Lecture 5 Rome – Chapters 4-5 Chapter 4: Early Rome and The Roman Republic (800—146B.C.E) Chapter 5: Imperial Rome (146 B.C.E.-192 C.E.)

Chapter 4: Early Rome and The Roman Republic 800—146B.C.E

Chapter outline 1.The visual record: eternal Rome 2.The western Mediteranean to 509B.C.E 3.From city to empire 509- 146B.C.E

The geography of Rome Rome is in the Lazio region （拉齐奥， 意大利行政区名称） of central Italy on the Tiber river（台伯河）. Although the city centre is about 24 kilometres (15 mi) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea（第勒尼安海，地 中海的一部分）, the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of Ostia(奥斯 蒂亚，意大利中部城镇) is located. Meanwhile,Rome enjoys a hot- summer Mediterranean climate with cool, humid winters and hot, dry summers. Rome seen from satellite.

Carthage(迦太基） Carthage was the capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now the Tunis Governorate in Tunisia.The city developed from a Phoenician(腓尼基人） colony into the capital of an empire dominating the Mediterranean Sea during the first millennium BC.The ancient city was destroyed by the Roman Republic in the Third Punic War in 146 BC then re- developed as Roman Carthage, which became the major city of the Roman Empire in the province of Africa.

The features of Carthage 1.geographical advantages 2.intergration states and people 3.oligarchy but harmony 4.the sacrifice of their kids.

The Punic Wars（布匿战争） The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. The main cause of the Punic Wars was the conflicts of interest between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. The Romans were initially interested in expansion via Sicily (which at that time was a cultural melting pot), part of which lay under Carthaginian control. At the start of the first Punic War, Carthage was the dominant power of the Western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire. Rome was a rapidly ascending power in Italy, but it lacked the naval power of Carthage. By the end of the third war, after more than a hundred years and the loss of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides, Rome had conquered Carthage's empire, completely, destroyed the city, and become the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean.

Hannibal 汉尼拔：father of strategy Hannibal (247 – 181 BC)was a Punic military commander from Carthage, generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. One of his most famous achievements was at the outbreak of the Second Punic War, when he marched an army which included war elephants from Iberia（伊伯利亚半岛）over the Pyrenees（比利牛斯山脉） and the Alps into Italy. in which he distinguished himself for his ability to determine his and his opponent's strengths and weaknesses, and to play the battle to his strengths and the enemy's weaknesses—and won over many allies of Rome. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years but was unable to march on Rome. In the end, he was betrayed by aristocracy and committed suicide.

Hannibal

Characteristics of republican institution 1.oligarchic republics 2.at every level, power was shared by two or more equals who were elected for fixed terms. 3.the conflict between the plebeians and the patricians which known as the struggle of orders, threatened to tear Roman society apart. 4.the codification of basic Roman law, the law of the Twelve Tables which recognized the basic rights of all free citizens.

Some Roman official positions consul（古罗马共和国时期） 执政官 Praetor (who exercised the imperium, administrated justice and defended the city) (古罗马)裁判官(职位仅次于执 政官的高级地方法官) Quaestor (controlled finance)  (古罗马的)司库; 财务官 Censor (assigned individuals, determined taxes negotiated contracts)监察官 Senate (元老院） The council of the plebs(平民议会） (enacted laws that were binding on all plebeians) Tribune (护民官）（protected the plebs from arbitrary patrician power)

Chapter 5: Imperial Rome (146 B.C.E.-192 C.E.)

Social tensions (pages 84,85) 1. winners and losers 2. slave revolts (eg. the uprising of Gladiators 74/71B.C.E) 3. provincial revolts (eg. Aristonicus) 4. optimates and populares (贵族党和平民党eg. Tiberius Gracchus)

The Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus (提比略·格拉古改革） Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (born c. 169–164 – c. 133 BC) was a Roman Popularis politician of the 2nd century BC, together with Gaius Gracchus, one of the Gracchi brothers. As a plebeian (平民的) tribune, he caused political turmoil in the Republic with his reforms of agrarian ( 耕 地的) legislation that sought to transfer wealth from the wealthy, patricians and otherwise, to the poor. These reforms threatened the holdings of rich landowners in Italy. He was murdered, along with many of his supporters, by members of the Roman Senate and supporters of the conservative Optimate faction.

Cicero （Marcus Tullius Cicero 106 BC –43 BC） He was a Roman philosopher, politician, lawyer, orator, political theorist, consul, and constitutionalist. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, humanism, and classical Roman culture. He identified firmly with the elite,hoping that the republic could be saved through the harmonious cooperation of the equestrian(骑士） and senatorial orders but he failed. In the end, he consequently executed by soldiers operating on their behalf in 43 BC. 马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗（Marcus Tullius Cicero，前106年1月3日－前43年12月7日）， 古罗马著名政治家、演说家、雄辩家、法学家和哲学家。出身于古罗马Arpinum的奴 隶主骑士家庭，以善于雄辩而成为罗马政治舞台的显要人物。从事过律师工作，后 进入政界。开始时期倾向平民派，以后成为贵族派。公元前63年当选为执政官，在 后三头同盟成立后被三头之一的政敌马克·安东尼（Marcus Antonius，公元前82年— 前30年）派人杀害于福尔米亚。

The first Triumvirate 罗马帝国恺撒、庞培和克拉苏三头同盟 Pompey Ceaesar Crassus

Pompey Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. Pompey's immense success as a general while still very young enabled him to advance directly to his first consulship without meeting the normal requirements for office. His success as a military commander in Sulla's Second Civil War resulted in Sulla bestowing the nickname Magnus, "the Great", upon him. He was consul three times and celebrated three triumphs. In mid-60 BC, Pompey joined the First Triumvirate, which Pompey's marriage to Caesar's daughter Julia helped secure. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus, Pompey sided with the optimates, the conservative faction of the Roman Senate. Pompey and Caesar then contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. When Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's subsequent transformation from Republic to Empire.

Julius Caesar a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain. After 44 BC, when Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators, a new series of civil wars broke out, and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored. Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history.

Marcus Licinius Crassus He was a Roman general and politician who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Amassing an enormous fortune during his life, Crassus is considered the wealthiest man in Roman history. He rose to political prominence following his victory over the slave revolt led by Spartacus（斯巴达克斯） Following his second Consulship, Crassus was appointed as the Governor of Roman Syria. Crassus used Syria as the launchpad for a military campaign against the Parthian Empire, Rome's long-time Eastern enemy. Crassus' campaign was a disastrous failure, resulting in his defeat and death at the Battle of Carrhae. Crassus' death permanently unraveled the alliance between Caesar and Pompey. Within four years of Crassus' death, Caesar would cross the Rubicon and begin a civil war against Pompey and the optimates. 马库斯·李锡尼·克拉苏(拉丁语:M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS，英语:Marcus Licinius Crassus，约公元前115年-前53年)，古罗 马军事家、政治家、罗马共和国末期声名显赫的罗马首富。他曾帮助苏拉在内战中夺权建立独裁统治，大半生都在政坛上度过，并继 承父业进行商业投机。他通过奴隶贸易，经营矿产，投机地产买卖，及非法夺取其他人的财产等手段积攒万贯家财。 前72年至前71年期间，斯巴达克率奴隶爆发起义，克拉苏带领罗马军队残酷镇压。苏拉隐退后，他和庞培、凯撒合作，组成三头政 治同盟。 相对于两巨头，克拉苏控制的军队最多，拥有的财富也最多，但是在战功方面却有所不足。此后，他因嫉妒庞培、凯撒立下 的较多战功，于公元前53年仓促发动了对安息帝国的战争，在卡莱战役中全军覆没，本人也死于征战中。

The second Triumvirate (古罗马公元前43年的)后三头同盟 Antony Lepidus莱皮杜斯 Octavian屋大维

Augstus 盖乌斯·尤里乌斯·恺撒·奥古斯都（拉丁语：Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus，前63年9月23日－ 14年8月19日），原名盖乌斯·屋大维·图里努斯（Gaius Octavian Thurinus），罗马帝国的开国 君主，元首政制的创始人，统治罗马长达40年，是世界历史上最为重要的人物之一。 他是恺撒的甥孙，公元前44年被恺撒指定为第一继承人并收为养子。恺撒被刺后登上政治舞台。 公元前30年，他平息了企图分裂罗马共和国的内战，后被元老院赐封为“奥古斯都”，意为神圣、 庄严、伟大。并改组罗马政府，给罗马世界带来了两个世纪的和平与繁荣。14年8月，在他去世后， 罗马元老院决定将他列入“神”的行列。 He was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana (The Roman Peace). The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries. He secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. He was succeeded as Emperor by his adopted son (also stepson and former son-in- law) Tiberius.