TEM 8 专八考试真题例解 FLD HSU

TEM8 汉译英考题标准 衡量汉译英考题优劣的标准，应该看该语篇是否在翻译实践中能较集中地反映汉英语言包括语义、句法、语用、修辞等在内的各个层面的差异。 2002 1996 2004 2003

1996 — 原文 在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会，冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往在开口之前先必恭必敬的用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好象是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往的时候，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。

1996 — 理解 理解正确 理解不透彻 理解错误 寒暄 12 人(18%) 52人(77%) 4人(5%) 海阔天空 15人(22%) 48人(71%) 5人(7%) 二话不说 23人(35%) 43人(63%) 2人(2%) “寒暄”是指见面时谈论些天气冷暖之类的客套话(exchange of conversational greetings)，不解释为“交往中的客套话” ，但是大约77%的学生将其理解为“(交往中的)客套话”。“海阔天空”是比喻说话漫无边际(unrestrained and far-ranging)，大约71%的学生理解为“谈了许多话”。“二话不说”是指没有说别的话，一些学生理解为“一句话也没说”。

1996 — 理解 考生译例： [1] 双方见面寒暄几句……也就各自走开。 They will leave after exchanges of some polite expressions of formulas. [2] 甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。 They will leave even after a lot of talking. [3] 二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。 It seems unnatural to offer visiting cards without a word.

1996 — 理解 [4] 他们往往开口之前先必恭必敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方。 They usually present their name cards respectfully with both hands before opening their mouths. [5] 只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。 Only when they are speculative in their conversation and hope to keep in touch later on will they give name cards. [6] 二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。 It seems to be reluctant to offer name cards before the conversation.

1996 — 理解 词义须结合上下文才能确定。根据上下文： “开口之前”：before the conversation “投机” 可用agreeable等英语表达。 在“勉强”的理解上，上下文语境因素显得格外重要。《当代汉英词典》(P. 1349)中只提供了“勉强”作动词译法，找不到有关的参考。据《新华字典》(P. 298)，“勉强”义项2：“刚刚地够，不充足”，但又不能简单地按该义项译。少数学生译文中使用unnatural, improper等，可以说较好地表达了“勉强”在上下文中的意思。 可见，词典有时也不能提供某些词语在上下文中确切的意思。

1996 — 表达(“数”之误) 英语中“亚洲人”复数形式按常规加-s，而“法国人”复数形式不按常规加-s，这就导致了“亚洲人”和“法国人”的译法错误百出，出现了Asianman, Asianmen, Frenches, Frenchs等译法。 “礼节”一词，百分之九十以上的译文中用了an etiquette。

1996 — 表达(句法) “……冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。”大多数译文的结构是“… are good opportunities …”，比如： [10] In Paris, various cocktail parties and buffet meals are good opportunities to make a lot of friends. 究其原因，是由于翻译亦步亦趋，完全按照汉语结构“……是……好机会”。其实，英语的表达方式是“… give sb. an opportunity of (to) …”。 “只有当双方……才会主动掏出名片。”大多数译文以only开头，却没有按英语惯用法倒装。比如： [12] Only when they find each other agreeable and hope to further the relationship they will offer name cards.

1996 — 文化因素 在一种文化里头有一些不言而喻的东西，在另一种文化里头却要费很大力气加以解释(王佐良)。 以“冷餐会”为例，在英语国家里是很普通的社交场合，但对一般中国人来说却显得陌生。因此，把“冷餐会”译作buffet meal (lunch, party, reception)的寥寥无几。大多数学生拐弯抹角，用解释的方法译，比如： [14] 冷餐会： get-togethers at which hosts offer their guests cold food。 还有不少学生将“冷餐会”译成了barbecue (吃烤肉的野外宴会)，近年来“烧烤”在国内兴起，学生由此产生了似是而非的联系。

1996 — 文化因素 再看“名片”的译法。英语中“名片”的表达方法很多，比如card或name card; business card指“业务名片”；visiting-card指“(拜客)名片”，在美国英语中calling-card。遗憾的是，有不少学生把“名片”译成ID card，真令人啼笑皆非。 原因何在？还是与文化因素有关。近年来久违了的“名片”在国内一哄而起，结果名片满天飞，头衔越定越多、越写越大，对其功能却不甚明了。其实，汉语原文作者也是有感而发，原因是：“近读报纸，对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多。”(参见原文前一段)

1996 — 参考译文 In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet dinners in honor of this or that provide an excellent opportunity to make a lot of friends. When strangers meet on such occasions, an Asian tends to present his name card respectfully with both hands before the conversation, which seems to be required by etiquette. However, the French usually are not so ready with such a formality that they will excuse themselves after exchanges of a few words of greetings or even after a rambling chat about everything under the sun. They will offer cards only when they find each other agreeable and hope to further the relation-ship. And it seems somewhat unnatural for them to do so before getting into conversation.

2002 — 原文 大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其是在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌； 往日的田园依旧是今日温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说， 风俗也就衍传了下来。

2002 — 语义对比与翻译 酿酒和饮酒 酒：alcohol, wine, liquor, spirits, beer, whisky … 学生译文的搭配: brew wine and drink alcohol, brew spirits and drink wine, brew wine and drink beer 正确处理的方法一般有两种： (1) 使用及物动词，但统一宾语，比如：brew and drink wine; (2) 使用不及物动词：brew and drink。

2002 — 语义对比与翻译 喂牛和挤奶 牛：cattle (牛) [总称]，bull (公牛)，cow (母牛)，calf (牛犊)，ox (牛) [统称]或(公牛，阉牛)，bullock (阉牛)，buffalo (水牛)…… 学生译文的搭配: feed bulls and milk cows (喂公牛和挤母牛的奶)，feed bulls for milk (喂公牛挤奶) 正确处理： (1) 使用及物动词：feed cattle and milk cows, feed cows and milk them, feed and milk cows, feed cows for milk; (2) 使用不及物动词译“挤奶”：feed cattle and milk, feed cows and milk。

2002 — 语义对比与翻译 拉琴、跳舞和唱歌 温馨的家园 琴：可能是violin (小提琴), accordion (手风琴)等，但有译作piano (钢琴)，organ (风琴)等的。play violin, play accordion 温馨的家园 温馨：有许多考生译成warm and fragrant (home)的，其实，在这个搭配中使用fragrant不妥，应改为warm and comfortable, 或者用warm一词即可。使用cozy也可以，cozy包括了comfortable and warm。其实英语中有一个词能表达“温馨的家园”，那就是hearth。

锄草和栽花 2002 — 语义对比与翻译 同义反复(tautology) 草：杂草，野草 (weed) 锄草：(1)按字面直译：eradicate (remove, uproot, hoe up …) weeds; (2)意译：hoe the garden, weed the garden, weed …, 其中使用 “weed”显得尤其简洁生动，不失为利用了英语的特色。 同义反复(tautology) 所以人们……全都一致并深深地信赖着 People all unanimously …, All the people unanimously …, Everybody unanimously …

2002 — 语义对比与翻译 “锄草和栽花”译为weed and garden似乎很简洁，实际上是“同义反复”。 If you are gardening, you are doing work in your garden such as weeding or planting. [COBUILD (P.598) ]处理方法：(1)只用动词garden，在语义和语用上便包括了“锄草和栽花”；(2)为与邻近的结构取得平等效果，可选择weed (the garden) and plant flowers, weed (the garden) to plant flowers等。 “去教堂祈祷和做礼拜”，译文… go to church to pray and worship是同义反复，处理方法：(1) go to church; (2) go to the church to pray and worship; (3) pray and worship in the church。

2002 — 骈偶 vs Parallelism 无论贫富，一律平等……全都一致……种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷(和做礼拜)，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园……今日的(温馨)家园。 无论贫富 a. People, poor or rich …b. People, the poor or the rich …

种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花 2002 — 骈偶 vs Parallelism 种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花 种植……和栽花 They grow crops and grapevines, brew and drink wine, feed and milk cows, and weed and plant the gardens. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine for drink, feed cows for milk, and weed the gardens for flowers. They plant crops and grapevines, do the garden-ing, brew wine for drink, and feed cows for milk.

2002 — 骈偶 vs Parallelism 在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌  a1 + a2或b1+b2两种方法： 汉语骈偶结构 英语Parallelism 在周末去教堂…… a1 go to the church … at weekends b1 … in the church at weekends 在节日到广场…… a2 go to the square … on holidays b2 … in the square on holidays

2002 — 其它 主语：由于汉语原文“种植……唱歌”在形式上全都无主语，学生译文中出现了许多直接用动词不加主语的现象：Plant crops and grapevines, brew … 语序：在周末去教堂(时间+地点)— in the church at weekends (地点+时间)；在节日到广场(时间+地点)— in the square on holidays (地点+时间)。 冠词：大自然nature (不是the nature)；不变的方式in the same way (不是in a same way)；去教堂做礼拜go to church (不是go to the church)；拉琴play the violin (不是play violin)。

2002 — 其它 数：“人”：单数a human being (不是human being)，复数human beings，而不译译成every people, all person；“牛”(总称)：cattle (不是cattles)；“奶”：milk (不是milks)；“传说”：folklore (不是folklores)。 错别字：“去教堂祈祷”有不少考生译为go to the church to prey (去教堂掠夺)。

2002 — 参考译文 The bounty of Nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, playing the violin, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go down.

2003 — 原文 得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。

2003 — 语用 自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄 原文中“哥姐”、“堂表弟兄”要传达的信息与性别、长幼、父方还是母方等语义成分关系不大，原文的意图是作者将“同辈亲属”的“喜气洋洋”与自己“郁郁不得志”之间的对比。原文的意图决定了译文的选择。因此，“哥姐”在这里译成brothers and sisters, “堂表弟兄”译成cousins反而在语用上更得体。

2003 — 语用 英汉语的比喻方法是不同的，学生译文中处理原文中的比喻失败的原因大多在于不顾语境，望文生义。比如，百花怒放：a hundred of flowers angrily (infuriately, violently) opened；宾客云集：The guests gathered like cloud. / The guests clouded over. 穿插其间：penetrate and insert in it；兜上心头：wrap up my heart。 就成语而言，有些可据字面意义翻译，有些只能译其比喻意义，这完全取决于汉语成语的字面形式和比喻形象能否为译文读者所接受。学生译文中在处理成语中比喻意义时频繁出现“不到位”或“错位”的现象，主因在于没有根据语境进行选择。

2003 — 语用 “横行霸道”在英语中有许多表达方法，比如：run amuck, like a tyrant, run wild, lord it over, play the bully, gangsterism, acting like an overlord …。可以看到，英语中表达“横行霸道”主要与以下喻体有关：lord, tyrant, gangster, bully。在众多的表达中选择有个“适宜性”的问题，根据上下文语境，(我)“在家中横行霸道”，可用play the bully at home，但用lord, tyrant, gangster等的比喻不合适。根据非语言性语境，汉语中与“横行霸道”有关的喻体有“小皇帝”、“蟹”等。由此联想，译文中便出现了little emperor, crab。其实，crab的“横行”是字面义，不是比喻义。I crabbed at home.

2003 — 语用 “大千世界”字面义在英语中虽无对应，其比喻义是可译的。然而学生却很少有译出其比喻义的。大部分译文为world或wonderful world，说明对“大千世界”的比喻义并不了解。根据语言性语境，“大千世界”的译文必须考虑与上文中“(我在山坡的)小屋(里)”的“小屋”对比关系(“大千” vs “小屋”)。遗憾的是，学生译文中几乎见不到这种对照。可见，根据语言性和非语言性语境，这个“大”与“小”不是可译不可译的问题，而是必须译出！

2003 — 语用 “打入冷宫”：根据(非)语言性语境，辨义。学生译文中主要有四种情况： (1) 用“拼音+注”的方法 (2) 译比喻义：分为不用比喻译和用比喻译。 loss of favour, out of favour, in disfavour, fall into disgrace等。 但学生多用比喻译，基本上都是按汉语思维方式进行选择，因此并不到位，比如：in the moon palace; just like a wife who had lost her husband’s love; drop to the bottom of the ice-hole; in a desert等。只有个别用了合适的英语比喻，比如：to be consigned to the back shelf。

2003 — 语用 (3) 根据源语(SL)比喻形式而译，即按字面译，如：cold palace。 (4) 根据目的语(TL)比喻形式而译，用limbo。 英语中limbo：a. [宗]地狱的边境(据说是基督降生前好人和未受洗儿童灵魂所去之地)。b. 监狱；拘禁。c. 丢弃废物的地方；忘却；遗弃。 比较第(3)和第(4)两种译法，其中第(3)种表达“冷宫”的文化内涵是不够的，但是在学生译文中占了绝大多数。第(4)种译法与“冷宫”在比喻义上是一致的，从理论上讲，是符合“功能对等”(functional equivalence)原则的。

2003 — 语用 许多学生用“掌上明珠”译“(受父母)宠爱”，因此就有两种译文：a pearl in my parents’ palm; the apple of my parents’ eye。 翻译成语中的比喻至少有两种方法：一种是根据源语(SL)比喻形式而译的，另一种是根据目的语(TL)比喻形式而译的。如果字面形式带有普遍性，可以按源语比喻形式而译，例如“掌上明珠”可按字面译。但倘若字面形式受文化限制(culture-bound)，例如“打入冷宫”，则需避免其字面形式，这正如“胸有成竹”的翻译：to have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth. 或to have a card up one’s sleeve。

2003 — 重复机制 汉语以包括语言重复和结构重复在内的重复机制构成了强大的网络弥补其形态手段的不足。汉语语言重复表现在词语组合和语篇衔接手段方面；结构重复表现在语句结构方面。 学生译文译文中在处理成语搭配和惯用搭配时往往会受汉语影响而出现“同义反复”现象。比如，横行霸道：overbearing and force others to my will；郁郁不得志：melancholically disappointed；喜气洋洋：joyful and jubilant；被人摈弃，为世所遗：being deserted by the people and being deserted by the world。

2003 — 重复机制 不同语言有不同的语篇衔接手段。汉语常原词复现和省略，而英语则多用照应和替代。汉语原文语篇中有两处重复，学生译文中处理这两处重复随意性很大，似乎没有任何根据。基本上有下面一些情况： [1] 园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴。 a. Flowers were in full bloom in the garden. My parents held a party in the garden. (重复) b. Flowers were in full bloom in the garden. My parents held a party there (in it). (替代) c. My parents held a party in the garden where flowers were in full bloom. (替代)

2003 — 重复机制 [2] 山坡上一幢小房子里……山坡的小屋里…… a. in a little house on the slope … in the little house on the slope (重复) b. in a little house on the slope … in the house (省略) 按照英汉对比常规，似乎两例的译文都不应该以重复处理。然而我们认为，例[1]与例[2]是有差别的。例[1]原文是语法性的重复，因此译文用替代。而例[2]原文是修辞性的重复，以体现原文重复的修辞效果，尤其是小屋的“小”与“大千世界”的“大”之间的强烈反差。

2003 — 重复机制 “结构重复”与语句结构形式有关。英汉平行结构(parallel structures)是不同的。四字结构是汉语平行结构的一种主要形式。原文中四字结构与语义关系如下：得病以前……一旦隔离(并列对比)；父母宠爱……横行霸道(从属)；百花怒放……园中设宴(从属)；大千世界……一片繁华(从属)；堂表弟兄……穿插其间……喜气洋洋(从属，并列)；被人摈弃，为世所遗(并列)。以上四字结构的使用通过结构重复，构成了一个强大的语义关系网，其最大的优越性是“互文见义”。

2003 — 重复机制 值得注意的是，英语平行结构各单位之间的语义关系是并列的，而汉语平行结构各单位之间的语义关系可能是并列的，也可能是从属的。因此在汉译英时，往往需要把汉语平行结构之间的意合关系转换成英语的形合关系。也就是说，需要把隐性的并列或从属关系转换成显性的。不了解这个原则，译文就会出现衔接与连贯上的问题。反映在学生的译文中，主要问题是：(1)多以并列关系对待，句式单调，缺少连贯。(2)多用并列关系词，比如and等，缺少从属关系词。总之，译文失去了充分利用英语形合手段的特点。

2003 — 动静 汉译英的过程往往是动态与静态转换的过程。试比较下列的汉语原文与英语译文。 [1] 我受父母宠爱： a spoiled child of my parents [2] 横行霸道： a bully, a tyrant, tyrannical, domineer-ing, overbearing [3] 隔离： be isolated, in isolation [4] 拘禁在小房子里： be confined to the little house [5] 打入冷宫： to be in disfavour [6] 郁郁不得志起来： felt frustrated [7] 百花怒放： the flowers were in full bloom [8] 穿插其间： be among them

2003 — 动静 [9] 一阵被人摈弃，为世所遗的悲愤： a forlorn feel- ing of grief and indignation 可见，英语使用n., adj. prep. 及to be, to feel等弱式动词，化动为静。不遵循这个原理的译文往往显得不符合英语表达习惯，甚至闹出笑话。如：打入冷宫：feel like being beaten into a cold palace；郁郁不得志起来：melancholically failed in realizing my aspiration；百花怒放：hundreds of flowers were infuriately opening；穿插其间：penetrate and insert among them；一阵被人摈弃，为世所遗的悲愤：a feeling of sorrow and anger that I had been deserted by people and forgotten by the world。

2003 — 参考译文 Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a little house on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavour and my wings clipped. One spring evening, myriads of flowers were in full bloom in the garden. My parents held a garden party in honour of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the little house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters, and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.

2004 — 原文 ①在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。②人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。③这一点颇像是在餐饮里用餐的经验。④开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。⑤吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。⑥愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。⑦于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。⑧这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。⑨第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以可能做“陌生化效应”吧。

2004 — 衔接手段(重复与替代) cohesive devices – Halliday & Hasan – Cohesion in English (1976) ：照应(reference); 替代(substitution); 省略(ellipsis); 连接(conjunction); 词汇衔接(lexical cohesion) 词汇衔接又分为两类：复现关系(reiteration)和同现关系(collocation)。复现关系指词汇手段的再现，包括：①原词复现；②同义词、近义词复现；③上下文词复现；④概括词复现。 汉语常用原词复现和省略，而英语则多用照应和替代。

②同义词、近义词复现；③上下文词复现；④概括词复现 2004 — 衔接手段(重复与替代) ②同义词、近义词复现；③上下文词复现；④概括词复现 潘文国认为：韩礼德讲的是英语的情况。从汉语的实际情况来看，我们觉得有必要进行重新分类：①是一类，②～④及韩礼德的reference, substitution合在一起是另一类。前一类我们叫做“重复”，后一类我们统称为“替代”。这一新的区分便于我们看出汉语和英语话语组织的又一重大区别，即汉语倾向于用重复手段，而英语倾向于用替代手段。汉语不喜欢使用同义替代的手段，因为会使精神分散；也不喜欢使用代词，因为容易变得所指不明。结果由于强调重复，反而变成了某种意义上的“形合”。 ①原词复现

2004 — 衔接手段(重复与替代) 句⑧：开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜…… … as you start eating you are in hunger, and when you are in hunger chaff tastes sweet as honey … (学生译文) 试比较英汉语表达方法： [1] 他在这时来了，而这时我根本想不到他会来。 (He came at a time when I least expected him.) [2] 那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分人待在家里。 (It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stay indoors.)

2004 — 衔接手段(重复与替代) 汉语复句中的两个子句意思是相对的，黑白的，英语可用替代词vice versa, the other way round. 试比较英汉语表达方法： [3] We gossip about them and vice versa. (they gossip about us). (我们谈论他们的是非，他们也谈论我们的是非。) [4] 为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。 (To promote the development of China U. S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.)

2004 — 衔接手段(重复与替代) 句⑧：……饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。 Even chaff tastes sweet as honey when one is hungry, whereas honey doesn’t taste sweet at all when one is full. (S2) For hungry ones ordinary food becomes a delicious one as if it is mixed with honey, however when they are full, even honey will not taste so sweet. (S3) The least tasteful food taste sweet when you’re hungry, while the sweetest honey tastes nothing special when you’re full. (S4) Husks will taste like honey when you are hungry, and vice versa. (参考译文)

2004 — 衔接手段(省略) 省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的一个常用手段。两者常常互相替代使用。有的语言学家把省略称为“零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英汉两种语文中的省略现象可大致分为名词性省略、动词性省略和小句性省略三种。 1) 动词性省略 [5] Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。 [6] 他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部服从全体，全党服从中央的民主集中制。(毛泽东) They forget the system of democratic centraism in which the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership to the Central Committee.

2004 — 衔接手段(省略) 句⑦：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。 Consequently, delight changes to anger; praise changes to blame; and nodding head changes to shaking head. (S3) Consequently, satisfaction is switched into anger, compliment into blame and fastidiousness, and nodding into shaking one’s head. (S2) Therefore, happiness turns into anger, praises into criticism, and head-nodding into head-shaking. (S1) Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises would to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. (参译)

④(你)开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。⑤(你)吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。⑥(你)愈吃愈趋于冷静，(你)吃完了这顿宴席，缺点以都找出来了。⑦于是(你)转喜为怒，(你)转赞美为责备挑剔，(你)转首肯为摇头。 2004 — 衔接手段(省略) 2) 名词性省略 以意合为主的汉语中最常见的省略是主语的省略，而谓语的省略则较少。试卷原文④~⑦句，都是无主句。 作为主语显著(subject prominent)的语言，英语句子一般不能省略主语。由于受原文汉语的影响，学生译文中缺少主语的现象比较严重，比如以下例。试比较： Starting to eat the first dish, impression is good. It’s also very delicious when eating the first two main dishes. Having finished it all the disadvantages are found out. Then turn from happy to angry, praise to blame, yes to no. (学生译文)

2004 — 衔接手段(省略) 范畴词(category words)用来表达行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特指手段。如： [7] We have winked at these irregularities too long. (我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。) [8] He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility. (据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。) [9] What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. (那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。) 试比较汉语原文与英语译文：人际关系问题inter-personal relation (problem)，用餐的经验dining (experience)，饥饿状态in (a state of) hunger，新鲜感freshness (feeling)。

2004 — 衔接手段(连接) 英汉语篇连接成分的不同之处归结起来主要有两个方面，即显性(explicit)与隐性(implicit)的差异以及断句方式不同所引起的差异。由于英汉语在衔接方面的差异，汉译英时通常会在译文中忽略连接词的使用。 句②：人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。 [1] Human beings are interesting. When it is the first time you meet a person, you only notice his or her merits. (学生译文) [2] People are interesting and get the first impression of his or her merits when they communicate. (S5)

2004 — 衔接手段(连接) [3] …, for when first meeting sb, they …. (S3) [4] Human beings are very interesting in that when they get into contact with someone what they first see is often his or her good points only. (S1) [5] Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. (参译) 据阅卷统计，学生以类似译文[1]和[2]为多。译文[1]分两个句子译，无连接手段，译文[2]使用连词and，但逻辑关系仍然是隐性的。相比之下，译文[3-5]把握了英汉语篇连接的差异，使原文中的隐性连接关系在译文中成为显性的。尤其是译文[4-5]用in that连接，表示：在于……这点上。

2004 — 衔接手段(连接) 句④：开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。⑤吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。 [1] When we begin with the first course or the appetizer, we are very positively impressed. When we continue with the first two main courses, we are also full of praises for the dishes. (S1) [2] We are very impressed by the first dish or cold dishes to begin with. We would also give endless compliments on the first two entrees. (S2) [4] You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. (参考译文)

2004 — 衔接手段(连接) 句⑥：愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。 [1] Yet the more we ate, the clearer we became. And after dinner we found out all the shortcomings. (S4) [4] Yet we become less and less enthusiastic as we continue to eat; and when the dinner is over, all the shortcomings have been found out. (S1) [5] However, the more you have, the more sober you become until dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. (参考译文) 译文[1-4]基本上都是分成两句译的。而译文[5]运用了英语的连接手段，使用until，一气呵成。

2004 — 策略方法 1995年，美国翻译理论家劳伦斯·韦努蒂在其The Translator’s Invisibility一书中提出两种翻译方法，将第一种方法称作“异化法”(foreignizing method)，将第二种方法称作“归化法”(domesticating method)。 [1] 至于才子佳人等书…… [译文1] As for books of the beauty-and-talented type … (杨戴 译) [译文2] And the “boudoir romances” … (D. H. 译) [2] 谋事在人，成事在天。 [译文1] Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (杨戴) [译文2] Man proposes, God disposes. (D. H.)

2004 — 策略方法 [3] 世人都晓神仙好。 [译文1] All men long to be immortals. (杨戴) [译文2] All men know that salvation should be won. (D. H.) 英汉语中有些身势语的表达是相同的，比如，shake one’s head；摇头(表示“不”，或怀疑、不赞同等)，nod:点头(表示同意)。因此，“首肯”和“摇头”有多种译法： 译法 首肯 摇头 直译 nodding shaking one’s head 意译 agreement approval positive view disagreement disapproval negative view

2004 — 策略方法 句⑦：转首肯为摇头。 直译：Nodding approval will give way to head-shaking. 意译：(1) Agreement will give way to disagreement. (2) Approval will give way to disapproval. (3) Positive views will give way to negative views. 然而，对英汉语中有些文化专有项(culture-specific items)的翻译可以采取不同的策略，比如，“举筷”、“吃糠”、“饿了吃糠甜加蜜”、“新盖的茅房三天香”。 [1] 吃糠 异化：to have chaff (bran, husks …) 归化：to have dishwater

2004 — 策略方法 [2] 饿了吃糠甜加蜜。 异化：In hunger one can taste honey in chaff. 归化：Hunger is the best sauce. [3] 举筷 异化：to take up the chopsticks to eat; to begin to eat with chopsticks 归化：to take up a knife and fork; to begin to eat with a knife and fork [4] 新盖的茅房三天香。 异化：A newly-built latrine smells sweet in the first 3 days. / Fresh air doesn’t last long in a new latrine. 归化：Familiarity breeds contempt.

2004 — 参考译文 We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations. Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. This is like dining in a restaurant. You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, you joy would give way to anger; your praises would to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. What accounts for all this is, in the first place, you are hungry when you start to eat. As the saying goes, “Hunger is the best sauce”, and vice versa. And in the second place, unfamiliarity, rather than familiarity, breeds freshness in you when you start to eat in a restaurant new to you, which is the so-called effect of unfamiliarization.

Translation is challenging but interesting! Thank You! Translation is challenging but interesting!