動脈氣體的判讀 行政院衛生署胸腔病院 盧明志醫師
動脈氣體(Arterial Blood Gas) 包含下列數值: PH PO2 PCO2 PHCO3- BE SaO2 主要測量三種生理功能: 血液中的動脈氧含量(oxygenation) 通氣狀況(ventilation)→可列於血中的酸鹼狀況中分析 血中的酸鹼狀況(acid-base status) 2
動脈氣體(Arterial Blood Gas)判讀步驟 ↓評估血中含氧量(oxygenation) (是否有低血氧?) ↓尋找低血氧的主要原因 ↓評估酸鹼異常(acid-base disturbance) ↓評估酸鹼異常的代償情況 ↓尋找酸鹼異常的主要原因(causes of the primary disturbance) 3
如何評估血中的含氧量? PH PO2 PCO2 PHCO3- BE SaO2
PO2和SPO2的關係? 哪個比較重要 ?
低血氧的定義 Adult, children, infant >28 days : PaO2<60mmHg or SaO2<90% Neonate : PaO2< 50mmHg, SaO2<88% or Capillary PO2 <40mmHg 6
低血氧(hypoxemia)的可能原因 肺部以外的病變所致 ( 肺部是正常的): 外界氧氣分壓不足 ( high altitude ) 換氣不足 ( neuromuscular disorder, CNS Lesion ) 肺部本身的病變所致: 死腔增加 ( COPD with AE ) 分流 ( Pneumonia, acute lung edema…) O2 7
評估低血氧(hypoxemia)的步驟 1. 計算 AaDO2(肺泡-動脈血氧分壓差) 2. CXR 3. 看氧氣治療後的血氧上升反應
肺泡-動脈血氧分壓差(AaDO2) PAO2(肺泡血氧分壓)=FIO2 × ( Patm – PH2O) – PaCO2/RQ ** In room air FIO2= 0.21, Patm=760, PH20=47, RQ=0.8; PAO2 =0.21( 760-47) – PaCO2/0.8 = 150 – PaCO2/0.8 **AaDO2 (in room air) = PAO2 - PaO2 in FIO2= 0.21 normal AaDO2 : 5~25mmHg in FIO2= 1 normal AaDO2 : < 150mmHg
低血氧(hypoxemia)的可能原因 In hypoxemia with normal AaDO2 : 換氣量不足 ( eg. CNS disease, sedative overdose, neuromuscular disorder ) 氧氣分壓不足(eg. High altitude) In hypoxemia with increasing AaDO2 : dead space 增加 ( eg. COPD,Asthma) Shunt ( eg. Pneumonia, lung edema )
尋找低血氧的可能原因 (案例) In room air: PH:7.10 PO2:40 PCO2:80 PHCO3:24 SaO2 : 80% →→→低血氧的可能原因?
尋找低血氧的可能原因 (案例) PAO2=150-80/0.8=50 AaDO2=PAO2-PaO2=50-40=10 →→→hypoxemia with normal AaDO2 低血氧的可能原因換氣不足或氧氣分壓不足
Pulse oximeter 用非侵襲性的方式來測量動脈的血氧飽和度(SpO2) 藉由血液中的deoxy-Hb 和oxy-Hb 吸收不同的光譜來計算血紅素的氧氣飽和度
Pulse oximeter Oxy-Hb 吸收940nm的光譜 deoxy-Hb吸收660nm的光譜 SpO2 = HbO2 / ( HbO2+Hb ) ×100% 其他不正常血紅素值(例如CO-Hb)無法在oximeter呈現出來
血液中出現不正常Hb對SpO2可能造成的影響 Functional saturation ( SpO2 ) = HbO2-p / ( HbO2-p+Hb ) ×100% Fractional saturation ( SaO2 ) = HbO2-a / ( HbO2-a+Hb+COHb+metHb ) ×100% *HbO2-p=HbO2-a+COHb 血液中出現不正常Hb會使得pulse oximeter 量得的SpO2 比真正值(SaO2)高→overestimate!!
案例 有一個從火場救出昏迷患者被送到急診室;到院時,呼吸速率35/min,檢傷小姐用血氧監測計測得其SpO2: 95%,但患者呈現極度呼吸困窘的徵象此時您是急診室的醫師您幫患者建立暢通的呼吸道,給予病人通氣支持,雖然SpO2沒有顯示缺氧,但您仍然決定幫患者作動脈氣體檢測:PO2:80mmHg ,SaO2:60%。請問,您認為最可能的診斷為何? 一氧化碳中毒
低血氧的治療 通則:給予氧氣 針對病因治療: -改善換氣 ( 若病患為換氣不足時) -Steroid & Bronchodilator ( 若為死腔增加時) -抗生素( 若為肺炎導致的分流時) -利尿劑( 若為肺水腫導致的分流時) -其他
如何評估血中的酸鹼狀況? 由呼吸和代謝系統來決定身體的酸鹼狀況 PH PO2 PH:決定整體血液的酸鹼狀況 PCO2 PHCO3-:決定代謝系統的酸鹼狀況 PH PO2 PCO2 PHCO3- BE SaO2 18
評估血中的酸鹼狀況的步驟 評估PH值 : normal ( 7.35-7.45) , acidemia (<7.35) or alkalemia (>7.45) ; acute or chronic 評估PCO2值 : normal ( 35-45mmHg), respiratory acidosis ( >45 mmHg ) or alkalosis ( <35mmHg) 評估HCO3值 : normal ( 22-26 ), metabolic acidosis (<22) or alkalosis( >26) 決定原發性異常 ( primary disturbance)出在何處,是呼吸的問題?或是代謝的問題? (與PH值相同屬性者即為primary !) 尋找原發性異常的可能原因 19
四種主要酸鹼異常 Primary metabolic acidosis Primary metabolic alkalosis Primary respiratory acidosis Primary respiratory alkalosis
酸鹼代償狀況 Uncompensated (未代償 ) Partially compensated (部分代償 ) Fully compensated (完全代償 )
酸鹼代償 Uncompensated (未代償 )
酸鹼代償 Partially compensated (部分代償 ) From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
酸鹼代償 Fully compensated (完全代償 ) From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
臨床上酸鹼異常的表現方式 原發性在何處? ( Primary site ? Respiratory or metabolic ?) 酸或鹼的異常 ? 代償的情況為何 ?
範例 Primary respiratory acidosis, uncompensated Acidemia Normal metabolic Primary respiratory acidosis, uncompensated From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
範例 Primary metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated Alkalemia Normal respiratory Metabloic alkalosis Primary metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
範例 Primary metabolic acidosis, partially compensated Acidemia Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Primary metabolic acidosis, partially compensated From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
範例 Primary respiratory acidosis, partially compensated Acidemia Metabolic alkalosis Primary respiratory acidosis, partially compensated From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
範例 Primary respiratory acidosis, fully compensated Normal , but <7.4 Respiratory acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Primary respiratory acidosis, fully compensated From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
Primary metabolic alkalosis, fully compensated Normal, but >7.4 Respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis Primary metabolic alkalosis, fully compensated From Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education & Development Self Learning Packet 2004
酸鹼異常的病因與治療 Primary metabolic acidosis 可能病因: 體內CO2以外之酸物質的增加,或體內鹼的流失 • Renal failure ( phospate & sulfate ) • Diabetic ketoacidosis ( ketone body ) • Anaerobic metabolism ( lactic acid ) • Starvation ( ketone ) • intoxication ( drug , toxins ) 從腸胃道或腎臟中流失 • Diarrhea • Renal tubular acidosis ( RTA ) 治療 •針對病因治療 • Sodium bicarbonate 可能造成後續meta. Alkalosis 和hypernatremia,不建議常規使用 • 補充 Sodium bicarbonate
原發性代謝性酸中毒 (primary meta.acidosis) check Anion Gap ( AG) :(Normal 8~12) AG = [Na+] - [Cl-] - [HCO3-] 病因 : High AG ( >12 ) : 血清有機酸物質 check serum osmolar gap !! Normal AG ( 8~12) :血清碳酸清根離子 check urine AG & urine osmolar gap !!
酸鹼異常的病因與治療 Primary metabolic alkalosis 可能病因: 體內酸物質的流失,或體內鹼的增加 住院病人出現Primary metabolic alkalosis幾乎都是醫源性( iatrogenic )導致 酸物質的流失 鹼的增加 可能病因 protracted vomiting gastric suction Hypochloremia excess diuretics use high levels of aldosterone. ingestion of antacids excess use of bicarbonate use of lactate in dialysis 治療 •針對病因治療 • diamox
酸鹼異常的病因與治療 Primary respiratory acidosis 可能病因: Hypoventilation或bronchospasm 治療: Hypoventilation→改善換氣,針對病因治療 Bronchospasm →支氣管擴張劑或類固醇
酸鹼異常的病因與治療 Primary respiratory alkalosis 可能病因: Hyperventilation導致, 包括: Psychological responses, such as anxiety or fear Pain Increased metabolic demands, such as fever, sepsis, pregnancy, or thyrotoxicosis Central nervous system lesions 治療:針對病因治療