商务翻译实务 袁 洪 王济华 主 编 钱立武 赵继荣 副主编
第十一单元 商务信函翻译
商务信函翻译 本章概要 随着全球经济一体化进程的不断推进,国际商务活动日益频繁,经济贸易与合作的领域不断扩大,商务信函作为商家之间、厂家与客户之间联系业务、沟通商情、咨询答复的主要途径和工具受到越来越多的重视,商务信函是国际贸易与国际交往过程中必不可少的沟通与交流方式。得体、规范的商务信函能与外商建立并保持良好的业务关系,甚至能避免因纠纷而产生的种种不良后果。本单元首先介绍商务信函的格式,然后通过翻译实践让读者了解信函的文体特点,总结商务信函翻译的基本原则和注意事项。
商务信函翻译 本章重点 本章难点 商务信函中专业词汇和套语的翻译。 1. 商务信函的语言特点; 2. 商务信函的翻译技巧; 3. 商务翻译中的正反交替翻译技巧。 本章难点 商务信函中专业词汇和套语的翻译。
§ PART ONE 商务信函的分类、功能及其篇章结构 Task I 阅读以下商务信函并思考:写此信函的目的是什么?
Dear Mr. Li, Our order No.3979:50 Electric Drills As it is now more than two months since we opened a letter of credit in your favor, we should like to know exactly when you could arrange shipment of the goods. Your prompt response will be highly appreciated. Sincerely, Marco Fillmore
Task II 请讨论商务信函与一般信件的异同。 商务信函是涉外商务沟通过程中所使用的各种函件的总称,是“人们互相联系,彼此交往、交流思想、沟通信息、洽谈事务所使用的一种应用文。(黎运汉,2005:365)”虽然电话和网络通话方式已被广泛使用在商务领域,但商务信函包括电子邮件和传真作为一种有效的法律依据,而且不限时间、地点和篇幅,可充分陈述理由和分析问题,使双方能够更有效地进行沟通交流,因此至今仍然是商务交际中最主要的工具。商务信函具有一般书信的特点,同时又属于一般公务信函,它们涉及到商务、贸易过程中的各个环节如询盘、报盘、还盘等。从信函的文体正式程度来看,商务信函可以分为便函和正式函两大类。便函一般用于商务应酬中双方联络感情、促进贸易关系的信函,可以细分为商务活动中的感谢信、祝贺信、慰问信、邀请信等。正式函一般格式较严谨、篇幅较长、内容完整,用于处理具有实质内容的商业事务,可归纳为建立业务关系类、产品推销类、资信查询类、询盘类、发盘还盘类、订购类、支付类、索赔类、保险类等,贯穿进出口外贸业务的全过程。
Task III 请讨论中英文商务信函结构方面的异同。 英文商务信函和中文商务信函在格式上大致相同,只是日期的位置不同,英文信函放在信件开头,而中文信函日期放在信件结尾处。商务信函在篇章结构和行文风格上都有具体的要求。一封正式的商务信函一般由固定的组成部分按照顺序组成完整的篇章。下面我们以商务信函中最通用的格式——齐头式信函为例,这种格式的主要特征就是每行均从左边顶格写,信中各段落之间均空一行。
1. 信头(Letterhead) 信头就是指书信中发信人的地址和发信的日期等。通常情况下,公司都会专门印制带有信头的信笺纸,包括发信人的姓名、地址、电话、传真等。 2. 封内地址(Inside Address) 这里是指收信人的姓名和地址。收信人名称地址的格式和信头的格式相同,但必须把收信人的姓名一并写出。 3. 称呼(Salutation) 指对收信人的一种称呼。较常使用的有Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Mr. XX等。 4. 标题(Caption/Subject)或引证(Reference) 5. 正文(Body) 6. 结束语/函尾套语(Complimentary Close) 结束语是结束信函时的一种客套,应该与前面的称呼相呼应。例如:“Sincerely,”“Best regards,”或者“Yours truly,” 7. 发信人姓名,先签名再打印姓名(Signature & Printed Name) 8. 发信人职务(Position) 9. 结束记号(End Notation) 包括有:附件(Enclosure)、抄送(C.C.,即Carbon Copy)、附言(P.S.,即Postscript) 在上述英文信函组成部分中,信头(尤其是日期)、称呼、正文、结束语和签名是必备项,其它部分都是可选的,可以省略。
下面再来看一篇中文商务信函: ××公司: 贵方10月1日有关保险事宜的来函知悉,特函告如下: 一、综合险。在没有得到我们顾客明确指示的情况下,我们一般投保水渍险和偷窃提货不着险。如贵方愿投保综合险,我方可以稍高的保费代保此险。 二、破碎险。破碎险是一种特别保险,需收取额外保费。该险现行保险费率为2%,损失只赔超过5%的部分。 三、保险金额。我方注意到贵方欲为装运给贵方的货物按发票金额另加10%投保,我方当照此办理。 我方希望上述答复将满足贵方的要求,并等候贵方的答复。 此致 敬礼! ××公司 ×年×月×日
翻译商务信函时,应当保留原文的篇章结构,需要注意的是中文信函的署名即写信人签名,通常写在结尾后另起一行(或空一、二行)的偏右下方位置。以单位名义发出的商业信函,署名时可写单位名称或单位内具体部门名称,也可同时署写信人的姓名。为郑重起见,重要的商业信函也可加盖公章。
§ PART TWO 热身练习 Task I 请翻译以下外贸函电中常用的英语词汇。 1. standing orders 2. competitive price 3. deal on credit 4. packing list 5. ETA 6. ETD 7. cargo capacity 8. direct steamer 9. freight prepaid 10. B/L 长期订单 竞争价格 信用交易/赊账买卖 装箱单 估计到达时间(Estimated Time of Arrival) 估计离开时间(Estimated Time of Departure) 载货能力 直达船 运费已付 海运提单(Bill of Lading)
Task II 请翻译下列选自商务信函的句子,并指出这些句子的语言特点和翻译难点。 1. We have heard from China Council for the Promotion of International Trade that you are in the market for electric appliance. 译文:我们从中国贸易促进会得知贵方正在寻找电器产品的供应商。 2. Thank you for your letter of 1st September suggesting that we grant you a sole agency for our household linen. 译文:9月1日有关建议担任家用亚麻制品独家代理的来信收悉,谨致衷心谢意。 3. If you can accept $275, send us a proforma invoice and we will open a letter of credit for 1,000 sets. 译文:如能接受275美元的价格,请寄送形式发票,我方即开立1 000套产品的信用证。
4.现欲扩展业务范围,盼能惠赐商品目录和报价表。 译文:At present, we are interested in extending our range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations. 5.兹通知,标题所述货物已于昨日由“胜利”号货轮运出。 译文:We are pleased to advise you that the captioned goods were shipped yesterday per S.S. (Steamship) “Shengli”. 6.我们希望此批订货质量与以前供应的完全一样。 译文:We want the goods to be of exactly the same quality as that of those you previously supplied us.
§ PART THREE 商务信函翻译技巧 Task I 商务信函的词汇特点。 1. 对比以下几组句子,判断每组里哪一句更符合商务信函的用词规范,并说明原因。 第一组: 1)We are happy to tell you that your order No. 57 has been sent according to your instruction. 2)We are pleased to advice you that your order No. 57 has been dispatched in accordance with your instruction. 解析:句子2)更符合商务信函的用词规范。商务英语信函经常以意思相同或相近的书面词汇取代口语和非正式词汇,如以in accordance with 代替according to,以inform 或advice 代替tell,以dispatch 代替send,以otherwise代替or,以therefore代替so,以as for、in connection with、in respect to代替about等。
第二组: 1) We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% thinking of our long pleasant relations. 2) We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations. 解析:句子2)更符合规范。Thinking of 是比较口语化的表达。
第三组: 1)Enclosed please find the quotation sheet. All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof. 2)Enclosed please find the quotation sheet. All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side of this sheet. 解析:句子1)更符合规范。商务英语信函中还经常使用here、there和where加上after,by,under,to,with,from,in等组成复合副词,如hereafter,hereby,herewith,herefrom,thereafter,thereby,thereunder,thereto等古体词。虽然在口语中极少用到,但在外贸英语信函中会经常出现。1)句中的hereof等于of the quotation sheet。将这些古体词翻译成汉语时,也要对应使用一些正式词汇。一般要重复here或there代表的名词,如此句可译为:随函附上报价单,所有报盘和销售均应以本报价单背面所印条件为准.
2. 翻译以下商务贸易术语及缩略语。 sole agency 2) close price 3) offer 4) counter offer 5) acceptance 6) licensor 7) freight forwarder 8) commercial invoice 9) payment currency 10) payment in advance 11) point of delivery 12) CIF 独家代理 成交价 发盘 还盘 接受 许可方 货运代理 商业发票 支付货币 预付货款 交货点 成本、保险加运费价 (cost, insurance & freight)
成本加运费(cost and freight 离岸价(free on board) 付款交单(document against payment 承兑交单(document against acceptance) 毛重 (gross weight) 净重 (net weight) 销售确认书(sales confirmation) 信用证(letter of credit) 盈亏(profit and loss) 电汇 (telegraphic transfer) 13) CFR 14) FOB 15) D/P 16) D/A 17) G.W. 18) N.W. 19) S/C 20) L/C 21) P/L 22) T/T
3. 翻译以下句子,注意斜体词在句中的意思与其常用词义的区别。 1)Average is of two kinds: General Average and Particular Average. 译文:海损有两种:一种是共同海损,另一种是单独海损。 2)Chinese silk is very popular in Europe. We would like to work with you to market it in the US and South America. 译文:中国丝绸在欧洲深受欢迎。我们愿同你方合作在美国及南美销售。
3)We shall write and ask for their ceiling for the advertising project and then we can budget accordingly. 译文:我们将发函询问他们广告项目的最高费用,然后相应做出预算。 4)We wonder whether you are satisfied with our quotations. 译文:我们想知道贵方对我方报价是否满意。
4. 判断下列句子翻译的正误,正确的在括号内画“√”,错误的画“×”并将其改正。 1)原文:Your claim should be supported by sufficient evidence. 译文:你方索赔须有充分的证据。( ) 2)原文:We shall take out insurance at this end under our Open Policy. 译文:我们将在开放政策下在此办理保险。( ) 3)原文:卖方须于9月10日前(不含9月10日)将货物交给买方。 译文:The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by September 10. ( ) 4)原文:该产品在本地的销售看好,我方出价可达每吨150美元或以上。( ) 译文:The market here for this product is active, and the best price we can offer is over US $150 per ton.
解析: 1)翻译正确。“claim”在此为“索赔”之意,而非“声称、断言”。 2)翻译错误。“Open Policy”在商务英语中是“预约保单”之意,而不能根据字面意思将其译成“开放政策”。 3)翻译不够准确,原句的意思是交货日期不包括9月10日,而翻译中用了by,则将时间扩大到包括9月10日。因此,把by改成before将更准确地表达原句的意思。 4) 翻译不够准确, “over US $150”并没有包括150美元,因此,应改为:The market here for this product is active, and the best price we can offer is US $150 or over per ton.
Task II 翻译以下几组商务信函句子,讨论每一组的句式特点。 第一组: 1. We have been doing business with you for many years and hope that you will quote us your rock-bottom price against our enquiries; otherwise we’ll have no choice but to place our order elsewhere. 2. To meet this important client’s request for moving up the time of delivery, a special arrangement has been made and we are now pleased to inform you that the full quantity of your order will be shipped in the beginning of May. 3. 在我方同各国商人的贸易中,一贯坚持平等互利的原则,希望通过双方努力,促进对彼此互利的业务和友谊。
解析: 第一组:商务信函属于正式文体,主要为书面语,常用复杂句。状语从句、分词短语插入语、同位语、独立主格结构在商务信函中也频繁使用。由于商务信函里常要表示某些条款相互成立、互为条件,或对一连串具有因果关系的事件进行叙述,比起短句,长句能更准确地表达这种多层次的复杂逻辑关系。对于这种复杂冗长的句子,只要对原文进行仔细分析并灵活应用各种翻译技巧进行翻译,就能恰当地翻译原文,准确传递原文含义。具体分析如下: 1. 此句虽然较长,但是思路清晰、结构严谨。此句可译为:我们和你们已有多年的业务关系,希望对我们的询价报最低价。否则,我们就不得不向他处订货了。 2. 此句是由and连接的两个分句,前一个分句有一个目的状语,后一个分句是一个从句,翻译时可以把结构打散,再重新组合。可译为:为了满足这位重要客户提前交货的要求,我们已作特殊安排。现通知贵方,全部货物将于5月初交运。 3. In our trade with merchants of various countries, we always adhere to the principle of equality and mutual benefit; therefore, it is our hope to promote, by joint efforts, both trade and friendship to our mutual advantage. 译文使用了长句,同时使用了介词短语(如In our trade with merchants of various countries)、插入语(如by joint efforts)从而使译文更符合英文商务信函的句式规范。
第二组: 4. Please be informed that, on account of the fluctuations of foreign exchanges the quotation is subject to change without previous notice. 5. We should be grateful if you would give us further details of Chinese leather shoes. 6. 现随函寄上商品小册子和价格表各一份,以便贵公司能对我们出口棉布的情况有一个大概的了解。 7. 兹确认我方今天发出电报装运通知,并通知贵方,本公司已装运贵方订购的5 000吨铁屑,经由太平洋号货轮于5月20日载离此处。
解析: 第二组: 公文写作的结构相对固定,因此有些表达方式在使用中逐渐形成固定的套语。中文和英文商务信函中都有其固定的句式,因而在翻译实践中要注意将其翻译成对应的套语。例如: ● 商务信函首段首句常见套语有:Thank you for your letter of…; We are in receipt of your letter of...等。翻译时可套用中文信函,直接译成“X月X日来函收悉,不胜感谢,兹复函如下”。 ● 表示通知对方时常用:We are pleased to inform you ... ,对应中文译成“特此奉告……”。 ● 随函附上某物时常用英语表达有Enclosed please find/We are enclosing…等,译成符合汉语习惯的“随函附上……”。 ● 请求对方做某事的汉语句式为“请……将不胜感激”,商务信函常用:We would appreciate; It would be appreciated等。如It would be appreciated that you could quote your prices of CIF Shanghai for the computers.(请报电脑的上海到岸价,将不胜感谢)。We are looking forward with interest to your reply. Your early reply will be highly appreciated等。函电结尾译成“盼复”等常用套语。
4. 译文:兹告知贵方,由于外汇的波动,报价随时可能变化,不另行通知。 5. 译文:如能告知中国皮鞋的其他详情,将不胜感激。 6. 译文:In order to give you a general idea of the Cotton Piece Goods now available for export, we enclose a brochure and a price list. 7. 译文:We are pleased to confirm our cable shipping advice for today, and inform you that we have shipped you 5,000 tons of iron scrap per M/S Pacific leaving here on May 20. 原句中的“兹确认”是中文信函套语,可以套用英语“We are pleased to”,这是非常规范的处理方法。而且原句较长,英语译文也使用长句的处理方式。
Task III 完成以下练习,注意把握商务信函的语气特点。 1. 对比以下每组内的两个句子,判断哪些句子更符合商务信函的语气要求。 第一组: 1) We have not received your payment of the balance of US $5,000. 2) We regret having to remind you that we have not received your payment of the balance of US $5,000. 第二组: 1) You have to replace the damaged goods. 2) We will appreciate it if you replace the damaged records. 第三组: 1) We cannot fill your order because you failed to send your check. 2) We shall be glad to fill your order as soon as we receive your check.
【解析】商务信函注重传达礼貌、得体的语气。礼貌和委婉的用语可以使阅读方获得好感。委婉礼貌用语可以在拒绝对方的要求或条件时显得婉转而易于接受,而不至于破坏双方的贸易关系。由此看来,不难得出这三组句子都是第2)句的语气更符合商务信函的语气要求。
2. 翻译以下句子,注意保持原文的语气。 1)感谢贵方6月6日来信,现寄上第2245号女鞋订单。 2)根据贵方5月6日来函,我方乐意订购下列货物。 3)If you can accept US $275 and send us a proforma invoice, we will open a letter of credit for 1,000 sets. 4)In reply to your enquiry of May 12, we regret to tell you that our cotton sweaters do not come in any size larger than 18.
【解析】在国际商务信函中,委婉礼貌的语气还用在表达感谢、快乐、满意、道歉等语句中。要达到语句委婉,可以采用情态动词、被动语态、虚拟语气、使用please、疑问句等来表达。因此在翻译中,也要注意采用这些方式来保持原句的语气和口吻。 1)Thank you for your letter of June 6 and we enclose our Order No. 2245 for lady’s shoes. 2)With reference to your letter of May 6, we are pleased to place an order for the following. 3)如能接受275美元的价格并寄送形式发票,我方即开立1 000套的信用证。 4)扰贵方5月12日来函询问之事,我们很遗憾的奉告,我们的全棉运动服最大号为18号。
§ PART FOUR 讨论: 讨论:通过上述翻译任务,你认为翻译商务信函需要注意哪些事项?同时可以采取哪些翻译策略 ?
I.商务信函翻译总结 本单元从商务信函的定义和格式谈起,讲述了商务信函的词汇、句式和语气特点。现将商务信函翻译的原则和技巧进行归纳,见下页表格。
商务信函的语言特点与翻译技巧 商务信函的语言特点 用词恰当:尽量使用客气、礼貌、正式、严谨、专业的词汇 句式规范:注意长句或分词短语、不定式短语、独立主格、插入语等的使用,尽量使译文句子符合句式规范 语气贴切:措辞委婉、礼貌得体 选词准确:选用庄重规范的词语 商务信函的翻译技巧 拆句法:翻译复杂句时可先拆句,然后根据逻辑关系进行组合 套译法:找到目的语相应的套语 语气移植:采用情态动词、被动语态、虚拟语气、使用please、疑问句等来表达礼貌、委婉的语气
II. 商务信函翻译余论 1. 商务信函翻译技巧 商务信函翻译过程中,可能采用各种翻译技巧,使其译文忠实、通顺、准确、清楚。比如: [例1]原文:Enclosed please find the price list and catalogue of this season. Would you be kind enough to study them and inform us your requirements for the coming season? 译文:随函附上我方本季产品目录及价格单。阅后请告诉我方贵方对下一季节产品的要求好吗?
本句中原文使用非常委婉客气的结构“Would you be kind enough to”,翻译成汉语时尽量维持原文语气,使用了“贵方”,以示尊重。商务信函翻译还可以灵活应用拆译法、增词法等翻译方法,比如: [例2]原文:We look forward to your quotations for the arts and crafts which we are interested in. 译文:我方对贵公司工艺品很感兴趣,期待报价。
[例3]原文:We are pleased to advise you that your order No [例3]原文:We are pleased to advise you that your order No. 1245 dated October 1, 2009 has now been put on the No. 888 Guangzhou-Bangkok express. Enclosed is consignment note No. 20091001 which should be presented on collection. Thank you for your order. 译文:我方很高兴通知贵方,你方2009年10月1日1245号订单所订货物已由888号广州至曼谷快车装运,随函附上20091001号发货通知书,提货时请出示。感谢贵方订购。 [例4]原文:We want to notice you that prices of copier parts and components have gone up steadily since the second half of the year. Though we have tried hard to keep our quotations down, we are afraid the margin for keeping on going like this will not last long. Therefore, we suggest that you will let us have your order before further rises in costs, which will lead to a raise in prices very soon unavoidably. 译文:我方想通知贵方,自下半年以来,复印机的零部件价格一直不断上涨。尽管我方尽量压低报价,但恐怕这种情况不会维持太久。因此,建议贵方在零部件再次涨价,并不可避免地引起成品涨价之前便向我方订货。
例2是带定语从句的复合句,如果按照常规译法,把定语从句翻译成定语,则译文为“我方期待贵方对我方感兴趣的工艺品报价”,这样就不够清楚,而采用拆译法就清楚多了。例3中“Enclosed is consignment note No. 200910 which should be presented on collection”同样采用了拆译法,翻译成“随函附上200910号发货通知书,提货时请出示”,而不是“随函附上提货时须出示的200910号发货通知书”。另外,“order No. 1245”此处增加了“所订货物”,因为不可能把订单交列车装运,而是“订单所订货物”。例4中“will let us have your order before further rises in costs, which will lead to a raise in prices very soon unavoidably”一句中,“cost”指“零部件成本”,“prices”指“复印机价格或成品价格”,这都需要根据语境在翻译中补充完整,才能使译文表意清楚。
2. 商务信函称呼的翻译及注意事项 商务信函最常见的称呼有:Dear Sirs/Madam, My dear Sir, Dear Mr., My dear Ms XXX, Gentlemen 等。在商务英语信函翻译中应注意以下几点: 1)对女性的称呼,无论是已婚还是未婚,都统称:Dear Madam,切忌使用Dear Miss。 2)英国人偏爱使用Dear Sirs;而美国人偏爱使用Dear Gentlemen。 3)Gentlemen仅用复数形式,不用单数形式Gentleman,也不用Dear Gentlemen。 4)My dear Mrs. Hartley并不意味着比Dear Mrs. Hartley更亲密,相反前者是更为正式的称呼。
英文商务信件里的称呼往往是和结束语紧密相关的。最常见的结束语有:Yours truly, Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully。如何把这些称呼和结束语译成汉语,是至关重要的问题。最糟糕的莫过于错将“Dear Madam”译成“亲爱的夫人”,而将“Yours sincerely”译成“您的忠诚的”。英文商务信函中的“Dear”,是一种对收信人的尊称,只不过是一种礼节、俗套而已;而在汉语的书信称呼中,“亲爱的”却是一种昵称,仅用于私人关系非常亲密的人,如家人或情侣之间。因此,“Dear”和“亲爱的”在书信里的称呼并不等值。英语商务信函的结束语“Yours sincerely”等,也只是程式上的要求,同样不能按字面直译。
那么该如何翻译英语商务信函中的称呼和结束语呢?从大量的信函翻译实践中来看,其译法不尽相同。如果称呼是泛称“Gentlemen”或“Dear Sirs”,或“My dear Sirs”,可简单地译作“先生”,略过“Dear”或“My dear”;或加上“尊敬的”。如果有具体收信人名字的,按现代书信的格式,可译成: “某某先生 / 某某女士 / 某某同志: 您好!”
汉译英的情况也值得注意。在汉语的书信称呼里,如果是寄给个人的,人们往往习惯于在收信人的姓名后加上头衔或职业名称,如:“李教授”、“王老师”、“张局长”、“肖经理”等。但在英语信件中,只有少数几个显要的头衔才可用于称呼,如“Professor(教授)”、“Doctor(博士)”、“President(总统)”、“Mayor(市长)”。因此,“史密斯教授”,在称呼里就可英译为“Dear Professor Smith”,但“史密斯老师”、“ 史密斯局长”、“ 史密斯经理”等,只好按照英语的表达习惯,统称为“Dear Mr. Smith”。如果收信人是已婚女性,则译为“Dear Mrs. Smith”。
至于英文商务信函的结束语,事实上只不过是一种谦称,不必照字面直译成“您的忠诚的”或“您的忠实的”,这不符合汉语的表达习惯。我国公函中有相当的礼辞,如“谨启”、“谨上”、“敬上”,在此不妨套用。在特定的场合,也可译为“顺致敬意!”,或写成两行: 此致 敬礼! 或: 此致! ×××谨上 / 上
如果是回信也可译成“×××谨复”。如果是汉译英,解决的办法就更为简单,对于“谨启”、“谨上”、“敬上”之类则可根据信头的称呼,统统还原为“Yours sincerely”或“Yours truly”等。汉语信尾的那些结束语是可有可无的,可在英文信件中则是不可缺少的组成部分,因此,汉语原文信尾即使没有使用像“谨启”、“谨上”、“敬上”之类,也应相应地增译“Yours sincerely”或“Yours truly”等。
此外,英语商务信函的结尾常常使用一些套语,如表2: 原译虽说没有曲解原文的意思,但却行文罗嗦,有失汉语书信的语言风格。实际上,汉语也有类似的客套话,言简意赅,译者可充分发挥译入语的语言优势。 序号 原文 原译 改译 1 Your favorable information will be appreciated. 我们期望得到你们的好消息。 恭候佳音! 2 Your early reply will be highly appreciated. 我们将会十分感激你们的早日答复。 如蒙早复,不胜感激! 3 Awaiting your immediate reply. 等候你们的早日回信。 请即复!
PART FIVE 译技点津:商务翻译技巧之正反转换翻译 每一种语言都有肯定和否定表达方式,英语的否定表达按语言学家们的划分大致有4类:完全否定(带no的词语,如nothing,none等)、半否定(hard1y,scarcely等)、部分否定(not all,not every等)及带否定意义的词语(fail, without等)。一般情况下肯定和否定可以对号入座,但是英汉翻译过程中经常遇到这样的情况:英语词、句在字面上是肯定形式,但若照着直译,往往语句不通;倘若译为汉语的否定词或其他否定形式,反倒文从字顺。因此有时需要采用正反交替的方法,正说反译、反说正译,这样才能准确地传达出原文的语言内涵。
I. 英语为肯定式,汉语译作否定式 由于思维习惯和语言习惯的问题,翻译过程中如果采用直译会造成文句不通的现象,因此需要正说反译。譬如“Please keep the fire burning.”,我们一般不说“请保持火燃烧”,而是译作“别让火灭了”。这种方法可广泛用于各种词类、短语,甚至整个句子的翻译,比如:
[例1]原文:Such a chance was denied (to) me. 译文:我没有得到这样一个机会。 [例2]原文:The pair of shoes is past repair. 译文:这双鞋子无法修补了。 [例3]原文:This is more than we could bear. 译文:这是我们所不能忍受的。 [例4]原文:It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 译文:他无权签订这种合同。
[例5]原文:His anger is out of hand. 译文:他怒不可遏。 [例6]原文:They feel great anxiety about his sickness. 译文:他的病情让他们感到焦虑不安。 [例7]原文:If it worked once,it can work twice. 译文:一次得手,再次不愁。 [例8]原文:His refusal is final. 译文:他的拒绝是不可更改的。
II. 英语为否定式,汉语译作肯定式 英语中有大量含有否定意义的肯定句。许多含有not, no, none, never, hardly, scarcely, little等否定意义的动词、形容词、副词、介词短语,以及有些包含了否定词的句子,运用所谓的“负负得正”的反译法来处理否定式,一方面可以准确传达原义,另一方面可以顺应汉语的表达习惯。
[例9]原文:He is no idiot. 译文:他精明的很。 [例10]原文:We can’t wait to meet you. 译文:我们要立刻见到你。(我们迫不及待地想见到你。) [例11]原文:Don’t forget to tell me about it. 译文:一定记着告诉我。 [例12]原文:We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 译文:对生活,我们要永远保持乐观的态度。 [例13]原文:Students, with no exception, are to hand in your exercises this afternoon. 译文:今天下午学生统一交作业。
III. 英语中的双重否定结构 在同一个句子中,两次运用否定手段就称为双重否定,通常由否定词no,not,never等表示否定意义的词连用构成,如“not… without…”为否定结构,翻译中有时译成肯定句更好,有时则译成双重否定比较妥当。例如:
[例14]原文:In a small company such things cannot be done without remark. 译文1:在一家小公司里,这类事情少不了不受到关注。 译文2:在一家小公司里,这类事情注定会引起别人的注意。 英语中的双重否定结构往往可以翻译成肯定句,比如: [例15]原文:They never meet without a quarrel but they still have not resolved the dispute of the contract. 译文:他们总是一见面就吵架,但还是没有解决合同纠纷。 [例16]原文:Mexico City is in an earthquake zone and earth tremors are not unusual. 译文:墨西哥城位于地震带,时常有小震。 [例17]原文:It’s a rare book on reengineering that doesn’t include an insurance example. 译文:几乎所有讨论组合的书都会以保险行业为例。
英语中应用双重否定形式,一般是用来加强或减弱语气,有时为了语气委婉,可以译为汉语的双重否定句,保留原文的修辞色彩。例如: [例18]原文:The offer is not unacceptable. 译文:此报价并不是不可接受的。 [例19]原文:There is no smoke without fire. 译文:无风不起浪。 [例20]原文:Few persons dissented from this suggestion. 译文:几乎没有人不同意这个建议。 [例21]原文:As we all know, no life can exist without water. 译文:正如我们所知,没有水,任何生命都将不复存在。 [例22]原文:Japan cannot be economically independent without trade with foreign countries. 译文:日本不与外国通商,经济上不可能独立。
PART SIX 商务信函翻译实践 Task I 请翻译下列商务信函常用语句。 1. We should be glad to hear at your earliest convenience the terms and conditions on which you are prepared to supply. 本公司若能及早获知贵方准备供货的条款则感幸甚。 2.We have seen your advertisement in the Business World and would be pleased to have your catalogue and price lists of your KV-180 Printers. 我们已看到贵公司在《商业世界》上刊登的广告,希望得到你们KV—180打印机的目录和价格单。 3. Please find enclosed a full specification of our products. 随函附上我方产品的详细规格,请查收。
4. With an eye to our future business, we’ll agree to change the terms of payment from L/C at sight to D/P at sight. 为了今后的业务,我方同意不用即期信用证,而改用即期付款交单方式。 5. We are sorry to inform you that the listed terms of payment do not correspond to our customary business practice. 很抱歉通知贵方,所列付款方式与我方通常的贸易做法不符。 6. Please ship the first lot under Contract NO. 45379 by s.s. “WUXI” scheduled to sail on or about July 5. 请将第45379号合同项下第一批货物装上7月5日左右启航的“无锡”轮。
7. We really must apologize for the great inconvenience caused to you. 给对方造成极大不便,对此我方深感歉意。 8. But for our good relations, we would not have quoted the price. 若不是我们的友好关系,我方是不会报这个价格的。 9. Your price is out of the line with the market level at our end. Please adjust it according to the conditions of the international market. 贵方价格与我方市场行情不符,请贵方按国际市场行情调整一下。
10. According to the terms of the contract the shipment is to be effected by the 20th June and we must have the B/L by the 25th at the latest. 按合同条款,6月20日前应交货,我们最迟需在25日前拿到提单。 11. 贵方所提供的包装方式与质量必须完全符合我们的要求。 The form and the quality of packing which you offer must be entirely in accordance with our requirements. 12. 为拓展我公司在贵国的出口业务,我方希望能同贵方建立直接的业务联系。 In order to extend our export business to your country, we wish to enter into direct business relations with you.
13. 我方盼望收到贵方的订单,同时随函附寄一份我们认为贵方可能感兴趣的一些产品的目录。 We look forward to receiving your order and meanwhile enclose a copy of our catalogue as we feel you may be interested in some of our other products. 14. 贵方7月5日关于标题所列商品的询盘收悉,谢谢。 We thank you for your enquiry of July 5 for the captioned goods. 15. 为安排装船,信用证不得迟于9月1日到达我方。 The L/C has to reach us not later than September 1st for arranging shipment.
16. 贵方3月4日来函收悉,得知我方发错货物,深表遗憾,我方会尽力做一些补偿。 Thank you for your letter of March 4 and we regret that we have dispatched the wrong goods and will do something for compensation. 17. 鉴于供货数量有限,若我方报价能满足贵公司要求,则请早日订购。 If you think our offer meets your requirements, please let us have your order at an early date, as supplies are limited. 18. 谢谢贵方10月11日寄给我方样品,现我方乐意订货,详情请见所附订单。 Thank you for the samples which you sent to us on October 11. We are pleased to place an order as specified on the enclosed order sheet.
19. 请将货款汇往中国银行广州分行我方账户,账号为14236538,收款人为广州XYZ公司。 Please send your remittance to our account No. 14236538 with Bank of China Guangzhou Branch in favor of the XYZ Corporation (Guangzhou). 20. 货物将由“东风号”轮183航次装运,该轮预定于10月31日抵达哥本哈根港,请速订舱。请确认货物将按时备妥。 The goods will be shipped by MS “Dongfeng” Voyage No. 183, which is due to arrive at Copenhagen on October 31. Please book the shipping space immediately and confirm that the goods will be ready in time.
Task II 请翻译以下商务信函。 Sub: Automobile DVD Players 1. Gentlemen, Sub: Automobile DVD Players We are the manufacturers of BM cars and coaches. Our company is a subsidiary of BM Inc. of Houston, Texas. We are seeking an alternative supplier of automobile DVD players to equip our cars and coaches. As far as we are aware you do not have a local distributor of your products in this country. A full specification of our requirements is given on the attached sheet. Quantity required: 2500 sets Delivery: by 20 April, 2010 Please quote us your best CIF Laredo price, giving a full specification of your products. We would need to have samples of the players to test in our laboratories before placing an order. We usually deal with new suppliers on the basis of payment in US dollar by confirmed irrevocable sight letter of credit. If your laboratory tests are satisfactory and you can provide us with a good price and service, we will be happy to place more substantial orders on a regular basis. We look forward to receiving an early reply to this enquiry. Yours truly, (signature) John P. Rogers Purchasing Manager
1. 译文: 执事先生: 汽车用DVD播放机 我公司是BM轿车和大客车的生产商,是德州休斯顿的BM公司的子公司。我们正 寻求车用DVD播放机的新供货商。据我们所知,贵公司在我国没有本地分销商。 随信附上我方需求的产品的详细规格。 需求数量:2 500台 交货期:2010年4月20日前(包括20日) 请报贵方最优惠的CIF拉雷多到岸价,并告知产品详细规格。 我们需要你们播放机的样品,供实验室检验之用,然后才能下订单。 对于新供货商,我们的付款方式一般是保兑的、不可撤销即期信用证,以美元支付。 如贵方产品的实验室测试令人满意,并且贵公司能够提供优惠的价格和良好的服 务的话,我们很高兴在今后经常性的向贵公司大量订货。 采购部经理 约翰·罗杰斯 (签名)谨上
2. May 7, 2010 Dear Sirs, We are in receipt of your telegram of May 6, from which we understand that you have booked our order for 2000 dozens of shirts. In reply, we have the pleasure of informing you that the confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit No.7634, amounting to $17,000, has been opened this morning through the Commercial Bank, Tokyo. Upon receipt of the same, please arrange shipment of the goods booked by us with the least possible delay. We are informed that s.s. “Wuxi” is scheduled to sail from your city to our port on May 28. We wish that the shipment will be carried by that steamer. Should this trial order prove satisfactory to our customers, we can assure you that repeat orders in increased quantities will be placed.Your close cooperation in this respect will be highly appreciated. In the meantime we look forward to your shipping advice. Yours sincerely, (signature) Peter Johnson Trade Department
译文: 敬启者: 5月6日电悉,贵方已接受我方2 000打衬衫的订货。 现我方喜复第7634号保兑的、不可撤销信用证已于今晨由东 京商业银行开出,金额为17 000美元。烦请贵方收到后,立即为 我们所订货物安排船运。另据悉“无锡”号货轮定于5月28日从你处 开往我港,我们希望由该轮装运此批货物。 若我方客户满意此次试购的产品,我们保证今后继续大量订购。 我们对贵公司在这方面的密切合作深表感谢,同时盼望贵方的 装运通知。 谨此 贸易部 彼得·约翰逊(签名) 2010年5月7日
3. 先生: 贵方9月10日询价函已收悉,首先对贵方有兴 趣购买我方皮鞋和手提包表示感谢。 今天将寄往你处一份配有插图的出口产品目录。 我方所提供的产品均用优质皮革制成。鲜艳的色泽、 优雅的设计,加之精湛的制作工艺,使这些产品必能满足贵 方市场流行的需求。 我公司有一位代表目前正在香港。他下星期将去贵处拜 访,并随带我们手工制作的全套样品。他已被授权与贵方商 讨订货条款或谈判签订合同。如蒙贵方给予他建议和协助, 我们将不胜感激。 敬上
译文: Dear Sirs, Your inquiry of September 10 has received our attention, and thank you for your interest in our leather shoes and handbags. A copy of illustrated export catalogue will be sent to you today. All the goods we supply are made from leather of superior quality. The bright color and elegant designs together with the super workmanship can meet the requirement of a fashion trade such as yours. A representative of our company is now in Hong Kong. He will be pleased to call you next week with a full range of samples of our hand-made lines. He is authorized to discuss the terms of order with you or to negotiate a contract. We shall be most grateful if you will give him the benefit of your advice and assistance. Yours truly,
4. 琼斯先生: 我们接受贵方3月8日的还盘,现非常高兴地与贵方确认 我们双方已就男式皮包买卖达成交易。从我方厂家获悉,目 前他们每周可生产皮包3万只。因此,贵方需下月装运的5万 只皮包的订单可如约履行,敬请放心。 同时,我们想要强调的是,贵方信用证必须在本月底前 开到我处,否则,装运将会延迟。 随函附上一式两份我方第03M15号销售确认书。请会签 后寄回我方一份存档。感谢贵方的合作,相信我们的产品会令你们 满意的。 销售经理 ×××谨上
Re: Leather Bags for Men 译文: Dear Mr. Jones, Re: Leather Bags for Men We accept your counter-offer of March 8 and are pleased to confirm having concluded the transaction of the captioned goods with you. Our factory has informed us that they can, at present, produce 30,000 bags per week. Thus you may rest assured that your order of 50,000 for shipment next month will be fulfilled as contracted. However, we would like to emphasize that your L/C must reach here by the end of this month. Otherwise, shipment has to be delayed. We enclose with this letter our Sales Confirmation No. 03M15 in duplicate. Please countersign and return us one copy for file. We appreciate your cooperation and trust that our products will turn out to your satisfaction. Sincerely yours, (signature) XXX Sales Manager
PART SEVEN 学习参考 1. 世贸人才网:http://class.wtojob.com 2. iciba沙龙网:http://sl.iciba.com 3. 应用翻译研究网:http://www.practicaltrans.com
PART EIGHT 单元预告与实训任务 1. 下一单元我们将讲述外贸单证翻译,涉及到进出口贸易过程中有关单证的翻译。 2. 请学生搜集五份外贸单证并对其进行中英翻译。
补充练习:试用直译法或意译法翻译下列各题 I. 请翻译下列商务信函。 1. June 10, 2010 Dear Sirs, Thank you for your letter of June 8, 2010 referring the offer of acrylic sweaters. In reply, we very much regret to say that we find your price rather high and out of line with prevailing market level. Such being the case, it is impossible for us to accept your price, as the goods of similar quality are easily obtainable here at a lower figure. Should you be prepared to reduce your limit by, say, 5%, we might come to terms. It is in view of our long-standing business relationship that we make you such a counter-offer. As the market is declining, we hope you will consider our counter-offer most favorably and answer us as soon as possible. Sincerely yours, (signature) Peter Johnson (Sales Department)
2. 罗伯特先生: 我们非常高兴接到贵方5月24日对我方体育用品的订 货,欢迎成为我们客户中的一员。 我们确认按贵方信函中的价格供货并安排下周由海路发运。 我们相信贵方在见货后会对其价格完全满意并感到物有所 值。 考虑到贵方对我们所经营货物的范围不太了解,现随函附 寄一份产品目录并希望我们对贵方第一次订货的处理可以促成 我们进一步的商业往来,以此标志着我们愉快合作的开端。 销售部经理 王辉 谨上
补充练习参考译文: 1. 敬启者: 贵方2010年6月8日关于人造纤维毛衫的报盘已收悉,谢谢。此复,我们非常抱歉的奉告,贵方报价偏高,与现行的市场价格不一。由于类似质量的货品在此处可以较低价格购到,故请贵方降低所报价格,建议降低5%。这样,我们或许能够达成交易。鉴于我们之间长期的贸易关系,我方作出如此还盘。由于市场日渐萎缩,我们极其真诚的希望贵方能考虑我方还盘,并尽早赐复。 谨此 彼得·威尔逊(签名) (销售部) 2010年6月10日
2. Dear Robert, We want to say how pleased we were to receive your order of 24 May for our sport supplies and welcome you as one of our customers. We confirm supply of the goods at the prices stated in your letter and are arranging for dispatch next week by sea. When the goods reach you we feel confident you will be completely satisfied with them at the prices offered, for they represent exceptional value (for they are excellent value for money). As you may not be aware of the wide range of goods we are dealing in, we are enclosing a copy of our catalogue and hope that our handling of your first order with us will lead to further business between us and mark the beginning of a happy working relationship. Yours faithfully, (signature) Wang Hui Sales Manager
谢谢! 对外经济贸易大学出版社市场营销部 地址:北京市朝阳区惠新东街10号 电话:010-64492342 http://www.uibep.com E-mail: uibep@126.com