Unit Two Word Choice

Diction I. Brief introduction 一、Levels of Words Formal, Common, Colloquial （正式的、一般的、口语的） Slang words (俚语）Dialectal words (方言） Tip for writing: Formal words are often used in academic writing.

Informal Adj: a lot, many Formal Adj: several, various, numerous Informal Adj: not much Formal Adj: little Informal Adj: very Formal Adj: highly, extremely, rather Informal Verb: happen get Formal Verb: occur receive/obtain

二、The meaning of Words Denotative (原义） Connotative（涵义） Tips: No taking the Chinese equivalent of English words as its exact meaning, or understanding the meaning of an English word from its Chinese equivalent.（不应当把一个英语词的中文译法看作它的确切意思，或者通过中文译法来了解英语词汇。)

Eg. Send 送 He came to send me the letter. (He brought me the letter.) I sent my wife to the station yesterday. (I went to the station with my wife to see her off.)

三、General and Specific Words Tips: Both of them are useful. But specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. A good man: kind, honest, just, generous, brave, warm-hearted Good food: tasty, delicious, nourishing,fresh Laugh: smile, grin,(露齿笑) beam, (咯咯笑) chuckle, giggle,(傻笑) titter,(窃笑) snigger, guffaw, 狂笑

II. Choice of words 一、Using correct words ACT: Accidence Collocation Tense

固 定 词 组 动词词组 1）常跟动名词的动词 abandon (放弃)、deny(否认)、escape (逃避)、 evade (逃避)、feel like (喜欢)、mind (介意)、 regret (后悔)、resume (重新)、stop (停止)、 detest (反对)、 finish (完成)、 resist (反对)、 risk (冒险)、 suggest (建议)、delay (延迟)、 miss (错过)、 anticipate (期望)、admit (承认)、 to spend time doing (花时间干某事)、 can’t help doing (禁不住干某事)、 It’s no use doing (干某事无济于事)、 固 定 词 组

只能接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词 建议抵制享受——(suggest， advise； resist； enjoy) 考虑承认冒险——(consider； admit； risk) 避免推迟实践——(avoid； delay； practise) 期待成功完成——(look forward to； succeed in； finish)

固 定 词 组 2）跟介词on和for的动词搭配及词组 pride oneself on doing 以干某事为荣 congratulate sb on doing 祝贺某人干某事 make a start on doing 开始着手干某事 admire sb for doing 羡慕某人干某事 apologize for doing 对干某事表示歉意 criticize sb for doing 批评某人干某事 forgive sb for doing 原谅某人干某事 固 定 词 组

固 定 词 组 have a gift for doing 有干某事的天赋 blame sb for doing 责备某人干某事 find an excuse for doing 为干某事找借口 have a talent for doing 有干某事的才能 have a reason for doing 有干某事的理由 punish sb for doing 因某事惩罚某人 reward sb for doing 因某事奖励某人 固 定 词 组

固 定 词 组 3）From 词组 benefit from doing 受益于干某事 dissuade sb from doing 阻拦某人干某事 discourage sb from doing劝阻某人干某事 get pleasure from doing 从干某事中得到乐趣 prohibit sb from doing 禁止某人干某事 prevent sb from doing 防止某人干某事 protect sb from doing 保护某人以免、、 固 定 词 组

固 定 词 组 4)Of 词组 approve of doing 同意干某事 boast of doing 吹嘘干某事 complain of doing 抱怨干某事 deprive sb of doing 剥夺某人干某事的权力 despair of doing 对干某事绝望 dream of doing 梦想干某事 固 定 词 组

固 定 词 组 find a means of doing 找到干某事的方法 have no intention of doing 没有干某事的意图 suspect sb of doing 怀疑某人干某事 have the likelihood of doing 有干某事的可能 run the risk of doing 冒、、的危险 have the responsibility of doing 有责任干某事 固 定 词 组

固 定 词 组 5)with 词组 agree with doing 同意干某事 content oneself with doing 满意干某事 credit sb. with doing 承认某人干某事有功 reproach sb. with doing 指责某人干某事 threaten sb. with doing 以干某事威胁某人 put up with doing 容忍干某事 固 定 词 组

固 定 词 组 6）in, at 词组 believe in doing 相信干某事 make progress in doing在干某事方面取得进展 preserve in doing 坚持干某事 succeed in doing 成功地干某事 take delight in doing 高兴干某事 take the initiative in doing主动干某事 固 定 词 组

arrange attempt deserve fail happen promise refuse manage pretend 7）跟动词不定式的 arrange attempt deserve fail happen promise refuse manage pretend make up one’s mind to do take pains to do 辛苦地去干某事 固 定 词 组

不定式作宾语口诀 同意提出做计划， 要求答应来帮忙。 准备决定遭拒绝， 敢于选择有希望。 不能做到莫假装， 设法做成决心坚

二、Using accurate words 思想表达和选词的高度吻合 以漂亮为例： “穿得漂亮、长得漂亮、干得漂亮、说得漂亮、漂亮的言辞、漂亮的女孩、漂亮的女人、漂亮的小伙子和漂亮的衣着” pretty, handsome, beautiful, charming, elegant, decent, well done, to the nines (完美地）

准确用词关系到表达的正确和地道，一般而言 涉及四个“C”： 第一个“C”为connotation(内涵)，它比meaning(意义)更为深入。 第二个“C”为collocation(搭配)。 第三个“C”为context(上下文)。 生意兴隆通四海，财源茂盛达三江 Far and wide trade booms；here and there money comes. (Informal) Home and abroad business thrives；hither and thither profit arrives. (Formal) 第四个“C”为culture(文化) 。

一般来说，要把握选词的准确性, 可以从下面三方面入手。 一、 Read extensively 二、pay attention to the synonym 三、master the difference between E and C.

1、学会用词正确。即符合语法规范 2、学会用词准确。即准确表达思想 3、注意用词的交际效果。 4、注意用词的艺术性。 用词注意四事项：( CACA) 1、学会用词正确。即符合语法规范 2、学会用词准确。即准确表达思想 3、注意用词的交际效果。 4、注意用词的艺术性。

III.英语写作中常见错误及分析 专业四级写作中，所谓重大语言错误，通常是 指语法和词汇错误，我们可以把学生易犯的语 言错误归纳为词汇问题、语法错误、中文式英 语 一、词汇问题 同一汉语意思的动词、名词和形容词混用。 Eg.a. 如果你努力学习，你一定会成功。 If you work hard, you will be sure to succeed. b. 他是一位成功的商人。 He is a successful businessman.

也有俚语、方言；有美国英语，也有英国英语。 他们对同义词或近义词的细微区别不太了 解，英语词与近义汉字区别不清。 (2) 用词不确切 学生所接触的词汇主要来自精读和泛读，他们 所掌握的词汇有口语、一般用语、正式用语 也有俚语、方言；有美国英语，也有英国英语。 他们对同义词或近义词的细微区别不太了 解，英语词与近义汉字区别不清。 Eg. 1)她轻轻抚摸了一下他的脸. 学生译成“She slapped him on the face.”

2)她由于不小心掉到河里了。 学生将其译成“She fell into the river with the mistake of foot.”将“由于不小心” 译成“由于脚的错误”。应将其改为“because of carelessness”更好。 可见写文章时，必须认真斟酌词句，不能用汉语 式的英语往上搬。平时应注意同义词的学习，吃 不准时，应多查词典。

二、语法错误 语法错误的类型有：名词单复数变化错误；时态不一致 谓语或句型出错，句子不完整；介词、冠词遗漏等。 1)时态、人称和数用错 Eg. I study English about seven years. (wrong) I have studied English for seven years. (right) 2) be 动词遗漏 在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语 中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来承担谓语，如：“我累 了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语，而用形容词，但英语形 容词不能作谓语，一定要写成 : I'm tired. Eg. I studying E at home. (X)

Eg. I believe success in future. (wrong) (3) 句子不完整 因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象 Eg. I believe success in future. (wrong) I believe I will make success in the future. (4) 介词、冠词遗漏 I try to make (a) plan to improve my E. 三、表达方式错误 懂得了语法，掌握了语义，写起文章来还有表达方式对不对、好 不好的问题，在这方面，汉语同样会干扰英语。 Eg. My English base is still very poor. I’m poor at English. / My English is poor

IV、The requirements about words in TEM4 1、Accurate 2、Comprehensible Use correct words Avoid using strange words Avoid using slang words 3、Vivid The flexible use of acceptation(词义） The flexible use of word class（词性）

Some useful synonyms 1. 解决： Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle 2. 损害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize 3. 给与： Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford 4. 培养：： Develop, cultivate, foster 5. 优势： Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength

6. 缺陷： Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness 7. 使迷惑： Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle 8. 重要的： Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative 9. 认为： Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced 10. 保护： Protect, conserve, preserve

11.确保： Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge 12.有害的： Bad, baneful, evil, harmful, detrimental, hazardous 13.要求 ： Request, demand, needs, requisition 14.消除 ： Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away 15.导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate

16.宣称： Allege, assert, declare, claim 17.发生： Happen, occur, take place 18.原因： Reason, factor, cause 19.发展： Development, advance, progress 20.有益的： Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous 21.影响： Influence, impact, effect

22.明显的： Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear 23.占： Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, compose 24.与…相比： Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to 25.对比而言： By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary，conversely 26.展示： Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe

27.大约： Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly 28事实上： Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that 29.换言之： Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle

Homework Note-writing: Directions: You have a ticket to the Russian National Ballet Troupe, which is visiting and you want to give it to your friend Alice. Write a note to her and say: 　　1) the time of the show, 　　2) the place where you will wait for her 　　You should write about 60 words. Some people like a big family, but others prefer a nuclear family, which one do you like best?

Comments on the assignment 1. Note-writing—Invitation Key words: invite Body: 1）所邀之事 2）邀约行为 We would be very grateful if you could…… 3）约会可能的方式（时间、地点）及协商 Is it possible for us to meet at the office to discuss the new plan? 4）概括介绍活动内容和安排 5）再次表诚意

Let’s go to the coffee bar near the school gate to have a chat Shall we meet at the office tomorrow afternoon to talk about the teaching material? （ 同事之间比较有礼貌的邀约） President Zhang, if you have no other appointments tomorrow afternoon, shall we have a talk over the students’ dining condition? Time and place are up to you. （学生和教师之间）

邀请便条的开头常用句式和套话 I am writing to invite you to … I wonder if you could come … 邀请便条的结尾常用句式和套话 My family and I would feel honored if you could come. We would be looking forward to your participation in the party. I really hope you can make it.

Acceptance 1) 感谢 2）确切表示会赴邀 March 9th,2009 Dear Mr. Bear, Please accept our hearty thanks for your kind invitation to your home dinner on Monday. Thank you for including us among the limited number of your guests. You may be sure we will join you on that day and we are looking forward to the pleasure of being with you. Yours sincerely, Tom

Decline 1)收到邀请 2)表示感谢 3) 不能赴邀的原因 4）表示遗憾和良好祝愿 Dear Mr. Bear, We are very appreciative of your so warmly including us among your selected guests for Monday. Most unfortunately, however, we shall be unable to avail ourselves of your kind invitation on account of a previous engagement for the same day. With best wishes for a very jolly home dinner.

Sample March 9th,2009 Dear Alice, 　　Here is a piece of good news for you. The Russian National Ballet Troupe will give a performance in the Beijing Grand Theater tomorrow evening. I am sure that you will be happy to watch it and I leave you an admission card. The performance will begin at seven o’clock sharp. I will wait for you at the theater entrance. Please let me know whether you are prevented from coming or not. 　 　 Yours, Tom

2.比较选择类 题型A: Compare the merits and demerits of A and B, and show author’s attitude Introduction:引出要比较的A和B的上义词C，说明A和B是C的重要选择，并表明倾向 Body Para:总起句子 My reasons for the preference for A lie in the following aspects. A 的优点1+扩展＋转折＋B相应的缺点1 A 的优点2+扩展＋转折＋B相应的缺点2

题型B: Compare the difference between A and B 题型C: merits and demerits of A

It is a tendency that families now are becoming increasingly smaller It is a tendency that families now are becoming increasingly smaller. A big family with sisters and brothers living together is very rare. However, of the two kinds of families, big family and nuclear family, I prefer a big one. The first reason for my preference for a big family is that we are more likely to feel warm and happy. ….But in a nuclear family, we tend to feel lonely….

The second factor why I want to live in a big family is that such a family can offer us good opportunities to cultivate various abilities, such as cooperation…. But….. From what I have discussed above, if I had the chance, I would choose a big family to live in.