英语“写长法”课程设计与教学构思 郑 超

课程名称 中级英语写作

改革理据 在外语学习的中级阶段，学生已经掌握了4000-5000英语基本词汇，了解了英语的基本语法，初步具备了使用英语词典的能力和查阅英文书刊的能力，需要通过加大英语运用量来增强英语实用能力，需要通过写来促成英语知识的内在化。

以写促学，由长到精 中级英语写作课应当以激发学生创作欲望的写作任务来引导学生爱写，敢写，畅写欲言，增强英语驾驭水平和思维能力，再通过把自己写的作文修改成精品来深入巩固英语实力，使学生在表达真情实感的过程中，夯实学生的英语写作基本功，由此增强学习成就感，提高自信心，带动英语水平的全面提高。

教学目标 通过一年的学习，达到每小时约400词的写作速度，能基本做到作文内容切题，条理清楚，结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺，表达得体。

重在实践 通过大量教学实践活动，如开展调查研究，接触不同的文化背景，与说英语的国家的大学生开展网上作文互评，去培养学生良好的学习习惯，使之能够广开思路，能够创造性地学习，能够围绕不同的选题进行写作，使创新的潜力得到比较充分的释放。

与后续写作课程的区别 后续课程有：评论性写作 高级英语写作 学术论文写作 中级英语写作不是专门教写作知识的课，而是通过写作训练，促进英语的全面发展。

课程设计

A) 笔随心动 B) 立论谋篇 C) 品味创作 D)走向报刊 四大阶段 A) 笔随心动 B) 立论谋篇 C) 品味创作 D)走向报刊

设计宗旨 培养创新思维与批判思维 面向意义的再词汇化 叙事文体、论说文体、特写文体

A段 笔随心动 启发学生把内心的构思用尽可能丰富、生动的语言表现出来，同时注重培养学生自我欣赏的兴趣和互比互学的意愿。A段的写作任务多属叙述文体，都是开放性的，能够调动创作激情，如“意外之财”，“一样新家用电器给生活带来的新变化”，一篇结尾意想不到的小小说，等等。此教学模块共含6个教学单元，需用18个学时。

课程建设理念（一） 培养幽默感，释放创新思维 学生为自己创造语境，自己逼着自己从语境中走出来，自己逼着自己进入英语思维 凭着中学的英语功底就可以写出好文章 笔随心动，将被动知识转化为主动知识 加强输入，培养综合能力 情感打通，一通百通

B段 立论谋篇 培养学生驾驭议论文体、说明文体的能力。通过赏析范文，自然引导学生熟悉议论文、说明文的写作诀窍，从500词左右的篇幅起步，逐步过渡到不论长至数千词，短至200词，均能信笔写来而不失章法。教学中穿插对英语议论文、说明文谋篇布局技巧的系统训练，培养学生不论是平时写作，还是参加作文考试，都有能力沉着应对。此教学模块共含6个教学单元，需用24个学时，跨两个学期。 http://www1.gdufs.edu.cn/jwc/bestcourse/kecheng/40/index6_1.html

论说文体要领 Discourse markers Rhetorical modes Narration Description Example Definition Classification Comparison/contrast Cause Effect Process concession Discourse markers

谋篇布局 Close-form writing

After the Northridge earthquake in Los Angeles a few years ago, I discovered something interesting about my pets. My cats took care of themselves by hiding in places where things could not fall on them, and they ate whatever food they could find. On the other hand, my dog was crying and needed to be taken care of. He still needed me to feed him and take him for a walk. From my experience, I saw that indoor cats make better pets than indoor dogs because cats do not need to be exercised, they clean themselves, and they are born potty-trained. Hook narration Thesis sentence comparison/contrast

Indoor cats do not need a person to exercise them but dogs do Indoor cats do not need a person to exercise them but dogs do. Dogs need to be walked every day so that they can be healthy and calmer. Cats do not depend on a person for exercise because cats exercise on their own. Although both pets need their exercise, cats manage on their own. Therefore, cats need less attention than dogs. topic sentence 1 Support （development） comparison/contrast wrap-up

Indoor cats are easier to keep clean than dogs Indoor cats are easier to keep clean than dogs. For instance, when dogs are taken for a walk, they usually do not come back as clean as when they left. Dogs will get dirty by walking through mud puddles and rolling around on people’s lawns. Cats do not need to be taken on walks, so they are not as dirty as dogs. When dogs get dirty, they need to be given a bath, and when cats get dirty, they clean themselves. Therefore, cats have a better sense of hygiene than dogs do. Topic sentence 2 support (illustration) comparison/contrast wrap-up

Topic sentence 3 support (development) comparison/contrast Cause and effect wrap-up Finally, cats are easier to potty-train than dogs. Dogs are unpredictable about when they need to go to the bathroom, so they need to be taken outside on a regular basis. Cats do not have this problem because they are born potty-trained. All you have to do is place kittens into a litter box, and when time comes, they will continue to use the litter box virtually without help. Cats are simply more independent than dogs.

thesis restatement so-what Indoor cats make better pets than indoor dogs because cats don’t need to be exercised, they clean themselves, and they’re born potty-trained. Think about these things the next time you’re considering owning a pet. Unless you don’t have enough to do in your life already, a cat should be your choice.

Hook thesis topic sentence subtopic development illustration wrap-up thesis-response so-what

平时写作与写作应试 平时写作的误区，就是围着考试的要求转，只愿意练常考的写作题型。其实，英语水平考试中的作文考题，并不是要测学生的书面创作能力，而只是通过作文来了解考生的英语水平。这样的考题具有以下共同特点： 八股文体 —— 笔随题动，语拙情枯； 中式英语大检阅 —— 因为没有范文； 阅卷 —— 清理要素 （如看有没有主题句，有没有举例，有没有连接性状语，有没有语言错误，等等。但阅卷者既无足够时间，也无可操作的标准去评判考生文笔上的高下）； 应试教学 —— 不讲素质，只讲要领，千篇一律，约束创造； 结论：平时写作≠ 写作应试；会学不怕考，怕考学不会；只要平时功夫稳，考时功到自然成。

学生互评 学生互教 寓学于乐 寓知于行 刘秋组thesis statement.mpg

C段 品味创作 侧重于训练描写文体。写作任务包括散文、随笔、小说续写等，通过完成精心安排的一系列任务，学会用英语刻画种种心境和意境的能力，学会用英语或静、或动、或虚、或实、或浓墨重彩、或淡写轻描地表现自己对生活、对世界的感受。同时，注意引导学生留意作文中有无汉式英语的痕迹。此教学模块共含6个教学单元，需用18个学时。

电子期刊 http://www1.gdufs.edu.cn/jwc/bestcourse/kecheng/40/index6.html

中心词驱动命题重组 他上了年纪了，记忆变得模糊了。 The L1-influenced translation by intermediate English learners in China: He was getting older in age and began to lose memories. The better translation through head-resetting: Age clouded his memories. The new head is: Cloud （Longman）

教学尝试 发动学生分头去寻找中心词驱动命题重组的例句，鼓励描红。 自己找，才能体验成就感，知道日后如何进步。 http://www.writetolearn.com/Article_Class2.asp?ClassID=3

D段 走近报刊  训练实用的综合写作技能。特点是，让学生熟悉报刊特写文体，体验如何当报刊撰稿人，知道怎样针对日后社会的需要去磨练自己的英语文笔。此阶段包含两个任务组合。每个任务组合跨越几个星期（与C段的后几个任务穿插安排）。先让学生就个人的体会完成一篇15分钟的课堂快写，接着引导学生针对所写的话题去做社会调查或到图书馆查阅资料，用英语写出采访记录、统计报告或信息综述，然后精讲一篇英美报刊上的特写范文，让学生运用所掌握的资料，仿写一篇特写体的文稿，再组织学生互评互改，布置学生将改好的文章用电脑排成和杂志上一样的版面，打印上交。这种做法综合借鉴了国外写作界盛行的任务教学法和过程教学法的有益经验，并糅合了对说明文体的进一步训练。此教学模块共含2个教学单元，需用12个学时。

Fast writing The Career I admire Time limit: 15 minutes

New Task Investigation after class: The feeling of some people who are pursuing the same career as you admire

Focuses How do they work? How do they live? How do they think about themselves? their social value? their dilemma?

作文视频 http://www1.gdufs.edu.cn/jwc/bestcourse/kecheng/40/index6.htmlhttp://www1.gdufs.edu.cn/jwc/bestcourse/kecheng/40/index6.html

小结

英语“写长法”的缘起 课堂写短作文，考试大纲代替教学大纲 听说读写各自为政 学生潜力受到压抑 培养能凭英语走向世界的学生

我们的课程改革从打造学生的积极情感切入，把教学的重点放在设计激发写作冲动的话题上，通过逐步调节作文长度要求，将外语知识加速转换成外语运用能力。

我们的实践扭转了过去大学写作教学从句到段，限定长度，环绕各类统考的要求转的倾向，始终重视自然写作能力培养这一重要环节。

在教学中，通过精选的由英美人士撰写的范文启迪了学生的创作灵感，同时引发母语写作构思技巧的正迁移。学生从总体意向的构思与展开入手，不限篇幅，放手尝试各种谋篇布局的技巧，不受拘束地用书面英语表达内心的思想，让平时积累的英语结构、词汇知识得以在自己熟悉且感受较深的话题里自由运用，由此提高英语表达的流利性，准确性和得体性，促进英语知识向运用层面转化。

教师的角色 把课堂让给学生；教师讲授控制在二分之一的时间之内 唤起注意 体检与运动

如何对待学生作文中的错误 要否改错是个伪命题 教师是谁？是本族语者还是二语习得者？有无受过改错训练？改什么错？指出与改正？ 学生怎样才能告别错误？

写长法教学中的教师信念 教师信念，开创性的教学模式，学生和教师是伙伴关系，同干一桩事业。 不是等英语能力提高了再写作，而是要通过写作训练来带动英语能力的全面提高。 怎样讲授， 怎样互动，怎样将读写说听连成一体，怎样将校内外连成一体。

几点把握 所教授的英语知识 学生的潜力和情感因素 环球文化交融背景下对外语教学的要求 谢谢

作文示例 Room by room, we found no one at all but the sound of snoring got louder and louder with every step toward the study. On opening a crack of the door, a weak beam of light shot into our eyes. We were totally drowned in a sea of fearfulness and crouched there holding our breath, lips tight. Just a few seconds later, we somehow lost our balance and forced the door open. “Who are you?” I spoke firmly, with my feet out of control trembling heavily. However, what appeared in front of us was nothing but the newly-bought computer. Turning the light on, we approached it gradually, minding every step and found in astonishment there was a tiny cute lion on the right bottom of the computer deep in sleep, with his whisker fluttering free. And most importantly, he was producing heavy sounds of snoring which was just what we heard.