第四章：句子翻译技巧（上） 教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。 教学内容： 1. 增词法 省译法 词类转换 正说反译、反说正译法 翻译练习1、2  分清主从 把握结构  2. 遣词用字 恰如其分 3. 直译意译 抓住要点 4. 适当增添 清楚明了 5. 词语省略 言简意赅 6. 转换变通 自然流畅  7. 结构调整 顺理成章 8. 语态转换 约定俗成 9. 正反交替 相得益彰 10. 定语从句 合分替换 11. 其他从句 灵活处理 12. 长句翻译 分切拆组

Amplification (增词法) By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it more like the language translated into. Of course words thus supplied must indispensable either syntactically or semantically. In other words, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original. There are two kinds: 1)Words for syntactic construction—to secure correctness, 2)Words supplied for semantic completion—to secure clearness. Both aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.

1、增加动词 1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。 2) . We don’t regret, we never have and never will. 我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。 3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference. 看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。

2. 增加形容词或副词 1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！ 2). The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐（地）散开了。 3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

4). She lingered long over his letter. 她反反复复地回味着他的来信。 5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together. all too often 时常 在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手开始相遇，然后相爱，最后并肩开拖拉机了。

3. 增加名词 1). First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。 2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer. 玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。 3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. 他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。

4). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine. 由例4、5、6可见，均在形容词前增加名词，从而使译文更具体，更符合译语习惯。 那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。 5). He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. 他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。 6). A new kind of car—small, cheap—is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意——这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。

7). His arrogance made everyone dislike him. 他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。 8). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就绪以后， 飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。 由例7 、8可以看出， 某些动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可以根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合规范。 又如：

to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare 准备 preparation准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness落后状态 tense 紧张 tension紧张局势 arrogant 自满 arrogance自满情绪 mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为 antagonistic敌对 antagonism 敌对态度

4. 增加代词 1). 小不忍则乱大谋。 If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ventures. 2). 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。（钟述孔《英汉翻译手册》） Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. (Zhong Shukong, A Handbook of Translation)

Don’t put your hands in your pockets. 3). 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 当然了，例３还可以认为是增补主语“he”。 又如：“又要马儿跑得快, 又要马儿不吃草, 简直可笑。” You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze. Isn’t it ridiculous! 4). 别把手搁在口袋里。 Don’t put your hands in your pockets.

5). 一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day. 6). 学好英语不容易，但是如果你坚持下去，最终一定 能学好。(2008年NECCS第90题 Level B) It was not easy to learn English well, but if you persist, you will succeed in the end. 7). 把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。 It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again.

5、增加语气词或量词 汉语有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”……不同的语气词可以发挥不同的作用，英汉互译时需用心体验，以期译出从意义和修辞色彩等都符合的译文。同时，英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词直接连用，它们之间并无量词，而汉语往往要借助量词。因此英译汉时，应根据实际情况恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料的名量词。 1). Don’t get angry. I’m just making fun of you. 不要生气嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。

2). As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning. 我呢，从一开始就不赞成。 3). They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and undefeated. 那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧。 How time flies! 时间过得真快啊！ What a leader he was! 他真实一位出类拔萃的领袖阿！ 4). A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon. 一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。

一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。 5). A stream was winding its way through the valley in into the Dadu river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。 6). Once, they had a quarrel. 有一次，他们争吵了一番。 6）This too was a complicate lie. 这也纯粹是一派胡言。

8). Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。 9). The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary. 万变不离其宗。 从例7、8、9可见，英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。又如：have a rest 休息一下; make a stop停一下.

White clouds float over the blue sky. Can you manage without help? I dare say that the Chinese way of reforms is more characteristic and effective than others. In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second. Don’t be weaving. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. “ How shall I do it?” – “Just as you wish!” He felt the patriot rise within his breast.

蓝蓝的天上漂浮着朵朵白云。 如果没有人帮忙， 你能应付的了吗？ 我认为， 中国的改革方式比别国的改革方式更富有特色、更卓有成效。 一般说来， 金属都是良好的导体，其中以银为最好，铜次之。 不要三心二意。 他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。 这事儿我该怎么办才好？——你想怎么办，就怎么办。 他感到一种爱国热情在心中荡漾。

请口译下列材料： Ladies and gentlemen, Allow me to say a few words of welcome to our Russian friends. On behalf of the Kangding Foreign Affairs Office and my colleagues, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all the guests present here. Thank you for your presence at this banquet. There is a popular saying in China: “Isn’t it a great pleasure to have friends from afar?” as you know, China is great country with a long history and ancient culture. While you are staying here in Kangding, you will have an opportunity to visit the historical sights of this city, you may get to know its people and its well-known culture. I wish your visit a great success. Here now I would like to propose a toast: to the friendship of the Chinese and American peoples, let’s …bottoms up!