order to imply sobriety. Several drugs are used to lessen the severity of the symptoms.

19 8 palatable, 2.ADJ-GRADED（想法、方法等）合意的，可接受的 you mean that people are willing to accept it. ...a palatable way of sacking staff... 可以接受的裁员方式 1.ADJ-GRADED美味的 tastes pleasant.  ...flavourings and preservatives, designed to make the food look more palatable.

20 8 ascendancy 1.N-UNCOUNT优势；权势；支配地位If one group has ascendancy over another group, it has more power or influence than the other group.  The extremists are gaining ascendancy. 极端分子正逐渐占据上风。 Although geographically linked, the two provinces have long fought for political ascendancy... 尽管在地理上彼此依存，两省却长期为获取政治支配权你争我夺。

21 8 然而，诗达到这情况，已经向它的灭亡迈进一步了。感触和激情最好是用富丽堂皇的修辞来刻画和唤起；但是理性和悟性却最好是用最简单最朴素的词句来表达。 用诗表达纯粹的理性和冷静的真理是十分可笑的，试把欧几里得的一个几何论证写成诗章，就不难看出了。 这道理适用于任何冷静的推理，适用于一切需要有广阔视野和扩大综合力的推理。

22 8 只有道德方面较为实在的观点——这些观点可以立刻博得赞同，这些观点在每个人心中宛若明镜，其中因严格的理性掺杂了感情和想象而富有生气和趣味，只有这些观点才会连所谓道德诗都适用； 但是当道德和人心的科学已经向完美之境迈进，当这些学术的视野日益扩大而广泛，当在这些学术上理性已经占了上风，压倒想象和感情之时，诗再也不能伴同它们前进，不知不觉落到后方，而让它们独自前往。

23 Para 9 Withdraw Contemporary Ray Dissipate [ˈdɪsɪpeɪt]消除；驱散; 挥霍
他摇下窗子来散热。 He wound down the windows to dissipate the heat. The tension in the room had dissipated... 房间里的紧张气氛消失了。

24 9 于是，思想的王国退出了诗的范畴，正如事实的王国曾退出过那样。
就事实而论，铁器时代的诗人歌颂他同代人的丰功伟绩，黄金时代的诗人歌颂铁器时代的英雄；而白银时代的诗人则改制黄金时代的诗章： 在这里，我们可以看到，史实的一缕及其微弱的光辉便足以驱散诗的一切幻影。

25 Para. 10 Question 7. What is the most typical characteristic of the age of brass? The brass age, by rejecting the polish and the learning of the age of silver, and taking a retrograde stride to the barbarisms and erude traditions of the age of iron, professes to return to nature and revive the age of gold. This is the second childhood of poetry. Question 8. “The age of brass is the second childhood of poetry” is mentioned in the text, which one is the first, and why? The iron age of poetry.

26 Question10. What do you know about the modern poetry? Please elaborate on it via your favorite poetry. The modern poetry has free lyric formats, diverse motif, and more emphasis on the application of the rhetoric. More poets investigate the human condition, and writes poems that are deeply moving and at the same time readily accessible

27 10 retrograde[英][ˈretrəgreɪd] .逆行；倒退
barbarism[英][ˈbɑ:bərɪzəm] n.野蛮状态或行为 profess[英][prəˈfes] vt. 宣称；信奉；自称；伪称 Inimitable[ɪˈnɪmɪtəbl] adj.不可仿效的；不可企及 Substitute Verbose[vɜ:ˈbəʊs] adv. /adj.冗长的， 累赘的 Minutely Rambling v. adj.闲逛的； （思想）散漫的 amplication

28 10 1.ADJ-GRADED倒退的；后退的；退化的A retrograde action is one that you think makes a situation worse rather than better.  The Prime Minister described transferring education to central government funding as 'a retrograde step'. 首相称将教育投入转由中央政府拨款是“一种倒退”。 barbarism, N-UNCOUNT野蛮（行为）；凶残（行为）-- extremely cruel or uncivilized.  We do not ask for the death penalty: barbarism must not be met with barbarism. 我们不赞成死刑：不能以暴制暴。

29 10 profess  2.VERB表达，表明（感情、观点、信仰等）If you profess a feeling, opinion, or belief, you express it. ...a right to profess their faith in Islam. 表明他们的伊斯兰教信仰的权利 1.VERB自称；伪称；谎称；妄称 claim that you do it or have it, often when you do not.  She professed to hate her nickname... 自称 Why do organizations profess that they care?...谎称

30 10 rambling 2.ADJ-GRADED（讲话或写作）冗长含糊的，杂乱无章的If you describe a speech or piece of writing as rambling, you are criticizing it for being too long and very confused.  His actions were accompanied by a rambling monologue... 他的行动伴随着一串冗长含糊的独白。 1.ADJ（建筑）大而无当的，格局凌乱的A rambling building is big and old with an irregular shape.  ...that rambling house and its bizarre contents. 那间格局不规则的房子及其奇异的室内摆设

31 10 Verbose 1.ADJ-GRADED冗长的；啰唆的；唠叨的If you describe a person or a piece of writing as verbose, you are critical of them because they use more words than are necessary, and so make you feel bored or annoyed.  ...verbose politicians... 长篇大论的政治家们 His writing is difficult and often verbose. 他的文章很晦涩，而且往往篇幅冗长。

32 Nonnus Nonnus of Panopolis (/ˈnɒnəs/ was a Greek epic poet. probably lived at the end of the 4th or in the 5th century. the composer of the Dionysiaca, an epic tale of the god Dionysus, the Metabole, a paraphrase of the Gospel of John. A mosaic of Dionysus from Antioch. A mosaic of Dionysus from Antioch.

33 Nonnus Nonnus' principal work is the Dionysiaca狄奥尼西卡, an epic in 48 books, the longest surviving poem from antiquity at 20,426 lines, composed inHomeric dialect and dactylic hexameters, the main subject of which is the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return to the west. The poem is thought to have been written in the early 5th century.

34 DIONYSIACA CONTENTS BOOK 9
Birth & Fostering of Dionysus Madness of Ino BOOK 10 Madness of Athamas Love of Dionysus & Ampelus BOOK 11 Death of Ampelus Love of Calamus & Carpus BOOK 12 Tablets of Phanes Discovery of Wine BOOK 13 Human Army of Dionysus BOOK 14 Divine Army of Dionysus BOOKS BOOK 1 Love of Zeus & Europa Typhoeus & Cadmus BOOK 2 Battle of Zeus & Typhoeus BOOK 3 Cadmus on Samothrace BOOK 4 Winning of Harmonia The Founding of Thebes BOOK 5 Wedding of Harmonia Death of Actaeon BOOK 6 Birth & Death of Zagreus The Great Deluge BOOK 7 Love of Zeus & Semele BOOK 8 Death of Semele

35 DIONYSIACA, BOOK I The first contains Cronion, light-bearing ravisher of the nymph, and the starry heaven battered by Typhon’s hands. [1] Tell the tale, Goddess, of Cronides’ courier with fiery flame, the gasping travail which the thunderbolt brought with sparks for wedding-torches, the lightning in waiting upon Semele’s nuptials; tell the naissance of Bacchos twice-born, whom Zeus lifted still moist from the fire, a baby half-complete born without midwife; how with shrinking hands he cut the incision in his thigh and carried him in his man’s womb, father and gracious mother at once – and well he remembered another birth, when his own head conceived, when his temple was big with child, and he carried that incredible unbegotten lump, until he shot out Athena scintillating in her armour.

36 10 于是黄铜时代到来了，它丢弃了白银时代的雕琢和学识，采取了倒退的步伐，回到铁器时代的蛮风顽俗和粗犷传统，自称为“回返自热”和复兴黄金时代。 这是诗的第二度童年。 荷马诗神的广博的魄力，能绘出事物的壮丽的轮廓，同时用一两句诗把一幅生动的画景呈现在心灵之前，其朴素和瑰丽是不可摹仿的，现在却代之以思想、感情、行为、人物、景色等等的夸夸奇谈和精确详细的描写，诗的风格散漫杂乱，任何人都能够在一小时之内写出两百行。 所有在罗马帝国末叶盛极一时的诗人们，都可以归入这个时代。 农诺斯的《酒神颂》，就是这种诗的最好范本，虽然不是最知名的，它在许多铺张重叠的描写中间还有不少极美妙的章节。

37 Para 11 rue[英][ru:] vt.对…感到后悔 n.<古>悲叹，悔恨；[植]芸香 vi.感到后悔
VERB对…感到后悔；懊悔If you rue something that you have done, you are sorry that you did it, because it has had unpleasant results.  Tavare was probably ruing his decision. 塔瓦雷可能正在为自己作出的决定感到后悔。 You'll live to rue the day you said that to me, my girl.后悔

38 后续 青铜时代之后，诗歌重新沦入黑铁时代，所有优秀的传统全部沉睡了，中世纪的欧洲就是代表。
　　第二个黑铁时代并不是诗歌的终结，因为理性还未发展到最高峰，诗歌的地位仍未被其它学科取代。文艺复兴对人性的解放也带了想象力的解放， 复兴的古希腊文化与基督教文化一起，为诗人们提供了无穷尽的题材，诗歌因而进入第二个黄金时代。皮科克对诗歌第二轮循环的分析仅限于英国。 他认为，莎士比亚是黄金时代的代表，米尔顿兼具了黄金时代和白银时代的优点，蒲柏是白银时代的代表，华兹华斯则是青铜时代的代表。 然而，与第一轮循环不同，皮科克宣称，在英国浪漫主义的青铜时代之后，诗歌将彻底沉沦，再也不会有一个新的黄金时代从黑铁时代的黑暗中升起

39 皮科克分析说，这是因为自文艺复兴以来，人类社会发生了深刻的变化。诗歌以外的其它艺术已经高度发达，哲学已经高度成熟，各种人文科学和自然科学纷纷独立，开创自己的疆界。诗歌作为艺术中心、文化中心的地位已经不复存在。 理性主义哲学和自然科学的巨大进展尤其对诗歌造成了毁灭性的打击。蹒跚在感性和形象性中的诗歌，已经无力包容人类新的认知成果。可验证的知识正在日益拓展，将诗意的幻想赶到世界和心灵的角落。 皮科克指出，“在诗歌兴起和繁盛的时代，生活中的种种联系都由诗意的题材构成。而在我们的时代，情况完全相反。”[3] 因此，在他看来，保持诗歌的魅力只能依靠一些远离日常感受的奇思怪想，这样诗人就不得不将幻想与现实混杂在一起，制造出一种蛮荒奇异的效果。 长此以往，诗歌只能与理性日益疏离，成为现代社会的怪胎，最终被人们唾弃。即使存在，也只是少数诗人和评论家自娱的游戏[4]。

40 《水仙花》 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud I wandered lonely as a cloud
我独自象一片白云在游荡，/ 飘浮在幽谷山岩上，/ 蓦然间当我回首一看，/ 一片片水仙花金光璀灿；/ 绿荫树下，翠湖岸边，/ 迎风弄影起舞蹁跹。 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

41 In a Station of the Metro
Ezra Pound The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. 庞德 人群中这些面孔幽灵一般显现； 湿漉漉的黑色枝条上的许多花瓣。

42 在潮湿的小站上 舒婷 她在等谁呢？ 月台空荡荡 灯光水汪汪 列车缓缓开动 在橙色光晕的夜晚 白纱巾一闪一闪……
在潮湿的小站上 舒婷 风，若有若无 雨，三点两点 这是深秋的南方 一位少女喜孜孜向我奔来 又怅然退去 花束倾倒在臂弯 她在等谁呢？ 月台空荡荡 灯光水汪汪 列车缓缓开动 在橙色光晕的夜晚 白纱巾一闪一闪……

43 秋词 刘禹锡 自古逢秋悲寂寥，我言秋日胜春朝。 晴空一鹤排云上，便引诗情到碧霄。 山明水净夜来霜，数树深红出浅黄。 试上高楼清入骨，岂如春色嗾人狂。 刘禹锡（772－842），字梦得，汉族，中国唐朝彭城（今徐州）人，祖籍洛阳，唐朝文学家，哲学家，自称是汉中山靖王后裔，曾任监察御史，是王叔文政治改革集团的一员。唐代中晚期著名诗人，有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新，是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马（今湖南常德）。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。... 嗾 sǒu <动> (形声。从口,族声。本义:使狗; 发出使狗咬人的声音。 〔～使〕教唆、指使别人做坏事

44 枫桥夜泊 张继 月落乌啼霜满天， 江枫渔火对愁眠。 姑苏城外寒山寺， 夜半钟声到客船。
　　 张继　　 月落乌啼霜满天， 江枫渔火对愁眠。 姑苏城外寒山寺， 夜半钟声到客船。 A NIGHT-MOORING NEAR MAPLE BRIDGE 　　 Zhang Ji While I watch the moon go down, a crow caws through the frost; Under the shadows of maple-trees a fisherman moves with his torch; And I hear, from beyond Suzhou, from the temple on Cold Mountain, Ringing for me, here in my boat, the midnight bell.

45 杜甫《绝句》 两个黄鹂鸣翠柳， 一行白鹭上青天。 窗含西岭千秋雪， 门泊东吴万里船。 A Quatrain （Tang） Du Fu Two golden orioles sing amid the willows green; A row of white egrets fly into the blue sky. From my window the snow-crowned western hills are seen; Beyond the door the east-bound ships at anchor lie

46 静夜思 In the Quiet Night(Tang) Li Bai So bright a gleam on the foot of my bed.  Could there have been a frost already?  Lifting myself to look, I found that it was moonlight.  Sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home.

47 草 白居易 离离原上草， 一岁一枯荣。 野火烧不尽， 春风吹又生。 远芳侵古道， 晴翠接荒城。 又送王孙去， 萋萋满别情。 GRASSES (Tang) Bai Juyi Boundless grasses over the plain Come and go with every season; Wildfire never quite consumes them -- They are tall once more in the spring wind. Sweet they press on the old high- road And reach the crumbling city-gate.... O Prince of Friends, you are gone again.... I hear them sighing after you.

48 3. In your opinion, what kind of poetry is a “good” one?(Open)
The furthest distance in the world- --Tagore(世界上最遥远的距离 --泰戈尔) The furthest distance in the world is not between life and death but when I stand in front of you yet you don't know that I love you the furthest distance in the world is not when I stand in front of you yet you can't see my love but when undoubtedly knowing the love from both yet cannot be together the furthest distance in the world is not being apart while being in love but when plainly can not resist the yearning yet pretending you have never been in my heart the furthest distance in the world is not you have never been in my heart but using one's indifferent heart to dig an uncrossable river for the one who loves you

49 致橡树 To The Oak 舒婷 我如果爱你If I love you 　　绝不像攀援的凌霄花，I won't wind upon you like a trumpet creeper 　　借你的高枝炫耀自己；upvalue myself by your height 　　我如果爱你——If I love you 　　绝不学痴情的鸟儿，I will never follow a spoony bird 　　为绿荫重复单调的歌曲； repeating the monotune song for the green shade 　　也不止像泉源，not only like a springhead 　　常年送来清凉的慰籍；brings you clean coolness whole year long 　　也不止像险峰,not only like a steepy peak 　　增加你的高度，衬托你的威仪。 enhances your height, sets off your straightness 甚至日光。even sunshine 　　甚至春雨。and spring rain 　　不，这些都还不够！No, all these are not enough! 　　我必须是你近旁的一株木棉，I must be a ceiba by your side 　　做为树的形象和你站在一起。as a tree standing together with you

50 根，紧握在地下，our roots melt underneath 叶，相触在云里。our leaves merge in clouds 　　每一阵风过，when wind breezes 　　我们都互相致意，we greet each other 　　但没有人but no one 　　听懂我们的言语。can understand our peculiar words 你有你的铜枝铁干，you have your strong stem and branches 　　像刀，像剑，like knives and swords 　　也像戟，and like halberds 　　我有我的红硕花朵，I have my red ample flowers 　　像沉重的叹息，like heavy sighs 　　又像英勇的火炬，and heroic torches as well 　　我们分担寒潮、风雷、霹雳； we partake cold tide, thunder storm, firebolt 　　我们共享雾霭、流岚、虹霓， together we share brume, flowing mist, rainbow