The use of -ing

　语态 时态 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 完成式 (not) doing (not) being done (not) having done (not) having been done

二: V-ing 可作主语、宾语、表语; 定语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独作谓语。 V-ing 形式表示的动作与主要动词同时发生或发生在主要动词之后，用其一般式; V-ing 形式表示的动作在主要动词之前发生，用其完成时，在具体应用中也常以一般式代替完成式。

★ Swimming is good for health. ★ ___________ (raise) your hat to a V-ing 的用法： 1.作主语 ★ Swimming is good for health. ★ ___________ (raise) your hat to a a lady is good manners . 对一位女士脱帽致敬是礼貌的。 ★ ____________ (kill) by sharks in the sea is a common thing . Raising Being killed

☆ My hobby is __________ (make) model planes. 2. 作表语 ☆ Teaching is learning. 教学相长． ☆ My hobby is __________ (make) model planes. ☆ What worried the child most was _________ (not, allow) to visit his mother in the hospital . making not being allowed

注意： 动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如： Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火） To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）

注意 2). V-ing形式和不定式都要有对称性;当主语是不定式时，表语也用不定式；反之，当主语是 V-ing 形式时，表语也用 V-ing 形式。 To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing.

talking to learn It’s a waste of time doing sth 3). It’s no use (good) doing sth It’s a waste of time doing sth it 作形式主语, 只用V-ing,不用不定式。 ※ It is + adj. + (for sb ) to do sth It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 It is a waste of time ___________ (talk) to him . It is important for me _______________ (learn) English . talking to learn

Exercises _____ the exam will disappoint your parents. A. You failing B. Your failing C. You fail D. You to fail. 2. _____ the same mistake again made his parents very angry. A. His being made B. He has made C. He had making D. His making 3. I don't think it's much good _____ to him. A. writing B. to write C. write D. written 4. Such books are not worthy _____ at all. A. of being read B. being read C. reading D. to read

V-ing 形式既可作动词的宾语, 也可作介词的宾语。 ★ We would appreciate hearing from you． 3.作宾语 V-ing 形式既可作动词的宾语, 也可作介词的宾语。 ★ We would appreciate hearing from you． 我们会珍惜你的来信。 ★ The bird escaped ______________ (catch) . ★ I feel like __________ (join) the army. ★ He was afraid of ____________ (abandon) by us. being caught joining being abandoned

注意： 在 forgive, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, put off, feel like, insist on , instead of, look forward to, object to, keep on等后只接V-ing形式作宾语。

Exercises 1.The thief entered the room without _____. A. noticing B. being noticed C. having noticed D. having been noticed 2. Besides _____, she is kind and tender. A. beautiful B. being beautiful C. she beautiful D. is beautiful 3. When he heard the big noise, Tom stopped _____ and _____ to the window to see what was happening. A. to read; went B. reading; to go C. reading; going D. reading; went  4.I am busy _____ for the entrance examination, so I can’t help _____ housework at home. A. preparing; doing B. preparing; to do C. to prepare; doing D. to prepare; to do

注意 ①在want，need，require，deserve等动词之后作宾语时，常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义。 Your car needs filling. 你这车要充气了。 This city deserves visiting. 这座城市值得光顾一下。 The problem requires studying carefully . 这个问题需要认真研究。 The trees want watering . 这些树需要浇水了。

②在（be）worth后面只能用动名词的主动态来表示被动意义。 His suggestion is worth considering. The book is worth reading. ③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如： We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow students to smoke.

Exercises 1.Sorry, we don’t allow __________ in the lecture room. A. to smoke B. smoke C. smoking D. to smoking 2. . They don’t permit __________ noise her. A. to make B. make C. making D. made 3. The sentence wants __________ once more. A. to explain B. explaining C. being explained D. to be explained it

4. Ali said that she wouldn’t mind _________ alone at home. A. left B. being left C. to be left D. leaving 5. She __________ the key. A. admitted taking B. admitted taking C. admitted having taken D. admitted to have taken 6.— Did you enjoy yourself last night?   — It’s very nice of you. I appreciated _____ to the party. A. to be invited B. to have invited C. being invited D. having been invited

4. 作定语 ＊The girl standing there is my sister . ＊This is a piece of __________ (surprise) news . ＊The problem____________ (discuss) now is very important. ＊ The farmers ____________ (work) in the fields are tired . surprising being discussed working

5. 作状语 ◆ Hearing the good news , he jumped with joy . ◆ He sat at the table , __________ ( read ) China Daily . ◆______________ (ask) to answer the question, she couldn’t refuse. ◆__________ ( work ) hard , you will succeed . reading Being asked Working

(discuss) everywhere now. singing 6. 作宾语补足语: ● I saw people coming and going in the street . ● I heard her ___________ (sing) a song in her room. ● You’ll find the topic _____________ (discuss) everywhere now. singing being discussed

Fill in the blanks : _________ (turn) to the right , you will find the place you want . 2. ___________ (ask) to put on performance , she refused . 3. _______________ (finish) his work , Henry went home . 4. ________ (learn) new words is useful. Turning asked Having finished Learning

being interrupted 5. He disliked _____________ (interrupt) in his experiment . 6. I apologize for ________________ (not, wait) for you . 7. _________________ (not, receive) an answer , I wrote to him again . 8. ____________________ (give) such a good chance , you should catch it . not having waited Not having received Having been given

being left 9. I didn’t mind ___________ (leave) at home . 10. The house wants _________ (clean). 11. He came in without _________ (ask). 12. ________________ (show) around the library , we were taken to see the lab. cleaning being asked Having been shown

巩固练习： 1. I can hardly imagine Peter ____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed C

2. — The light in the office is still on. — Oh, I forgot_____ A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off C

3. I would appreciate ____ back this afternoon. A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you’re calling C

4. How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden? A. To take B. take C. taking D. to be taking C

5. — I must apologize for ____ ahead of time. — That’ all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know B

6. — You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. — Well, now I regret ____ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done D

7. He has always insisted on his ___ Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner. A. been called B. called C. having called D. being called D

8. Do you mind ___ alone at home? A. Jane leaving B. Jane having left C. Jane’s being left D. Jane to be left C

9. She looks forward every spring to ___ the flower-lined garden. A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in D

10. Once your business becomes international, ___ constantly will be part of your life. A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying D

A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 巩固练习: 1. The secretary worked late into the night, ___ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing B

2. ___ your homework, you mustn’t listen to music. A. When do B. When to do C. When doing D. When you doing C

3. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ___that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added C

4. ___ the idiom, he looked it up in the dictionary. A. Not learning B. Never having learned C. Having not learned D. Having never learned B

5. It rained heavily, __ severe flooding in the country. A. causing B. to cause C. caused D. having caused 6. Any driver ___ a license ought to be punished. A. doesn’t have B. having not C. has not D. not having A D

7. The missing boys were last seen ___ playing on the playground. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play A 8. ______ to put on a performance, Miss Green couldn't refuse very well. A. Being asked B. Asked C. Ask D. To be asked A