第四章:句子翻译技巧(上) 教学目的:要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧,从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。 教学内容: 1. 增译法 省译法 词类转换 正说反译、反说正译法 翻译练习 分清主从 把握结构 2. 遣词用字 恰如其分 3. 直译意译 抓住要点 4. 适当增添 清楚明了 5. 词语省略 言简意赅 6. 转换变通 自然流畅 7. 结构调整 顺理成章 8. 语态转换 约定俗成 9. 正反交替 相得益彰 10. 定语从句 合分替换 11. 其他从句 灵活处理 12. 长句翻译 分切拆组
Omission (省译法) Opposite to the principle of amplification, omission is however not contradictory to it. On contrary, omission supplementary to amplification, omits what is considered necessary and indispensable in English may be deemed useless, or wordy. This principal makes the version brief, concise and clear. For example, 1). A book is useful. 书(是)有用(的)。 2). The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 3). On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上课。
1. 省略代词 英语中通常每句都有主语。但根据汉语习惯,但前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时,后句主语一般省掉。如: 1).He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴,看上去一副可怜相。 2). We live and learn. 活到老,学到老。
4). If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸进尺。 3). Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus. 新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。 4). If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸进尺。 5). I have received your letter and read it with delight. 我收到了你的信,愉快地读了。 6)有条件要上;没有条件,创造条件也要上。 When conditions exist, go ahead; when they don’t, create them and go ahead. 例2、3英语句子的主语都是泛指的,在译成汉语时,多省掉。又如: “You can never tell.”译为:“很难说”。
7). I wash my face in the morning. 解说:例4、5、6汉译时常把英语中作宾语的代词省掉。尤其是例4,省略了做主语的代词,宾语的代词,连句中的连词 “if” 也省略了,但思想内容却丝毫未变,可谓形神皆备。而下面的例子(7、8)却恰当地省略了物主代词。 思考:it 的两种特殊用法——非人称用和强调用。汉译时往往省略或不译 7). I wash my face in the morning. 我早上洗脸。 联想:Don’t put your hands in your pockets. 8). He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩,摇摇头,两眼看天,一句话不说。
2. 省略连词 我们在讨论增译法时,提到“汉语语言精炼,并列连词较少使用,其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的,由词语顺序来表示。但译为英语时,需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言,汉语是意合语言的命题。”相反,把英语译成汉语时,很多情况则需省略连词。如: 1). He looked gloomy and troubled. (表并列) 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 2). As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater. (表原因) 温度升高,水的体积就增大。
(我们)看见了河里大石头,就知道寒假要来了。 3). We knew winter vocation was coming as (because) we had seen the big stone in the River. (表原因) (我们)看见了河里大石头,就知道寒假要来了。 4). If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (表条件) 冬天来了,春天还会远吗? 5). When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. (表时间) 东方不亮西方亮,黑了南方有北方。 2). The door was opened, and he came in. 门开了,他走了进来。 3). He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army. 他在大学念过两年书,后来就去参军去了。 If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. 明天下雨我就呆在家里不出去。 9). When at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon sorrowfully. 最后他站到了 悬崖上,转过身来,忧郁地看着他的妹妹。 10). John rose gloomily as the rain stopped for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 火车停了,约翰郁郁地站了起来,因为他想起了病中的母亲。
3. 省略前置词(介词) 一般说来, 表示时间和地点的英语前置词,译成汉语如出现在句首,大都可以省略,出现在句尾时大都不省。如: 1). The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。 比较:中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。
2). In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 一九五六年七月,埃及占领了苏伊士运河。 比较:埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。 3). And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from the university. 一九九九年七月一日,我大学毕业了。 4). Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟。 5). Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. 该国各地目前怨声载道。 6). Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes. 大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。
4. 省略冠词 英语有冠词,汉语没有冠词;因此,英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反,汉译英时,多要增加冠词,也就是增译法中的增加冠词。如: 1). A book is useful. (是)有用(的)。 2). The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 (省略表示独一无二的事物的定冠词 the)又如:The moon was slowly rising above the sea.)
3). A teacher should have patience in his work. 4). The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend. 站在窗口的(那个)女孩是他女朋友。 此句中girl后有定语,汉译时定冠词The 可省也可保留。) 5). Milk is sold by the pound. 牛奶按磅计价。(牛奶是论磅卖的。)
当然,有些场合,冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词a 或an 表示数量“一”时,定冠词the 表示“这”或“那”时,均不能省略。 6). He left without a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 7). The children are of an age. 这些孩子都是同岁的。
We can not see sound waves as they travel through air. The dog is stretching itself. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast. I can do it, and so can you. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. Where there is a will, there is a way. A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue. 他们开始研究敌情,分析敌情。 礼拜天我们不上学。 孩子就是孩子。
声波通过空气传播, 是看不见的。(省人称代词) 这条狗在伸懒腰。(省反身代词) 寒冷阴沉的一天,乌云密布。(省略非人称代词 it) 我能做, 你也能做。(省略并列连词) 仓库重地,严禁吸烟。(省略介词) 有志者事竟成。(省从属连词) 聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。(省关系代词) They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies. (增加并列连词,省掉重复名词) On Sundays we have no school.(增加介词) A boy is always a boy. (增加冠词)