高三语法讲座 反意疑问句
定义: 在陈述句之后附加上一个简短问句,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句。
结构: 如陈述部分为肯定式,疑问部分用否定式。反之,如陈述部分否定式,疑问部分用肯定式。疑问部分重复陈述句的主语(必须用代词)和be , have,助动词或情态动词。如陈述句中没有 be, have,助动词或情态动词,则须另加do。如: She has gone to town, hasn‘t she? 她进城了,对吗? You like it, don't you? 你喜欢它,不是吗?
注意事项: 1.在朗读时,反意疑问句的前部分用降调,后部分,在表疑问时用升调,在表强调时用降调。如: He's an engneer, isn't he?↑ 他是工程师,是不是? It's a fine day today, isn't it?↓ 今天天气很好,对吧?
2.对反意疑问句的回答,肯定或否定要前后保持一致,即前面用“ yes ”,后面必须是肯定;前面用“no ”,后面必须是否定。 3.附加问句如果是否定式,一般应用缩略形式,如: We need to practise speaking English more often, don't we? 我们需要多练习说英语,是不是? He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? 他应当知道该怎么做,对不对?
4.在回答前否定(陈述句)+后肯定(简略问句)的反意疑问句时,答语中“yes ”和“no”的翻译恰好与汉语相反,如: He isn't a pianist, is he? 他不是钢琴家,是吗? Yes , he is . (No, he isn't.) 不,他是钢琴家。(对,他不是钢琴家。)
5.牢记反意疑问句及答语的肯定,否定关系的一般规则(“+”表示肯定,“—”表示否定): 问句中:“+,—”或“—,+”。 答句中:“+,+”或“—,—”。 问中:He doesn't want to buy it, does he? 他不想买它,对吗? 答中:A:Yes, he does. 不,他想买。 B: No, he doesn't. 对,他不想买。
(一)特殊情况 (1)陈述部分是I am 时,疑问部分常用“aren't I?”代替更正式的“am I not? ”。 如: I'm late, aren't I? 我迟到了,是吗? (2)如陈述部分是“there be”结构时,疑问部分只需对换there be 的位置即可。如: There's something wrong with your watch, isn't there? 你的手表有毛病,对吗?
3)陈述部分是形式主语it 时,疑问部分的主语也用it 。如: It took more than 100,000 men twenty years to build the Great Pyramid, didn't it? 建成这座大金字塔,十万人费了二十年时间,对吗? (4)陈述部分是had better 固定搭配时,疑问部分应是hadn't。如: We'd better play games now, hadn't we? 我们最好现在做游戏,行吗?
(二)两种形式 1)当情态动词用时,疑问部分用 didn't。如: They used to be good friends, didn't they? 他们过去一向是好朋友,是吗? 2)当不及物动词用时,疑问部分要用didn't 。如: Grandmother used to get up early, didn't she? 奶奶过去时常早起,对吗? There used to be a station over there, didn't there? 过去那儿有个火车站,对吗?
(2)陈述部分如带有have to, has to, had to 时: 1)惯常行为:用do, does, did,构成 have to, has to, had to 的疑问部分。如: We have to work from 8:00 a.m. to 5:30p.m, don't we? 我们得从上午8:00工作到下午5:30,是不是? 2)在特定场合:用have, has, had,构成have to, has to, had to 的疑问部分。如: I have to work this afternoon, haven't I? 我今天下午得去工作,是不是?
(3)need, dare 的用法: 1)当实义动词用,疑问部分要用do 的某一形式。如: He dared to ask the teacher many questions, didn't he? 他敢向老师提许多问题,对吗? 2)当情态动词用,只重复它。如: You needn't do that when your son is here, need you? 你儿子在这里时,你不必做那事,是不是?
三)其他形式 (1)如陈述部分的主语是不定代词everyone, someone, no one等词,疑问部分的主语常用they ,有时也可用he。如: Somebody borrowed my bike yesterday, didn't they? 昨天有人借了我的自行车,对吗?
(2)如陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, everything 等及指示代词this, that 时,疑问部分的主语用it 。如: Nothing could make him give in, could it? 什么也不会使它屈服,是吗?
(3)如陈述部分有 no, nobody, few, seldom, nor, neither…nor, too…to等表示否定意味的词时,疑问部分要用肯定式。如 : He is neither a teacher nor a worker, is he? 他既不是老师,也不是工人,对吗? No one here can dance, can they? 这里没有人会跳舞,对吗?
4)当陈述部分含有由 un, in , im, il, ir 等否定前缀构成的派生词时,虽意思是“不”,但疑问部分仍要用否定式。如: She dislike it, doesn't she? 她不喜欢它,是吧?
(5)当 neither…nor, both…and 连接陈述部分的两个主语时,疑问部分的主语常用复数代词。如: Both you and I are not wrong, are we? 你和我都不错,是吗?
祈使句的附加句 (一)祈使句是肯定式,表示“请求”,疑问部分要用will you?;若表示“劝导”“邀请”时,疑问部分要用won't you ;也可用 can't you ,含有责备或不耐烦之意。如: Shut up, can't you? 闭嘴,行不行? Come here at once, will you? 立刻到这里来,好吗? Stop talking, won't you? 别说话,好吗?
(二)如祈使句是否定式时,疑问部分只能用 “will you?”。如: Don't look out of the window, will you? 别向窗外看,行吗? (三)以Let me 的祈使句,疑问部分可用 “will you ?”或“may I? ”如: Let me have another try, will you? 让我再试一次,行吗? Let me do the job, may I? ....可以吗?
四)以Let us (不包括对方在内)的祈使句,疑问部分用“will you? ” 如: Let us go shopping, will you? 让我们去买东西,行吗? (五)以 Let's (包括对方在内)的祈使句,其疑问部分用“shall we? ”。如: Let's go out for a drive, shall we? 咱们出去兜风吧,好吗?
复合句的附加句 A.当陈述句是主从复合句时: (一)从句是that 引起的宾语从句( that 在常省略),附加疑问应对陈述部分的主句提出。如: He said nothing except that he was all right, didn't he? 他除了说他很好之外,其他什么也没讲,对吗?
(二)当陈述部分主句的主、谓是 I (We) think(believe, imagine, expect, feel 等)加 that 引导的宾语从句时,疑问部分的主语(代词)和动词要与从句的一致。如: I think there is something wrong with the washer, isn't there? 我想洗衣机出了毛病,对不对? We don't suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在乎的,对吗?
注:think, believe, imagine 等表示揣测,信念,愿望之类心理活动的动词+that 宾语从句时,务必注意这些动词具有否定转移的现象。)
(三)当陈述部分是It (This, That或其他表示时间的名词+ be+the+first time(month 等)+that 从句(that 可省)时,疑问部分与主句的主语和谓语保持一致 .如:This is the third time he has left home, isn't it? Tomorrow will be the second time that I have had to have my TV set repaired again, won't it?
B.复杂情况 (一)当陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动名词等时,疑问部分的主语一律用it 。如: Whether they will come or not doesn't matter too much, does it?(主语从句作陈述句的主语)
Packing the suitcase has taken up a whole moring, hasn't it To learn aforeign languag well in such a short time isn't easy, is it?(不定式短语作陈述句的主语)
(二)若陈述句为并列句时,疑问部分的主语通常与临近分句的主谓一致。如: We must redouble our efforts, or we'll not be able to catch up with the others, will we? 我们必须加倍努力,否则我们就赶不上别人,对吗?
(三)如陈述部分含情态动词must时: (1)表示“应该”,其疑问部分用mustn't(不应该),如: You must work hard next term, mustn't you ? 下学期你应该努力学习,对吗? (2)表示“必须”,其疑问部分用needn't(不必),如: We must go at once, needn't we? 我们必须立刻走,是吗?
3)表示推测,其疑问部分必须与must 后面的主要动词相呼应。如: 1)对现在动作或存在的情况的推测: You must know the answer to the exercise, don't you? 你一定知道这项练习的答案,是不是? That must be your bed, isn't it? 那一定是你的床,是吗?
2)对过去发生的动作或存在的情况的推测: ①表示肯定 You must have left your bag in the theatre, haven't you? 你一定是把包落在剧场了,是不是? Aunt Liu must have got to the U.S.A. yesterday, didn't she? 刘大婶昨天准是到了美国了,对不? ②表示否定表示推测时,否定式通常不是must not ,而是can't (cannot). 如: He can't have been to your home; he doesn't know your address, does he? 他不可能去过你家;他不知道你的地址,是不是?
(4)陈述部分含情态动词mustn't,表示禁止时,问部分就可以用must或may,如: We mustn't be late, must we?(may we?) 我们不可以迟到,是吗?
英英与美英的差异反意疑问句 (一)如陈述句have 作“有”解时, 疑问部分在美国英语中用 do的某一形式;在英国英语中用have 的适当形式,如: She has money with her, doesn't she? (美英)她身边有钱,对吗? He hasn't any friends in London, has he? (英英)他在伦敦没有什么朋友,对吗?
(二)陈述部分用不定代词one 作主语时,疑问部分在美国英语中用 he ,在英国英语中仍用one,如: One should love his country, shouldn't he? (美英)任何人都应该爱国,对吧?
(三)陈述部分带有情态动词ought to 时,附加疑问部分在美国英语中用should ;在英国英语中仍用 ought,如: The boy ought to be praised, shouldn't he? (美英)这男孩应该受到表扬,是不是? We ought to read the book, oughtn't we? (英英)我们应当读这本书,对吗?
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