汉英翻译　之 词语翻译 By Li Ruiying

Explanation of translation Exercises 意大利著名旅行家马可·波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己是在天堂。” Marco Polo, a famous Italian traveler, once described his impression of Hangzhou like this: “This is the most fascinating city in the world. It makes one feel as if he were in paradise.”

在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭”。 In China, there is a similar saying: “In Heaven, there is a paradise, while on the earth, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou.”

杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收。 Hangzhou’s reputation comes mainly from its picturesque West Lake, which remains beautiful all the year round.

在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样土特产。 In this city, you can not only feast your eyes on the charming scene on the West Lake, but also stroll along the busy streets, tasting famous Hangzhou-style cuisines and snacks and buying some well-known local products.

Please translate the phrases 浓茶 浓墨 浓烟 治国；治病；治家；治水 茶馆；照相馆；美术馆；展览馆；科技馆 基本工资；基本设施；基本物质；基本工业；基本利益

浓茶：strong tea 浓墨：thick ink 浓烟：dense/heavy smoke 治国：administrate a country 治家：manage a household 治病：cure disease 治水：control water

茶馆：tea house 照相馆：photo studio 美术馆：art gallery 科技馆：science and technology museum/ center 基本工资：basic salary/wage 基本设施：infrastructure 基本物质：essential commodities 基本工业：primary industries 基本利益：fundamental interests

假朋友的识别 “假朋友”的含义 Mona Baker这样定义： False friends are words or expressions which have the same form in two or more languages but convey different meanings［1］. 林本椿教授在《英汉互译教程》中指出：“false friend (假朋友)或false cognate(假同源词)，是指两种语言中形式相同或非常相似，但意义不同的词［2］”。

英文 假朋友 真朋友 capital idea：资本主义； 思想好主意 pull one’s leg：拉后腿； 开玩笑 English disease英国病 软骨病 You don’t say! 你别说！ 是吗！

词义空缺和翻译策略 语言是文化的载体，语言中的词汇是文化信息的积淀，反映出该民族的文化观和价值观。词汇意义往往带有独特的民族性，“不同的文化用不同的语义范畴分解和描述世界。因此，一种文化里有的语义在另一种语言里可能就不存在”（Lado, 1957:78），这种现象被称为词义空缺( lexicon gap)。 针对词义空缺这一现象，我们可以灵活地采用不同的翻译策略，巧妙运用英语词汇表达汉语文化词汇的含义，常用的翻译方法包括音译法、意译法、直译法以及加注法。

音译法 ( transliteration) 采用音译法将这些具有特殊文化内涵的词语“移植”到英语文化中去. ：“气功”qigong、“功夫”kong fu、“太极”tai chi、“风水”feng shui、“阴阳”yinyang、“磕头”kowtow、“旗袍（长衫）”cheongsam、“馄饨”wonton、“豆腐”tofu、“杂碎”chop suey、“饺子”jiaozi、“荔枝”litchi、“乌龙茶”oolong

Liberal translation-意译法 通常采用的翻译策略之一：着眼于传达词语的文化信息。 皮蛋：preserved egg 元宵：sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 探花：title conferred on the one who won third place in the highest imperial examination in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Literal translation:直译法 译文简洁明快，保留汉语文化词语的原汁原文。 易经：Book of Changes 号脉：feel the pulse 思想改造：ideological remolding 一国两制：one country, two system

Connotation:加注法 加注法就是通过注释的形式补充必要的文化知识，帮助读者更好的理解这些具有特殊文化色彩的词语。

翻译以下句子，注意词语表达 我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。 我们要根据形式的发展来调整政策。

It is our basic national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns. Promoting the growth of township and village enterprises is an integral part of our national policy.

We must make adjustments in our policy in response to changes in the situation. We have to adjust our policy according to the changing situation.

句子翻译 以文物和历史遗迹文明遐迩的古都---西安，建设了十座森林公园，去年吸引了八十万参观者。

Xi’an, an ancient city well-known for its cultural relics and historic sites, has constructed 10 forest parks, which attracted more than 800, 000 visitors last year.

乡村旅游受到游客们的欢迎。他们能够体验乡村生活，品尝家庭制作的食品，在自然环境中好好轻松以下。

Rural tours have been welcomed by tourists, who can experience country life, taste home-made food and relax in natural surroundings.

惯用法意识 中国饮茶的风尚，到了第七世纪的唐代，已经相当盛行了。那时日本派有大量的留学生到中国来学习中国文化，自然也学会了中国的饮茶。除了日本人以外，最讲究喝茶的外国人应该是英国人了，而英国人懂得喝茶，至今还不过两三百年的历史。

段落翻译注意点： 1. 汉语句子和英语句子不必一一对应。 2. 句子之间要有衔接和呼应。 3. 要做到用语和句式的多样化。英语在用法上比汉语更忌讳重复。 4.汉译英中能用英语句式是一定要用英语句型句式，也就是多用惯用语

By the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century, tea-drinking had become very popular in China. At that time, many Japanese students were sent to China to study Chinese culture. Naturally, they acquired the Chinese tea-drinking habit. Next to Japanese, the foreign people who attach great importance to tea-drinking must be the British, who did not learn to drink tea until two or three hundred years ago.

我认为世间最可贵的就是“今”，最易失去的也很“今”。因为它最容易丧失，所以更觉得它宝贵。 Of all things in the world, I think, the present is the most precious and also the most apt to slip through our fingers. We, therefore, treasure it all the more because of its transience.

为甚么“今”最易丧失呢？最好借哲人耶曼孙所说的话回答这个问题：“ 尔若爱千古，尔当爱现在。昨日不能唤回来，明天还不确实，尔能确有把握的就是今日。今日一天，当明日两天。”

Why is the present so precious Why is the present so precious? The following quotation from the philosopher Emerson best serves for an answer: “ Make use of time if you love eternity; yesterday can no be recalled; tomorrow can not be assured; only today is yours. One today is worth two tomorrows.”

翻译练习 中国人民银行明年将变得更加独立，并更具有实力，其主要任务将是控制货币投放，确保货币稳定。国家还将建立一些新的银行，提供政策性贷款，即满足政府政策性要求的贷款，而不是仅仅获得利润。现有的专业银行将改建成商业银行。在金融和税制方面，重点放在中央和地方，政府和企业之间的收入在分配上。