英语句子成分和英语 句子结构讲解及练习

 简单句的五个基本句型  主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came ．.  主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 She likes English.  主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语  She is happy ．  主语 ＋ 动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语  She gave John a book ．  She bought a book for me.  主语 ＋ 动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语  She makes her mother angry ．  The teacher asked me to read the passage.  （ There +be There lies a book on the desk.

 主谓宾  名／代－－动词－－名／代  we-- saw --you.  we-- did --the work.  主系表  名／代－系动词－形容次／名词／代词  you are beautiful  you seems worried.  you are a stufent.  相同点都三部分，主语也一样． 不同动词和系动词， 时态一样，否定式不同．动词加助动词，系动词不 用． 表语可以是形容词，宾语不行． 只有宾语有 补足语

 2 、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：  主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足 语。  1 、主语是句子所要说的人或事物, 回答是 “ 谁 ” 或者 “ 什么 ” 。通常用名词或代词担任。  如： I’m Miss Green.( 我是格林小姐 )  2 、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态, 回答 “ 做 ( 什么 )” 。 主要由动词担任。  如： Jack cleans the room every day. ( 杰克每天 打扫房间 )  3 、表语在系动词之后, 说明主语的身份或特征, 回答 是 “ 什么 ” 或者 “ 怎么样 ” 。通常由名词、代词或形容词 担任。  如： My name is Ping ping.( 我的名字叫萍萍 )

 4 、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果, 回答做的是 “ 什 么 ” 。通常由名词或代词担任。  如： He can spell the word.( 他能拼这个词 )  有些及物动词带有两个宾语, 一个指物, 一个指人。 指物的叫直接宾语, 指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一 般放在直接宾语的前面。  如： He wrote me a letter. ( 他给我写了一封信 )  有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语, 放在 直接宾语后面, 来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me. ( 他给我写了一封信 )

5 、定语修饰名词或代词, 通常由形容 词、代词、数词等担任。如：  Shanghai is a big city.( 上海是 个大城市 ) 6 、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副 词, 通常由副词担任。  如： He works hard.( 他工作努力 )

7 、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么, 通常由形容词或动词充当。  如： They usually keep their classroom clean.( 他们通常让教室保持清洁 ) /  He often helps me do my lessons.( 他常常 帮我做功课 ) /  The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.( 老师要我自学法语 ) 8 ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面, 进一步 说明它的情况。  如： Where is your classmate Tom ?( 你的 同学汤姆在哪里？ )

1. 主语（ subject ）：句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. ( 数词 ) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

( 一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

谓语（ predicate ）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行 为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的 后面。 We study English. He is asleep. ( 二 ). 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon

3. 表语（ predicative ）：系动词之后的成分， 表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） You don’t look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语 ) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的 分词） The question is whether they will come. （表语 从句）

常见连系动词 1. “ 存在 ” 类 : 表示存在或具有某种特征或状态. 这 类连系动词强调 “ 存在 ” 。常见的 有 :be( 是 ),look( 看起来 ),feel( 摸上去 ),seem( 似 乎是 ),appear( 似乎、显得 ),prove( 证明 是 ),smell( 闻起来 ),taste( 尝起来 ),sound( 听起 来 ) 等。 2. 例如 : The story sounds true. 3. Those oranges taste good star.

2. “ 持续 ” 类 : 表示某种情况或状态的持续。 这类连系动词强调 “ 持续 ” 。常见的 有 :remain( 依然 ),keep( 保持 ),stay( 保 持 ),continue( 继续、仍旧 ),stand( 处于 某状况或情形 ) 等。 例如 : Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?

 3. “ 变化 ” 类 : 表示由一种情况或状态变化 成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强 调 “ 变化 ” 后的情况或状态. 常见的 有 :become( 变成 ), turn( 变成 ), grow( 变 得 ), get( 变得 ) 等。  例如 : Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.

( 三 ) 挑出下列句中的表语 ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. ① tired ② worried ③ yellow ④ interested ⑤ first

4. 宾语： 1 ）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或 者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。 如： I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need? We need two. （数 词） I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从 句）

2 ）介词后的名词、代词和动名词 介 宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3 ）双宾语 间宾（指人）和直宾 （指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money

 ( 四 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语  ① My brother hasn't done his homework.  ② People all over the world speak English.  ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.  ④ How many new words did you learn last class?  ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.  his homework ② English ③ your pronunciation ④ new words ⑤ to go swimming

 5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。  We elected him monitor. （名词）  We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词）  We will make them happy. （形容词）  We found nobody in. ( 副词 )  Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Don’t let him do that. （省 to 不定式）  His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）  Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）  I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）

 扩展：  主补：对主语的补充。  He was elected monitor.  She was found singing in the next room.  He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

 ( 五 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语  ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.  ② He asked her to take the boy out of school.  ③ She found it difficult to do the work.  ④ They call me Lily sometimes.  ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.  ⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?  ① to read newspapers and books in the reading-room ② to take the boy out of school  ③ Lily ④ get on the bus ⑤ playing football on the playground

 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语  ① Please tell us a story.  ② My father bought a new bike for me last week.  ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.  ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.  ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

 6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组 或句子。  Yanling is a chemistry teacher. （名词）  He is our friend. （代词）  We belong to the third world. （数词）  He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （形容词）  The man over there is my old friend.( 副词 )  The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. ( 介词 )

 The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）  The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）  I have an idea to do it well. （不定 式）  You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）

 ( 六 ) 挑出下列句中的定语  ① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.  ② What is your given name?  ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.  ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.  ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ① family ② given ③ third ④ some ⑤ downstairs

 7. 状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、 地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）  I will go there tomorrow.  The meeting will be held in the meeting room.  The meat went bad because of the hot weather.  He studies hard to learn English well.  He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.  I like some of you very much.  If you study hard, you will pass the exam.  He goes to school by bike.  Though he is young, he can do it well.

 ( 七 ) 挑出下列句中的状语  ① There was a big smile on her face.  ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.  ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.  ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.  ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.  ① on the face ② Every night ③ when he was eleven ④ fast ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm

 八、同位语  当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子 是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同， 后者就是前者的同位语。  Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player.  我们的英语老师 —— 布莱克先生是个优秀的网 球手。  Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends.  足球 ---- 他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。

 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.  昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。  That’s her habit, reading in bed.  躺在床上看书是她的习惯。  Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.  你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。

 He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.  他发出指示要立即开始工作。  You still haven’t answered my question why you didn’t come to school yesterday.  你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。  同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。 这些名词包括： fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question. 这类从句常常有 that 引导，有 时也可以用 what, why, whether, when 等引导。

( 九 ) 插入语  插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解 释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活常常用逗号或者破 折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。  1. 插入语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词 短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。非谓语动词  （ 1 ）常见的副词及短语： indeed ， surely ， however ， obviously ， frankly ， naturally ， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。

( 九 ) ■There be 句型 拓展： There be + 句词词组 ” 中， there 为虚词， be 后面的名词词 组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几 点： ★ There be 句式表示 “ 有 ” 时，它表示一种存在关系，通常 带有一个地点状语，意为 “ 什么地方（时候）有 ……” 。 句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组，此外，其主 语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如： 1. There is a blackboard in the classroom. 2. There are five minutes to go. 3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.

 ★在正式文体中，该句式中 be 动词的单复数形 式取决于以下两种情况：  （ 1 ）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时， be 动词用单数；主语若为复数， be 动词也用复 数。  （ 2 ）该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则 处理，即与靠近 be 动词的第一个主语保持一致。 例如：  1. There is room for improvement.  2. There are three apples on the table.  3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.

 ★ “There be + 主语 + 不定式 ” 中，不定 式可以有主动和被动两种形式，不过 在口语中主动形式更为常见。例如：  1. There is a letter to type today.  2. There is no time to lose.  3. There are many things to be done now.

★ There be 句式中， be 动词有各种变化形式。 （ 1 ） be 动词有时态变化，可以为一般现在时、一般 过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例 如： 1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room. 2. There was little left. 3. There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years. 4. When he got there, he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room. 5. Without air, there would be no living things. 6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.

 （ 2 ） There be 句式中， be 之前可以有情态动 词。例如：  1. There may be some people who don’t like the film.  2. There used to be a temple in the village.

句子种类

 一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈 使句和感叹句。  1 ） 陈述句（ Declarative Sentences ）：说明 一个事实或陈述一种看法。  Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度 快。  The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。  I haven’t got a camera. 我没有相机.  They have never met before. 他们以前从没 见过面.

 疑问句（ Interrogative Sentences ）：提出问 题。有以下四种：  a. 一般疑问句（ General Questions ）：  Can you finish the work in time?  你能按时完成工作吗？  b. 特殊疑问句（ W Questions; H Questions ）  Where do you live? 你住那儿？  How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事

 c. 选择疑问句（ Alternative Questions ）：  Do you want tea or coffee?  你是要茶还是要咖啡？  d. 反意疑问句（ Tag-Questions ）：  He knows her, doesn’t he?  他不认识她，对不对？  = Does he know her?  yes, he does.  No, he doesn’t.

 3 ） 祈使句（ Imperative Sentences ）：提出请求， 建议或发出命令，例如：  Sit down, please. 请坐。  Don't be nervous! 别紧张！  4 ） 感叹句（ Exclamatory Sentences ）：表示说话 人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：  What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！  How good the news is!  What beautiful flowers they are! 多美丽的花啊 !  How beautiful the flowers are!  How lovely the child is! 多可爱的小孩啊 !  What a lovely child he is!  what a cute child he is

 二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：  1 ） 简单句（ Simple Sentences ）：只包含一 个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：  She is fond of collecting stamps.  她喜欢集邮。  We all study hard.  我们都努力学习.

 I love sports very much.  我非常喜欢运动.  Mum made a beautiful skirt for me.  妈妈为我做了一条漂亮的裙子.  We elected him our class president.  我们选了他做班长.  There are more than 3000 students in our school.  我们学校的学生超过 3000 名.

 2 ） 并列句（ Compound Sentences ）：由两个或两 个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句.  The food was good, but he had little appetite.  食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。  Let’s hurry, or we will be late.  咱们赶紧点, 要不就迟到啦.  He studied hard(,) and he passed the exam.  他努力学习并通过了考试.  He felt no fear, for he was very brave.  他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧.  He was sick, so they were quiet.  他病了, 所以他们很安静.

 3 ） 复合句（ Complex Sentences ）：包含一 个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句 ，从句由从属连词引导，例如：  The film had begun when we got to the cinema.  我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。  Do you know the man who is in the car?  你认识坐在汽车里的人吗 ?  What he said is not true.  他说的不是实话.

 I know it’s difficult to master a foreign language.  我知道学好一门外语不容易.  The question is whether he will join us next time.  问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干.  The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation.  伊拉克可以在一两周内就可以拿下的这一想法是估计 不足的想法.  To get into university (= If you want to get into university) you have to pass a number of exams.  进入大学, 你必须通过一系列的考试.