2 - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL DISEASES 2 - 人体生理学及工业疾病

SKIN 皮肤 Skin - The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the epidermis. 皮肤 —— 皮肤是身体的最外层，也称表皮。 Skin performs multiple functions: 皮肤有多种功能： –Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense. – 保护功能：是身体防御病原体、内外环境伤害的解剖学屏障。 –Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury. – 感觉：含有多种神经末梢，对热、冷、触觉、压力、振动和组织损伤 有反应。

SKIN 皮肤 –Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heat loss while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. – 热调节：皮肤含有远大于需求的供血能力，能实现对辐射、对流和传 导方式造成的能量损失进行精确控制。血管扩张会增加灌注、和热损 耗，血管收缩会大大减少皮肤血流量，保存热量。 –Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and impermeable barrier to fluid loss. Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in burns. – 对蒸发的控制：皮肤是避免体液流失，相对干燥且不透水的屏障。如 无该屏障，烧伤时会出现大量体液流失。 –Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well as a means of synthesis of vitamin D. – 存储和合成：是脂类和水的存储中心，是维生素 D 的合成工具。

SKIN 皮肤 –Excretion: sweat contains urea, however its concentration is 1/130th that of urine, hence excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation. – 排汗：汗液中含有尿素，但其浓度是尿液中尿素的 1/130 ，因此，皮肤排汗是仅次于 温度调节的第二大作用。 –Absorption: While skin acts as a barrier some chemicals are readily absorbed through it. – 吸收：虽然皮肤确实起屏障作用，但某些化学物质还是很容易通过皮肤被人体吸收。 –Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren't washed out of the body. – 抗水性：皮肤是防水屏障，确保体内必要营养物质不会流失。 –The skin can be affected by chemical, physical and biological agents and skin disorders account for a substantial proportion of industrial diseases. The types of effect can be classified into; dermatitis, physical damage, cancer, biological and other effects. – 皮肤对受化学、物理和生物因素的影响，皮肤病在职业病中所占比例也很高。其影响 可以归类为：皮炎、物理性损坏、癌症、生物和其他影响。

SKIN 皮肤 毛干 汗毛孔 表皮 皮脂腺 毛囊 神经纤维 真皮 皮下组织 静脉 动脉 汗腺

SKIN 皮肤 Dermatitis 皮炎 The most common disorder is contact dermatitis and 70% of cases are due to primary irritation i.e. direct action on the skin. 最常见的疾病是接触性皮炎， 70 ％的接触性皮炎患者的病因均为原 发性刺激，如直接作用于皮肤。 The other form of contact dermatitis is allergic contact dermatitis. This results from sensitising the skin by initial contact with a substance and subsequent re-contact. 接触性皮炎的其他形式还有过敏性接触性皮炎。过敏性接触皮炎是 因皮肤与外来刺激物质后接触，又反复接触所致。

SKIN 皮肤 Dermatitis showing reddening of skin 皮炎，皮肤泛红

SKIN 皮肤 Dermatitis showing crusting and thickening of skin 皮炎，皮肤结痂和增厚

SKIN 皮肤 Allergic contact dermatitis on the face 脸上的过敏性接触皮炎

SKIN 皮肤 Physical agents which can harm the skin include weather, friction and injury. Cold, wind and rain cause dry chapped skin, and sunlight can burn or cause skin tumours, so occupations exposed to the elements (fishing, farming) are at risk. 对皮肤造成伤害的物理因素包括天气、摩擦和受伤。寒 冷、大风和下雨都会造成皮肤干燥皲裂，阳光会造成皮 肤晒伤，导致皮肤肿瘤，所以在上述物理因素条件下的 工作（捕捞，耕种）都有皮肤病的隐患。

SKIN 皮肤 Severe sunburn and blisters on a shoulder, three days after a significant exposure to sun without sunscreen. 在阳光下直接曝晒（无防晒措施）三日后，严重晒伤，肩膀上有水泡。

SKIN 皮肤 Biological Agents - The skin can be prone to the effects of biological agents such as viral injections from animals, yeast/fungal infections when prolonged contact with water occurs and anthrax infections where animal products are handled. 生物因素 —— 皮肤很容易受到生物因素的影响，诸如动 物病毒的侵入、长时间接触水后导致酵母 / 真菌感染、处 理动物制品时的炭疽感染。

SKIN 皮肤 Cancer - Benign skin tumours and cancers can result from contact with creosote, mineral oils and ultra-violet radiation, and ionising radiation (radioisotope work, radiographers) can cause skin cancers. 癌症 —— 与木馏油、矿物油和紫外辐射接触时可能会导致出现良性 皮肤肿瘤和癌症，电离辐射（涉及放射性同位素的工作、放射技师） 可能会导致皮肤癌。 Exposure to ultraviolet radiation whilst working outdoors is also a common cause of skin cancer. 接触户外紫外线也是皮肤癌的常见原因之一。

SKIN 皮肤 Skin Cancers 皮肤癌

SKIN 皮肤 Other effects: 其它影响： Dirty work involving mineral oils can lead to oil acne particularly on forearms and thighs. Plugged pores becoming infected produce blackheads and pustules. Chloracne, with blackheads and cysts on the face and neck results from the effects of some polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons on sebaceous glands. 涉及矿物油的废物处理工作可能会导致出现油脂性粉刺，前臂和大腿 最容易出现。受到感染后出现毛孔堵塞，随后会出现黑头和脓疱。如 如氯代芳烃作用于皮脂腺腺体，可能会导致患有氯痤疮，脸部和脖子 都出现黑头和囊肿。 Alterations in skin pigmentation can result from chemical contact. 接触化学品可能会导致皮肤色素沉着出现变化。 Strong alkaline and acid solutions cause burns. 与碱酸性强溶剂接触可能会导致灼伤。

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 肌肉骨骼系统 The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability, and movement to the human body. 肌肉骨骼系统是人体外形、稳定性和运动的基础。 It is made up of the body's bones the skeleton, muscles, cartlidge, tendons, ligamanets, and joints. The musculoskeletal system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. 肌肉骨骼系统由人体骨骼、骨架、肌肉、软骨、肌腱、 韧带和关节组成。肌肉骨骼系统的主要功能包括支持身 体、进行运动和保护重要器官。

The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components involved in the production of blood. 肌肉骨骼系统的骨架部分是钙、磷的主要存储系统，含 有血液生成最关键的部件。 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 肌肉骨骼系统

头骨 颅骨 下颚 锁骨 胸骨柄 肩胛骨 胸骨 肋骨 肱 尺骨 桡骨 盆腔 腕骨 掌骨 指骨 股骨 髌骨 胫骨 腓骨 跗骨 跖骨 趾骨 脊柱 颈椎 胸椎 腰椎 骶骨 尾骨

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 神经系统 The nervous system is a network of specialised cells that communicate information about our bodies surroundings and ourselves. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body. 神经系统是由分化细胞组成，传递有关身体周围环境和身体 自身的信息。神经系统处理该等信息，引发身体其它部分的 反应。 The nervous system is divided broadly into two categories: 从广义来讲，神经系统可以大致分为两类： –The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system, and includes the brain and spinal cord. – 中央神经系统（ CNS ），神经系统最大组成部分，包括大脑和 脊髓。 –The peripheral nervous system is a term for the collective nervous structures that do not lie in the CNS. – 外周神经系统，是群体神经结构数以，不属于 CNS 范畴。

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 神经系统 臂丛 肌皮神经 桡神经 正中神经 髂腹下神经 生殖股神经 闭孔神经 尺骨神经 腓总神经 腓深神经 腓浅神经 大脑 小脑 脊髓 肋间神经 肋下神经 腰丛 骶神经丛 股神经 阴部神经 坐骨神经 股神经肌支 隐神经 胫神经

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 神经系统 Industrial toxins can affect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or peripheral nervous system (motor and sensory nerves) or both and the resulting conditions depend on the site of attack. 工业毒素可能会影响中央神经系统（大脑和脊髓）和 / 或外周神经系统（运动 神经和感觉神经），影响程度取决于受影响的部位。 The nervous system is similar to the liver in that fat-soluble agents are much more likely to cause damage. They can also cross the blood-brain barrier. 神经系统与肝脏类似，脂溶性物质很可能会导致损坏。还能交叉穿过血脑屏障。 Central nervous system damage can produce narcosis, toxic organic psychosis, epilepsy, Parkinsonism and behavioural changes. 如中央神经系统受损，可能会造成昏迷、器质性中毒大脑障碍、癫痫症、帕金 森和行为变化。

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 内分泌系统 The endocrine system is the collective name given to a system of small organs that release extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. 内分泌系统是释放细胞间信息物质（即荷尔蒙）的小器官系统总称。 The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, growth, development, puberty and tissue function. It also plays a part in determining our mood. 内分泌系统可调节新陈代谢、生长、发育、生理和组织功能。也决 定情绪。 Signalling system uses chemicals in the blood rather than electrical impulses in the nerves. 信号系统采用了我们血液中的化学物质，而不是神经中的电脉冲。

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 内分泌系统

Pharmaceutical workers handling endocrine drugs like oestrogen (in 'the pill') or thyroxin (used for thyroid treatment) are at risk of upsetting their own endocrine balance, and diethylstilboestrol (DES) has led to tumours in the children of workers of both sexes. 处理内分泌药物（药丸型的雌激素）或甲状腺素（用于甲状腺治疗） 的药工可能会面临内分泌失衡的风险，己烯雌酚（ DES ）已导致男 性和女性药工下一代患有肿瘤。 Anaesthetic gases (female anaesthetists) and vinyl chloride exposure while pregnant have been linked to stillbirth or birth defects. Ionizing radiation can damage gonads reducing fertility or increasing risks of congenital malformations and cancer in the offspring. 怀孕女性接触麻醉气体（女性麻醉师）和氯乙烯可能会导致胎儿死 亡或有天生缺陷。电离辐射可能会损坏性腺，导致不孕不育率升高， 增加后代先天性畸形和癌症的几率。

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 循环系统 The circulatory system moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH. 循环系统负责将营养和气体输入细胞，输出废物，以帮 助抵抗疾病侵袭，稳定体温和 pH 值。 This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network, but some consider the circulatory system as composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which distributes lymph. 循环系统可以看成是血流分布网络，一般认为循环系统 包含心血管系统和淋巴系统，前者负责分配血液，后者 负责分配淋巴。

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 循环系统 The main components of the human circulatory system are the heart, the blood and the blood vessels. The circulatory system includes: 人体循环系统的主要组成部分是心脏、血液和 血管。循环系统包括： –Pulmonary circulation: where blood is passed through the lungs and becomes oxygeneated. – 肺循环：血液通过肺部，成为含氧血。 –Systemic circulation: where the oxygeneated blood is passed through the rest of the body. – 全身循环：含氧血通过身体其它部位。

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 循环系统 The lymphatic system is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues as well as the absorption and transport of fats and fatty acids. 淋巴系统负责清除组织中的间质液，吸收和运输脂肪和 脂肪酸。 The lymphatic system is also responsible for the transport of antigen presenting cells (APCs). 淋巴系统负责抗原递呈细胞 (APC) 的运输。

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 循环系统 The cardiovascular system is exposed to any agent carried in the blood. 心血管系统受任何血媒介的影响。 Chlorinated hydrocarbons like CFCs, trichloroethylene and 111- trichloroethane can induce arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms due to defects in electrical conduction in the heart). 氯化烃类物质，诸如氟氯化碳、三氯乙烯和 111- 三氯乙烷等可能会 诱导心律失常（因心脏中点传导存在缺陷，可能会出现异常心律）。 High or low temperature work affects the peripheral circulation and can strain the heart. 高温或低温工作也会影响外周循环系统，导致心衰竭。

BLOOD 血液

Damage to the Blood – e.g. Production of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying red pigment in red cells, is inhibited by inorganic lead interfering with enzyme systems. 对血液的负面影响 —— 例如，无机铅会干扰酶系 统，抑制血红蛋白（红细胞中的携氧红色素）的 产生。 Failure of Oxygen transport - 2 ways, both being forms of asphyxia: 氧运输出错 —— 造成 2 种形式的窒息 –Simple asphyxia – 单纯窒息 –Chemical asphyxia – 化学窒息

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 呼吸系统 鼻子 口腔 气管 肺 膈

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 呼吸系统 The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchanged between the external environment and the circulatory system. 呼吸系统的主要功能是实现外部环境和循环系统之间的气体交换。 Like the skin and the eye, the lungs are affected by irritants and allergens. 与皮肤和眼睛类似，刺激物和过敏原也会影响肺部。 They also respond in the forms of fibrotic pneumoconiosis and malignant disease to a variety of industrial agents. 因接触的工业剂，可能还会导致纤维化型尘肺和恶性病。 Particles greater than 10 μm in diameter are filtered by the nose. 鼻子会过滤直径 10μm 以上的粒子。

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 呼吸系统 Irritation caused by gases and fumes produce inflammation of the respiratory tract and the symptoms tend to be acute or delayed, depending on the solubility of the toxic agent. 气体和烟雾的刺激会导致呼吸道炎症，根据有毒物质的溶解度，症状 可能是急性的，也可能是慢性的。 Allergic reactions to substances can cause occupational asthma. 对物质出现过敏可能会导致职业性哮喘。 Pneumoconiosis is the reaction of the lungs to inhaled mineral dust and the resultant alteration in their structure. 肺尘埃沉着病是肺部吸入矿物粉尘，导致肺部结构出现变化的疾病。 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ COPD ）是慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。 Lung Cancer. 肺癌。

THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 胃肠道 舌头 食道 胃 肝 胰腺 结肠（大肠） 阑尾 回肠（小肠） 肛门

THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 胃肠道 The gastrointestinal tract is the system used by the body to take in, break down and absorb nutrients as well as to excrete waste products. 胃肠道是身体摄入、分解和吸收营养物质，排出废物的系统。 Ingestion as a toxic route of entry in industry is unlikely unless people are allowed to eat or smoke at their work station 因摄取可能导致吸入有毒物质，故多数工作场所不允许进餐或抽烟。 Both vomiting and diarrhea are natural defence mechanisms 呕吐和腹泻是身体自然额防御反应 Absorption of toxins is relatively less efficient than via inhalation. 吸收中毒的效率要远不及呼吸中毒。

THE LIVER 肝脏 肝脏

THE LIVER 肝脏 The liver is a major metabolic organ which is used to process nutrients which have been absorbed into the blood from the gastrointestinal tract or via other routes such as inhalation. 肝脏是一个重要的代谢器官，用于处理从胃肠道或通过其他途径（如 呼吸方式）进入血液的营养成分。 The fact that it is used to break down materials means that is particularly susceptible to any toxins within the body. 肝脏会分解材料，也就是说肝脏对任何进入体内的有毒物质都非常敏感。 Liver cells can regenerate after toxic damage, the most common cause of which is alcohol. However, continued absorption can overtake the regeneration process and cause permanent liver damage. Pre-existing liver disease makes this more likely. 中毒损坏最常见的原因是酒精，但中毒后的肝细胞能够再生。但是，继 续吸入有毒物质可能会抑制再生，导致肝功能永久性损坏。已有肝病史 的患者更有可能出现肝功能永久性损坏。

THE LIVER 肝脏 Industrially, fat-soluble alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons are particularly known for their liver cell damage. The most obvious sign of liver damage is jaundice. 在工业上，脂溶性酒精和卤代烃对肝细胞受损特别明显。肝功能受损最明显的 标志是出现黄疸。 Liver damage, usually cirrhosis, is an important precursor of hepatomas (liver tumours) and thus industrially induced long-term liver damage predisposes employees to liver tumours. 肝功能损害（通常是肝硬化）是肝细胞瘤（肝脏肿瘤）的重要先兆，因此，工 业所致长期肝功能损害会导致员工患上肝脏肿瘤。 The liver is a protective organ itself in that it's normal detoxification processes change potential toxins to safe forms (and sometimes vice versa). 肝脏具有自我保护能力，因为其正常的解毒程序会将潜在毒素转化成正常物质 （有时，也会将正常物质转化成潜在毒素）。

THE URINARY SYSTEM 泌尿系统

The kidney plays an important role in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance by filtration and selective re-absorption of them into the blood. 肾脏通过过滤物质，选择性吸收进入血液的物质，在体液 保持和电解质平衡中发挥着重要的作用。 It excretes (via urine) unwanted waste products (including toxins), made water-soluble by metabolism in the liver. 肝脏的代谢功能将废弃物变成水溶性物质，随后由泌尿系 统排出（经尿）废弃物（包括毒素）。

THE URINARY SYSTEM 泌尿系统 Toxins can damage the kidney which in turn affects calcium metabolism, acid-base balance and re- absorption of water. 毒素会损坏肾脏，从而影响钙代谢、酸碱平衡，和水的再 吸收。 Because urine is concentrated and delayed within the bladder, exposure to this organ is far longer than to the rest of the urinary tract. It is thus far more susceptible to industrially induced cancers. 因为尿液在膀胱内集中，所以毒素接触膀胱的时间要比接 触泌尿系统的其他组成要长很多，所以，膀胱较容易诱发 癌症。

THE EYE 眼睛 No explanation as to there functions needed. 眼睛的功能其实勿需多解释。 Fragile, particularly susceptible to injury. 眼睛十分脆弱，很容易受到损伤。 Penetrating wounds can lead to corneal damage 穿透伤可导致角膜损伤。 Acids and alkalis will burn the cornea. 酸碱物质会烧坏角膜。 Any irritant gases, like sulphur dioxide and ammonia can cause conjunctivitis (characterised by redness, discomfort and watering of the eyes). 任何刺激性气体，如二氧化硫和氨，都有可能会造成结膜炎（特征是眼睛发红、不适、 多泪）。 Allergens like plants and dyes sometimes produce a similar reaction. An extremely painful conjunctivitis including photophobia (unwillingness to look at light) follows a few hours after exposure to ultra-violet radiation used in welding. 植物和染料等过敏原有时也会造成眼睛受损。在接触焊接中的紫外线辐射后几小时， 会出现非常疼痛的结膜炎，包括畏光症状在内。

THE EYE 眼睛 视网膜 视网膜血管 角膜 虹膜 晶状体黄斑部