英语语法概要 申勇 2011 年 5 月

主要语法项目 从句 倒装 非谓语动词 强调 情态动词特殊用法 时态和语态 形容词和副词的比较级 虚拟语气 主谓一致

从句 名词性从句 - 主语从句；宾语从句；同位语从句； 表语从句（时态；语序；连接词） 形容词性从句 ( 即定语从句 ) – 关系代词在从句中的 句法功能 ; 关系代词；关系副词；限制性与非限制 性定语从句 副词性从句 ( 即状语从句 ) - 时间状语从句、地点状 语从句、条件状误从句、原因状语从句、让步状 语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状 语从句、方式状语从句。

名词性从句 宾语从句；同位语从句；主语从句；表语从句（时态；语序；连接词） 从属连词 that, if, whether; 连接代词 who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose; 连接副词 where, when, why, how 。 其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分, 而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?

宾语从句 语序；时态；连接词 I don’t know the fact. he stole your money. I don’t know that he stole your money. He said that he was hired by the company. I don't know if (whether) he will attend the meeting. (Will you attend the meeting?) He forgot what you had told him. Can you tell me whom she married?( whom did she marry?) that, if, whether 不充当任何成分 (who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose) 事实或真理 He told me the earth travels around the sun. 为保持句子平衡, that 引导的宾语从句也常用 it 代替, 而将真正的宾语从 句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的 情况下。

宾语从句 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. I will make it knowN to all that your are a liar. whether 可与 or; or not; or no 连用, 而 if 不可以 Do you know whether (or no) he is at home or not?

其它从句 同位语从句；主语从句；表语从句 That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. What he said is wrong. How you do it is none of my business. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. Whether you do it is what wE are worrying about. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? Have you heard the news that the city government issued yesterday?

名词性从句 1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用 it 作形式主语, 而将真正 的主语从句置于句末. that 引导的宾语从句也常用 it 代替, 而将真正的宾语从句 置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 It's well-known that water is indispensable to life.( 形式主语 ) He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 2. 从属连词 whether 和 if 都作 “ 是否 …” 解, 但 if 不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。 whether 可与 or (not) 连用, 而 if 不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 3. that 和 what 引导名词性从句的区别 : that 在从句中不充当成分, 而 what 在从句 中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。 that 可省略 ( 引导主语从句不可 省）， what 则不可省。 That China has become a world power is known to all. He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词 that 引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如 fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief 等, that 不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这 些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

定语从句 引导定语从句的关联词包括 : (1) 关系代词 :that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 关系副词 :when, where, why 。 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分, 关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时, 一般可省去。 关系代词的选用比较复杂, 它受下列条件的制约 : (1) 先行词是指人还是指物 ; (2) 关系代词在从句中的句法功能 ; (3) 定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。

定语从句 关系代词的选用情况见下表 : 先行词在从句中的句法功能 用于限定性或非限定性定语从句 只用于限定性 定语从句 指人或指物 指人 指物 主语 who which that 宾语 whom which that 定语 whose whose (of which) I know that he is a man who (that) means what be says. The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy( 礼貌 ) 。 The watch which (that) was lost has been found. Here is the material which (that) you need. You're the only one whose advice he might listen to. 关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词, 如 time, day 等, 则用 when; 如先行词为表示地点的名词, 如 place, house, area 等, 则用 where; 如先行词为 reason, 则用 why 。 I'll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood. I'll never forget the mountain village you told me when I was young. I don't know the reason why (for which) he did that.

定语从句 1. 当先行词是 all, something, nothing 等不定代词时 ; 或先行词前有 first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no 等修饰时 ; 或先行词前有形容词最高级修时, 既 是人又是物时；或为避免重复，一般只用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句 ; I've explained everything (that) I can to you. This is the most beautiful campus (that) I've ever been to. 2. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句, 限定性定语从句与主句 关系紧密, 为句中不可缺少的部分, 如去掉, 主句意思不完整。非限定性定语从 句与主句关系松散, 如去掉, 主句内容仍完整。在书面语中, 非限定性定语从句 一般被逗句隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用 that 引导。引导非限定性定语从 句的关系词不可省略。 His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on. The general's daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile. 3. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时, 一般用 which 或 as 来引导定语从句。 which 在从句中可充当主语、宾语等, as 在从句中一般只充当主语。 which 与 as 引导此类定语从句的区别在于 : which 只能置于句中或句末, 而 as 的位置比 较灵活, 可置于句中、句末, 又可置于句首。 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all. He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon( 十项全能 ) at that Olympic Games.

定语从句 4. 关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系 代词前, 一般只用介词 +which 或介词 +whom, 而不用介词 +that 来此导 定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末, 则可用 that 代替 which 或 whom, 且 that 这时可省去。 ( 先行词作介词宾语时，要注意关系词的处理方法 ) This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with will come today. 。 How is the man (that, whom) you are looking after? (at) Such; so; as; the same… as…. She is so pretty a girl as you can find on magazine covers.

副词性从句 ( 即状语从句 ) 三、状语从句 在复合句中, 起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。 根据语义, 状语从句分为 : 时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状误从句、原因状语从句、 让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、 方式状语从句。 状语从句可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语前, 一般用逗号将其 与主句隔开。

状语从句 ( 一 ) 时间状语从句 When you cross a main road, you must be very careful. Until we learn the facts, we can't do anything about it. [ 提示 ] 1. when, as, while 引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作 同时发生, 即同时性。它们的区别在于 : when 和 as 引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的, 也可以是非延续性的, 即瞬时性的 ; while 引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。 当主句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时, 一般用 while, 而不用 when 或 as 。当 表示两个同时发展、变化的情况时, 一般用 as, 作 “ 随着 …” 解。 When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you. As she got older, she got wiser. While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking. 2. 有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词, 引导时间状语从句。 如 instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment 等。 Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened. The day he returned home, his grandpa was alrady dead.

状语从句 ( 二 ) 条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有 : if, unless, as (so) long as, only if( 只要 ) 。 If you don't come on time, we'll start out without you. As (so) long as you keep on trying, you'll certainly succeed. [ 提示 ] 除了以上提到的从属连词外, 还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。 如 : providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case 等。 Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups,he will be able to win the electrion. I will go providing that my expenses are paid. 要是我的费用有人代付我就去 Supposing he is not at home, what then? 假如他不在家, 那怎么办 ? You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow. 只要你明天 归还, 自行车你可以拿去用。 In case she comes back, let me know immediately. 假使她回来了, 立刻告诉 我 Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣, 以防下雨。

状语从句 ( 三 ) 原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句从句的从属连词有 : becasue, since, as, now(that), in that, considering that 等。 Since the speaker can't come, we'll have to cancel the meeting. Considering he's only been learning English a year he speaks it very well. 考虑到他只学了一年英语, 他讲得算是很流利了。 We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there. 我们不知道 该怎么办, 因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。 Since it is so hot, let's go swimming. 既然天气这么热, 我们去游泳吧。 [ 提示 ] in that 和 now(that) 的用法 : in that 引导的从句对主句进行解释和说明, 意思是 : 在 … 方面, 在于 …; 因为。 now(that) 表示既然。 Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice. 理论所以有价值, 就在于它能给实践指出方向。 Now (that) the weather has improved, let's go out for a picnic. 既然天气已转好, 我们就出去野餐吧。

状语从句 ( 四 ) 让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有 : though, although, even if (even though), as, no matter…despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while 。 Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough. Despite the fact that there exists national differences,certain funny situations have a universal appeal. Tired as he was, he sat up late. 他虽然疲倦, 可仍然很晚才睡。 No matter how they slander us, we will never give in. 不管他们怎样诽谤我们, 我们决不让步。 While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape. 虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的 颜色, 但我不喜欢它的形状。 [ 提示 ] 一些疑问词在词尾加上 ever 后, 也可引导让步状语从句, 相当于 no matter+ 疑问 词。这些词包括 : whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however 。 Whatever he says, don't beleve him. Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations.

状语从句 ( 五 ) 目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有 : so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that 。 They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird's-eye view of the city. Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them. Take an umbrella in case it rains. We dare not play jokes on him lest he should become angry. 我们不 敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。 [ 提示 ] so that 和 in order that 的区别 : so that 更常用, in order that 更正式。 so that 引导的从句一般置于句末, 而 in order that 引导的从句既可置于句首, 又可置于句末。 In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that the rocks should be removed. She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.

状语从句 ( 六 ) 结果状语从句 结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导 : so that, so…that, such…that 。 He overslept, (so) that he was late for work. They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. [ 提示 ] 1. so…that 和 such…that 的区别。 so 后接形容词或副词, such 后接名词。 It was so cold that we had to cancel the game. It's such a good chance that we mustn't miss it. 2. so that 既可引导目的状语从句, 也可引导结果状语从句。 so that 引 导目的状语从句时, 一般从句动词前会出现 can (could), may (might), shall (should), 而 so that 引导的结果状语从句表示客观事实, 不会出现 上述词语。 引导结果状语从句的 so that 前常有逗号, 表示强调。 so that 引导的目 的状语可置于句首, 而 so that 引导的结果状语从句只能置于句末。 He left early so that he could catch the train. 他早早动身, 以便能赶上车。 ( 目的 ) He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早动身, 赶上了火车。 ( 结果 )

状语从句 ( 七 ) 方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有 as, as if (though), the way, how 。 He made some changes as you had suggested. She was behaving as if (though) she hadn't grown up.

从句练习 1. It was not such a good meal ____________ she had expected. A. as B. what C. than D. like 2. ____________ I admit that the problems are difficult, I don't agree that they can't be solved. A. Suppose B. Because C. While D. Until m 3. ____________ little you may like it, old age comes to most of us. A. So B. Since C. However D. Despite （ He went to work despite his illness. ） 4. She didn't break the bad news to her mother ____________ that she might break down. A. so B. for fear C. in order D. because 5. I'd like to warn you ____________ was said here must be kept secret. A. whatever B. that C. whom D. which

从句练习 6. I don't care ____________. A. if or not he will win B. whether or if he will win C. whether he will not win D. whether he will win or lose 7. She was late again, ____________ was annoying. A. what B. who C. that D. which 8. The reason ____________ I'm writing is to tell you about my examination results. A. because B. as C. why D. for 9. The tree, the branches ____________ are almost bare, is a very old one. A. whose B. in which C. of which D. which 10. He will never forget the days ____________ he spent with his grandma. A. that B. when C. where D. on which

从句练习 11. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication _________ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. A. in that B. in which C. in order that D. on the way 12. An old friend from abroad, ____________ I was expecting to stay with me, telephoned from the airport. A. that B. which C. whom D. who 13 ____________ I had done it, I knew I had made a mistake. A. Direct B. Directly C. Moment D. Constant 14. ____________ a month ago, we had neither instruments nor a director. A. Till B. For C. Until D. To 15. I'm going to spend the winter vacation in Shanghai,________ I have some relatives. A. because B. which C. that D. where