The use of Article

冠词概念： 1 、冠词是虚词，本身不能单 独使用，也没有词义， 它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。 2 、冠词分为不定冠词 a(an) 和定冠词 the 两种。 下面我们分别来进行讲解不定冠词，定冠词， 和零冠词的用法

冠词的定义 冠词是置于名词之前、说明名词所表示的 人或事物的一种虚词。冠词也可以说是名 词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而单独存 在。 冠词的分类 冠词 不定冠词 定冠词 零冠词 a an the 不使用冠词

a / an 的用法 1. 表示 “ 某种类别当中的一个 ” e.g. A cat is an animal. 猫是一种动物。 He’s a Frenchman. 他是个法国人。 2. 泛指某人或某物，但又不具体说明。 I looked up and saw a plane. 我抬头看见了一架飞机. 3. 用在称呼前，含有 “ 我不认识．．．的感 觉 ” A Mr. Smith is waiting to see you. 一位史密斯先生正等着要见您。

4. 可以表示量度单位，＂每．．．＂ 40 km an/per hour 每小时 40 公里 twice a/per day 每天两次 5. 与可数名词连用位于 what, such 之后， 表示感叹，或强调程度 What a surprise! 真是让人吃惊。 My boss is such a fool! 我的老板这么蠢。 6. 用在形容词最高级前，相当于 very 。 This is a most useful dictionary. 这是一本非常有用的字典。

7. 用在序数词前面表示 “ 再一次，又一次 ” 。 Ten years after the death of her husband, she got married for a second time. 在她丈夫去世十年后，她再次结婚了。 8. 习惯用法 e.g. It’s quite a problem. 这是一个相当难的问题。 e.g. I’ve never seen such an exciting football match before. 我以前从来没见过这么精彩的比赛。 e.g. There is many a student here.

9. 用于某些固定词组中 1 ）. have a swim / walk/ look / talk, have a cold; have a good time ; keep a diary ; in a hurry ; for a while ; once upon a time 2 ）. What a / such a / quite a / rather a / + 单数可数名 词；

10. 注意区分 a/ an ：一般来说， an 用在元 音前， a 用在非元音前。但注意下面的特 殊例子。 a Europe (European, one-way street, union, university, useful tool, usual way…) an honest man (hour, honor…) an 80-metre-high tower

不定冠词的最主要用法 : 1) 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个, 经常用在第 一次提到某人或某物时, 用不定冠词起介绍作用，表 示一个。 I gave him a book yesterday. 我昨天给了他一本书。 I am reading an interesting story. 我在读一本有趣的故事书。 I have got a ticket. 我有一张票。 There is a tree in front of my house. 我的屋前有一棵树。

2) 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以 其中的一个代表一类。 A horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。 A bird can fly. 鸟会飞。 A steel worker makes steel. 炼钢工人炼钢。

3) 不定冠词用在事物的 " 单位 " 前, 如时间, 速 度, 价格等意义的名词之前, 表示 " 每一 " 。 We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。 I went to the library once a week at least. 我一星期至少去一次图书馆。 The potato is sold at about 30 fen a jin. 土豆卖三毛钱一斤。

4) 不定冠词用来指某人某物, 但不具体说明任 何人或任何物。 A boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。 I got this tool in a shop. 我在商店买的这件工具。 We need a car now. 我们现在需要一辆车。 She is ill, she has to see a doctor. 她病了，她得去看病。

定冠词 the 的用法口诀 特指双熟悉， 上文已提及， 世上独一无二， 序数最高级， 某些专有名， 习语及乐器。

1. 特指双方都明白的人或物 e.g. Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 2. 上文提到过的人或事 e.g. He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3. 指世上独一物二的事物 e.g. the sun ， the sky ， the moon ， the earth 4. 单数名词连用表示一类事物 e.g. the dollar 美元 ; the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人 e.g. the rich 富人 ; the living 生者 。

5. 用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词 only ， very ， same 等前面 e.g. Where do you live? I live on the second floor. e.g. That's the very thing I've been looking for. 6. 与复数名词连用，指整个群体. e.g. They are the teachers of this school. ( 指全体教师 ) e.g. They are teachers of this school. ( 指部分教师 )

7. 表示所有，用在表示身体 部位的名词前. e.g. She caught me by the arm. 8. 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关 团体、阶级、等专有名词前. e.g. the People's Republic of China e.g. the United States 9. 用在表示乐器的名词之前. e.g. She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。

10. 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人. the Greens 格林一家人 ( 或格林夫妇 ) 11. 用在惯用语中. in the day, in the morning (afternoon ， evening), the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water ， field ， country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

12. 和表示数量的名词连用，表示 “ 以．．．为单位 ” Eggs are sold by the dozen. He is paid by the hour / the day/ week/ month. 13. 用在逢十的复数数词之前， 指世纪中几十年代 in the 1870’s

代词限定名词前， 专有名词不可数， 复数名词表泛指， 学科球类三餐饭， 季节星期月份前， 颜色语种和国名， 称呼习语及头衔。

1. 表示泛指或一般概念. Snow is white. 雪是白的。 The snow in the yard is very thick. 院子里的雪很厚。 2. 用在泛指的一日三餐前. Have you had breakfast/ lunch/ dinner? 你吃早饭 / 午饭 / 晚饭了吗？

3. 用在球类，棋类之前 e.g. Let’s go and play football. e.g. How about having a game of chess, John? 4. 用在称呼语及表示家庭成员（常大写） 的名词之前 e.g. Tom asked, “Where’s Father/ Mother/ Aunt?”

5. 在表语，补足语，同位语中表示独一无 二的职位或头衔 e.g. Who’s captain of your team? e.g. He was elected monitor of our class. e.g. George Bush, president of the United States… 6. 用在表示学科的名词之前。 English, Chinese, mathematics…

7. 在独立结构中和一些特殊结构中 The hunter entered the forest, gun in hand. 猎人手拿着枪，走进了森林。 Child as he is, he knows a lot about the history of China. 他虽然是个孩子，却对中国历史了解很多。 8. 用在某些习惯用语中 go to school (college, hospital, class, church, bed…) by bike, (bus, train, car, boat, ship, plane, air…) at sunrise, (sunset, noon, night, midnight)

1.Alice is fond of playing ______ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ______ music. A. /, the B. /, / C. the, /D. the, the 2.Alexander Grander Bell invented ______ telephone in A. /B. aC. the D. one Where’s Jack? --- I think he’s still in ______ bed, but he might just be in ______ bathroom. A. /, /B. the, the C. the, /D. /, the

4.Many people are still in ______ habit of writing silly things in ______ public places. A. the, theB. /, theC. the, /D. /, / 5. She is ______ newcomer to ______ chemistry, but she has already made some important discoveries. A. the, theB. the, /C. a, /D. a, the 6. Wouldn’t it be ______ wonderful world if all nations lived in ______ peace with one another? A. a, / B. the, /C. a, theD. the, the

7.Many people agree that ______ knowledge of English is a must in ______ international trade today. A. a, /B. the, anC. the, the D. /, the Have you seen ______pen? I left it here this morning. --- Is it ______ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a D. the, a 9. Paper money was in ______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ______ thirteenth century. A. the, /B. the, the C. /, the D. /, /

10. Most animals have little connection with ______ animals of ______ different kind unless they kill them for food. A. the, aB. /, aC. the, the D. /, the 11. ______coffee that we drank just now was given to us by ______ Jacksons. A. /, /B. The, /C. /, the D. The, the 12. I remember he lives in ______ south, so we shouldn’t be walking ______ south. A. /, /B. /, theC. the, /D. the, the

13. They spent ______ getting the problem settled. A. so a long timeB. quite a long time C. quite long a timeD. such long a time 14. ______People’s Republic of China has opened its door to ______ rest of ______ world. A. The, /, the B. /, the, the C. The, the, the D. /, /, the 15. Your shoes and mine are ______. A. of size B. in a size C. same big D. of a size

合成名词常见的构词方法如下： 1) n.+n. pen friend, classroom, newspaper, water-bottle 2) adj.+n. green house, blackboard, highway, long-jump 3) v-ing +n waiting-room, swimming pool, washing machine, dining room, writing desk, sleepingpills 4) v.+n. pick-pocket( 扒手 ), speakbox( 对讲机 )

5) n.+v-ing hand-writing, sun-bathing 6) v.+adv. warm-up, make-up( 捏造 ), break-in( 闯入, 非 法进入 ), get-together( 联欢会 ) 7) adv.+n. overcoat( 外套 ), by-stander, outbreak 8) 其他 go-between, touch-me-not( 风仙花 ), forget- me-not, good-for-nothing( 无用的人, 废物 )

合成名词常见的构词方法如下： 1) n. + n. pen friend, classroom, newspaper, water-bottle 2) adj. + n. green house, blackboard, highway, long-jump 3) v-ing + n. waiting-room, swimming pool, washing machine, dining room, writing desk, sleepingpills 4) v. + n. pick-pocket, speakbox

5) n.+v-ing hand-writing, sun-bathing 6) v.+adv. warm-up, make-up( 捏造 ), break-in( 闯入, 非 法进入 ), get-together( 联欢会 ) 7) adv.+n. overcoat( 外套 ), by-stander, outbreak 8) 其他 go-between, touch-me-not( 风仙花 ), forget- me-not, good-for-nothing( 无用的人, 废物 )

复合形容词的常见构成方法如下 : 1) adj.+n.+ed cold-blooded( 冷漠, 无情的 ), warm-hearted, short-sighted, old-fashioned( 老式的, 过时的 ) 2) adj.+v-ing good-looking, easy-going, long-lasting( 耐用的 ) 3) adv+v-ing hard-working, well-meaning( 善意的, 好心的 ), far-reaching ( 深远的, 广大的 ) 4) n.+v-ing English-speaking, peace-loving, heart-breaking

6) adv.+v-ed well-known, wide-spread 7) adj.+v-ed warm-hearted, ready-made ( 现成的, 做好的 ) 8) n.+adj. self-satisfied ( 自满的 ), duty-free ( 免税的 ) 注 : 在合成词中，有的连写，有的分开写，有的用连字符， 一般没有明确的规定，而只有习惯的写法。 注 : 在合成词中，有的连写，有的分开写，有的用连字符， 一般没有明确的规定，而只有习惯的写法。 5) n.+v-ed man-made, state-owned ( 州立的 ), heart-felt( 衷心 的 ), heartbroken ( 悲伤的 )

Decide what types these words are. TypeExampleMore words Type 1keyboard Type 2CD-ROM Type 3 Mobile phone hardware, software high-speed computer system search engine

Making compound words. POSSIBLE ANSWER: hard hardware, hardboard, hard disk key keyboard, key word web website net network note notebook, notepad soft software