北 京 市 第 二 十 中 学 Unit 4 Cyberspace

Cyberspace Unit 4 教材整合 Lesson 2 Websites 1. Information technology is developing rapidly, we should learn to keep up with the pace. 2. The Internet has both its advantages and disadvantages. We should use it wisely. Lesson 2 Websites The history of the Internet Lesson 3 Virtual Reality The present use of the Internet Lesson 4 Virtual Tourism Bulletin Board Writing： An Internet Page Warm up& Lesson1 Tomorrow’s World The future of cyberspace

语法教学的思考 First & Second Conditional

一、学语法是为了表达/交际的需要，不是为了学语法而学语法。 从导入入手，激起学生为表达/交际而学习语法的欲望和兴趣。教师应设计一些任务，使学生带着明确的任务目标，积极主动地进行学习。 如果上天能够给我一个再来一次的机会， 我会对那个女孩子说三个字：我爱你。 如果非要在这份爱上加上一个期限，我希望是---一万年!

Lead-in： 大话西游 A Chinese Odyssey 如果上天能够给我一个再来一次的机会， 我会对那个女孩子说三个字：我爱你。 如果非要在这份爱上加上一个期限，我希望是---一万年!

二、语法教学要基于语境语篇 大部分的英语语法形式，都依存于其所使用的情境。语境与语言是相互关联的。语境能够解释说话者在特定的语境中选择某种语言形式的原因。 语篇和语法二者必须相互结合，只有将二者紧密结合才能帮助学生发展交际能力。语篇需要贯穿语言的输入和输出两个过程中。在输入过程中，教师应为学生提供含有大量目标语结构的真实的语言素材，引导学生关注语言的形式及其所使用的交际语境，理解其意义和功能。

1. What kind of feeling does the writer express in the passage? Read and think 1. If I Were a Boy Again If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance oftener, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If I were a boy again, I would school into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. If I were a boy again, I would look on the cheerful side. Life is very much like a mirror: if you smile upon it, it smiles back upon you; but if you frown and look doubtful on it, you will get a similar look in return. If I were a boy again, I would demand of myself more courtesy towards my companions and friends, and indeed towards strangers as well. The smallest courtesies along the rough roads of life are like the little birds that sing to us all winter long, and make that season of ice and snow more endurable. Finally, instead of trying hard to be happy, as if that were the sole purpose of life, I would, if I were a boy again, try still harder to make others happy. 1. What kind of feeling does the writer express in the passage? 2. How does the writer express his feeling? regrets

2. If I had three more days to see 假如给我三天光明 I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound. If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in “How to use your eyes.” The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties. Suppose you set your mind to work on the problem of how you would use your own eyes if you had only three more days to see. If with the oncoming darkness for the third night you knew that the sun would never rise for you again, how would you spend those three precious intervening days? What would you most want to let your gaze rest upon? 1. What kind of feeling does the writer express in the passage? 2. How does the writer express his feeling? wishes

What can we learn from the passages? The two passages make us think about our life. We should cherish what we have. Don’t take what we have for granted. Every day is unique and we should live every day to the fullest so that we won’t have regrets in the future.

Second Conditional（虚拟条件句） Observe and Summarize Read these sentences in the passages. Are they used to talk about: a) possible situations? b) impossible/unlikely situations? If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance oftener. 2. It would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for few days. 3. How you would use your own eyes if you had only three more days to see? 4. If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in “How to use your eyes.” We use Second conditional 虚拟条件句 to talk about： 1. impossible present situations 2. Impossible/unlikely/imagined future situations Second Conditional（虚拟条件句） b Second conditional： The pattern is（句型是）：？ If clause Main clause (did/ were ) would/could/ might/should + do

设计练习要重语境、轻形式 重形式 1. If I had three days off without homework, I ______(be) very happy. 2.She would attend the meeting if she _____(have) the time. 3.If she _____(know) the time, she will come to the meeting. 4. If it were Sunday today, I _____(go) to school. 重语境 1. If I had three days off without homework, I __________. 2. She would attend the meeting if __________. 3. If she__________, she will come to the meeting. 4. If it were Sunday today, I __________.

Practice Fill in the blanks with the correct missing half of the sentence. the guest will expect us to be able to handle any situation if we didn't handle these situations well If a guest loses his passport call an ambulance if a guest has an accident It would be great

B A C F E D Emergency Procedures Today’s subject is helping guests with emergency situations. We'd certainly have a worse reputation ____________. If there is a problem, ____________. It’s our responsibility to make sure ahead of time that we can. Do everything you can to make this situation as easy to cope with as possible. ___________, call the consulate（领事馆）immediately. If the consulate isn’t nearby, you’ll have to help the guest get to the appropriate consulate. ___________ if we had some more consulates here. However, there are also a few in Boston. Next, ____________ which is not so serious, you’ll find the first-aid kit under the reception desk. If the accident is serious, ____________. B A C F E D

Practice Fill in the blanks with the correct missing half of the sentence. Emergency Procedures Today’s subject is helping guests with emergency situations. We'd certainly have a worse reputation ____________. If there is a problem, _____________. It’s our responsibility to make sure ahead of time that we can. Do everything you can to make this situation as easy to cope with as possible. ____________, call the consulate(领事馆) immediately. If the consulate isn’t nearby, you’ll have to help the guest get to the appropriate consulate. ___________ if we had some more consulates here. However, there are also a few in Boston. Next, ____________which is not so serious, you’ll find the first-aid kit under the reception desk. If the accident is serious, ____________. B A C F E D A. the guest will expect us to be able to handle any situation B. if we didn't handle these situations well C. If a guest loses his passport D. call an ambulance D. if a guest has an accident E. It would be great

大话西游 A Chinese Odyssey If God gave me another chance, I would say to the girl three words, “ I love you.” If there had to be a limit of time, I would say 10,000 years! 如果上天能够给我一个再来一次的机会， 我会对那个女孩子说三个字：我爱你。 如果非要在这份爱上加上一个期限，我希望是--一万年!

Language in use If I lived in… If I were a teacher, … Write about your ideal future. Think about your home, job, partner, family, etc. Write conditional sentences to explain why you would like this kind of life. 在输出过程中，鼓励学生选择恰当的语言形式输出表达真实交际意义的语义连贯的语篇。 Language in use If I lived in… If I were a teacher, … Eg. I’d like to live in Africa and work as a doctor. If I were a doctor in Africa, I would help a lot of people. If I helped them, they would suffer less pain and they would live a healthy life. If they lived a healthy life, I would be happy.

三、语法教学应该兼顾语言的形式、意义和功能。 语法学习应该把语言的形式及其意义和功能结合起来，把语法结构与语篇整体联系起来，把语言产生的语篇和情境语境联系起来，向学生阐述如何选择某种语言形式实现其特定的意义和功能。这里所说的功能指说话者在语境中传达的语用意义 （pragmatic meaning），也就是我们常说的隐含意义 （implied meaning）。 虚拟语气不是单纯表达一个相反的事实，使用者通常是通过这一形式表达一种言外之意，达到特定的交际目的。

1. What kind of feeling does the author express in the passage? Read and think 1. What kind of feeling does the author express in the passage? regrets 1. If I Were a Boy Again If I were a boy again, I would practice perseverance oftener, and never give up a thing because it was hard or inconvenient. If I were a boy again, I would school into a habit of attention; I would let nothing come between me and the subject in hand. I would remember that a good skater never tries to skate in two directions at once. If I were a boy again, I would look on the cheerful side. Life is very much like a mirror: if you smile upon it, it smiles back upon you; but if you frown and look doubtful on it, you will get a similar look in return. If I were a boy again, I would demand of myself more courtesy towards my companions and friends, and indeed towards strangers as well. The smallest courtesies along the rough roads of life are like the little birds that sing to us all winter long, and make that season of ice and snow more endurable. Finally, instead of trying hard to be happy, as if that were the sole purpose of life, I would, if I were a boy again, try still harder to make others happy.

2. If I had three more days to see 假如给我三天光明 1. What kind of feeling does the writer express in the passage? wishes 2. If I had three more days to see 假如给我三天光明 I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound. If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in “How to use your eyes.” The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties. Suppose you set your mind to work on the problem of how you would use your own eyes if you had only three more days to see. If with the oncoming darkness for the third night you knew that the sun would never rise for you again, how would you spend those three precious intervening days? What would you most want to let your gaze rest upon? What can we learn from the passages? The two passages make us think about our life. We should cherish what we have. Don’t take what we have for granted. Everyday is unique and we should live every day to the fullest so that we won’t have regrets in the future.

2. If I were you, I would accept his advice. Implied meaning of conditionals（语用意义） 下面的句子同样是虚拟语气的形式，都表示 “与事实相反” ，但所表达的意义却不相同。 1. 表达愿望 1. If I won a lottery, I would help those poor children back to school. 2. 表达建议 2. If I were you, I would accept his advice. 3. 表决心 3. If the sun were to rise in the west， I would marry you.

4. 表示遗憾、内疚 If I had come earlier, I should not have missed the chance. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 5. 表示感谢 If it were not for his help, I would not know what to do. If it hadn’t been for the brave train driver, all the passengers on the train wouldn’t have been survived. 6. 表示轻微的谴责 If you had studied harder last semester, you could have passed the exam. If you had listened to the doctor’s advice, you would not be so seriously ill.

学习语法是为了表达/交际的需要；语法学习要和语境语篇联系起来；语法学习要把语言的形式及其意义和功能结合起来，尤其是学生要理解语法在交际中所表达的特定的意义和功能。

Thanks for your listening!