Grammar Past Perfect tense

1. Discovery Read the sentences from the text and summarize the basic structure and meaning of Past Perfect. However, more than 1,600 years later, some scientists found the lost towns that had been buried under the ashes. Before the eruption occurred, it had been a booming Roman city…

◇ Pliny wrote about a terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed as a young man. ◇ The bodies of people who had died in Pompeii left impressions in the ash Summary: 结构： 意义：用于描述 1) 在 _________ 动作之前 ______________ 的动作 2) 在 _____________ 已经开始并 _____________ 的 动作或状态。 3. Practice: Exercise5 & 6 had done 过去某一个 已经发生 或 完成 过去某一时间之前 一直持续到那时

1. Nobody believed him because he__________ (often lie) before. 2. They weren’t surprised at all.______ they _____(hear ) the news earlier? 3. Did the police believe that he _______(yet not steal) the car? 4. I first met her at a party. I _______(never see) her before. had often lied Had hadn’t yet stolen had never seen heard

5. When we arrived at the theatre, the play _____________(already begin). 6. I ________ ( hope) to meet you at the airport, but I was caught in a traffic jam. 7.We __________( decorate ) the hall for the party by 5 o’clock yesterday evening. 8. The boss _______( leave) the office before I called him. had already begun had hoped had decorated had left

4. Extension( 拓展 ) ： Write down the PP forms of the following verbs and try to find the rules among them. ( 写出下列单词的过去分词形式并从中找出一些拼写变化规律。 ) hit ---- ____ cut----___ let ---____ cost---______ hurt----_____ put---_____ set---____ burst _____ grow---_____ blow---_____ know---______ show--- _____ throw ---______ drive---______ give ----______ lay----_____ pay----_____ feel---- _____ keep ______ sleep---_____ break -----_____ speak ----______ ride----_____ hide----_______ think ----______ buy---_______ bring---______ fight---_______ hit cut letcost hurtput set burst grownblownknown shownthrown drivengiven laid paid felt kept slept broken spoken fought brought thought bought hidden ridden

rules: 前八个词都是原形，可以编成一个故事。 收废品的叔叔收到一枚旧炸弹，把它放 (put) 在仓 库里，不想它自己爆炸了 (burst ) ，殃及 (hit) 了好 多户人家，有些人受伤 (hurt) 了，附近的电源也 被切断了 (cut off) 。人们只好在旁边立 (set) 一个 警告牌，好让 (let) 大家都记住这种代价 (cost) 。 这五个 “ow” 和 两个 “ ive” 结尾的词都是在后面加 “n”; 这两个 “ay” 结尾的词改为 以 “aid” 结尾 ; 这三 个中间为 “ee” 的词去掉一个 “e” 后再加一个 “t”, 这两个以 “eak” 结尾的词改为以 “oken” 结尾；这 两个以 “ide” 结尾的词以双写 “ d+en” 结尾, 最后五 个词的过去分词都是以 ”ought” 结尾。

Step3 Further Study ---Common Use of Past Perfect Activity: Students discuss in groups and summarize common use of Past Perfect.

1. Discovery1 & Summary1 Discovery: Discuss with your groupmates and find out which time adverbials （时间状语） are used with Past Perfect. ☆ I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ☆ We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ☆ By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started. ☆ He said he had worked in that factory since ☆ I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. Summary: 过去完成时常与由 by, by the time, by the end of, for, since 等介词短语的时间状语连用。

2. Discovery2 &Summary2 Discovery: Discuss with your groupmates and find out which adverbial clauses （状语从句） are used with Past Perfect. And think about why they use Past Perfect. ▼After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. ▼---Why did you leave the exam early? ---Because I had finished. ▼We had fallen in love a year before we got married. ▼If Jenny hadn’t been a kind person who was willing to forgive my shortcomings, I would never have experienced such true friendship. ▼I had never eaten Chinese food until I lived in China.

▼Things went more smoothly than we had hoped. ▼The TV play wasn’t as interesting as we had expected it to be. Summary: 在时间、原因、方式等状语从 句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系， 动作在前的，要用过去完成时。 If 引导的条 件状语从句用过去完成时表示与过去事实 不符。

3.Discovery3 &Summary3 Discovery: Discuss with your groupmates and find out which clauses are used with Past Perfect. And think about why they use Past Perfect. ◆ He said that he had known her well. ◆ I thought (that )I had sent the letter a week before. ◆ I heard that he had been promoted a month before. Summary: 过去完成时常常用在 told,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句 （或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表 示的过去的动作之前。

4. Discovery4 & Summary4 Discovery: Discuss with your groupmates and find out which clause is used with Past Perfect. And think about why they use Past Perfect. ◎ I returned the book that I had borrowed. ◎ She found the key that she had lost. Summary: 在含有定语从句的主从复合句中， 如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过 去完成时。

5. Discovery5 &Summary5 Discovery: Discuss with your groupmates and find out which verbs are used with Past Perfect and what are the meanings. △ I had meant to come, but it rained. △ I had hoped to see her again but she didn’t turn up. △ They had wanted to help but they couldn’t get there in time. Summary: 动词 think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend 等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法， 希望，打算或意图等

6. Discovery6 &Summary6 Discovery: Discuss with your groupmates and find out which sentence patterns ( 句型） are used with Past Perfect. And what are the meanings. ★ Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. ★ No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. ★ It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. Summary: 过去完成时还可用在 hardly/ barely/ scarely…when…, no sooner…than…, ( 一 …… 就 ……) ( 注意从句用部分倒装语序 ) It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…( 第几次做某事 ) 等固定句型中。

Step4 Consolidation ---Completing a story Language in Use: Complete the story before the ending. Requirement: Work in groups. Look at the endings of stories and choose one of them. Then imagine what had happened earlier. Use sentences ( adverbial clauses, attributive clauses, hardly …when… etc.) with past perfect. One correct sentence 20 points. Endings: He finally went to sleep. They rescued him at last. She got out of the terrible situation in the end. We finally arrived at the top of the mountain. They finally got married.

Example: Pictures to give them an example. Ending: He finally went to sleep.

A Before he went to sleep, he had drunk a glass of water. B Before he drunk a glass of water, he had played football with his friends. C Before he played football with his friends, he had cleaned his house. D Before he cleaned his house, he had played the electronic organ. E Before he played the electronic organ, he had studied geography.

2. A famous pop group split up because their last album had been unsuccessful. 3. My car broke down on the way to the beach because it had run out of petrol. 4. The dog hid under the sofa because it had eaten the family’s dinner. 5. A car crashed into a tree because the driver had fallen asleep. 6.The Smiths went on a round- the- world trip because Mr. Smith had got a pay rise.

2. We got married a year later after we had fallen in love with each other. 3. By the time I got home, the others had eaten all the food. 4. We arrived at the cinema late after the film had started.

5. When I had arrived home and looked around, I saw that a burglar had stole my CD player.

Henry, from London, married Anna from Poland. He once told a reporter that he had never been in love until he met Anna. Oral Exercise

Suppose you were Henry, what else would you like to say to the reporter? Visit Poland…fall in love with a girl…eat Polish food…want children…spend all his time on one person…talk so openly…