The Attributive Clause Grammar The Attributive Clause ●The restrictive & non-restrictive attributive clauses ●The attributive clause & the appositive clause ●The attributive clause & the emphasis structure

Pay special attention to the underlined parts Pay special attention to the underlined parts. Is there anything in common between them? 1. He is a famous scientist. 2. who’s that girl in red? 3. I’ve read all the books that you lent me. 4. I have lost my pen, which I like very much.

The attributive clause (the adjective clause) the restrictive attributive clause the non-restrictive attributive clause noun/pronoun + the attributive clause the antecedent (person/thing) the relative pronouns/adverbs + clause

The use of the relative pronouns Form 1: referring to function in the clause who whom that which whose subject/object person(s) object person(s) person(s)/thing(s) subject/object thing(s) subject/object person(s)/thing(s) (of whom/which) attributive

The use of the relative adverbs referring to function in the clause when (=at/in/on which) where (=in/at which) why (=for which) adverbial of time time place adverbial of place reason adverbial of reason

1. I know the reason __＿_ he came late. Practice: complete the sentences with suitable relatives. 1. I know the reason __＿_ he came late. 2. Do you know the woman, _____son went to college last year? 3. The house _____ color is red is john’s. 4. This is the best film ___＿_ I’ve ever seen. 5. That’s the town _＿___ he worked in 1987. 6. I have 2 brothers, _＿___ are both soldiers. 7. Next week, ___＿__ you’ll spend in your hometown ,is coming. 8. I’ve tried 2 pairs of shoes, neither of __＿_fits me well. why whose whose that where who which which

Notice: Pay more attention to the agreement between the verb and the antecedent in person and number in the attributive clause, and then complete the sentences: Those who ____ to go to the cinema must be at the school gate by 3:30 p.m. (want) 2. He who ___________ the great wall is not a true man. (not reach) 3. She is the only one of the girls who ____ been to Beijing. (have) 4. He is one of the boys who ____ seen the film. (have) want doesn’t reach has have

Conclusion 1: When a relative pronoun is used as a subject in the clause, the verb must agree with the antecedent in person and number. (2) When the antecedent is the structure “one of +n. (pl.)”, the verb in the clause must be plural, agrees with the plural form. However, if there is “the” or “the only very” before “one”, the verb in the clause must be singular, agrees with the word “one”.

Practice: Complete the following sentences with suitable relatives: The time ___________ I went to Tokyo is in 1982. 2. I’ll never forget the time _____＿____ I spent at college. 3. The shop _____＿____ I bought the book in is big. 4. The shop ________＿＿___ I bought the book is big. Conclusion 2: when the antecedent is a noun for time or place “when” or “where” is not always used to introduce the clause. It depends on the function of the relative word in the clause. when/that which/that which/that where/in which

The Difference Between “that” and “which”. Complete the following sentences with “that” or “which”. This is the 2nd article ____ I have written in English. 2. It is the best film _____ he has ever seen. 3. This is the very book _____ I want to read. 4. All ____ they told me surprised me. 5. They talked about the teachers and schools _____ they had visited. that that that that that

that 6. Who is the comrade ______ was there? 7. There is a bed in the room _____is still vacant. 8. Our village is no longer the place _______ it used to be. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of _______ hadn’t been cleaned at least a year. 10. The weather turned out to be very good, _______ was more than we could expect. 11. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through _______ he could see what was going on inside the house. that that which which which

Conclusion 3: When the antecedent refers to thing(s), “that” is often used in the following cases: (1) After ordinal number and superlatives (2) After the following words: all, only, little, few, much, very, none, last, just, any(thing), every(thing), some(thing), no(thing). (3) After two or more antecedents, referring to both person(s) and thing(s). (4) After interrogative pronouns “which” or “who”.

(5) When the relative pronoun is used as a predictive in the clause. (6) When the main clause begins with “there be ”. In the following cases, “which” is always used. ①After prepositions ②to introduce a non-restrictive attributive clause. ③The whole main sentence is the “antecedent” of the relative clause, and there is always a comma.

Fill in the blanks with suitable relatives to complete the following sentences. Tell me the reason ____ you were late for class. 2. Who is the girl _____ is speaking there ? 3. This is Mr. Smith, _____ has something interesting to tell you. 4. The computer ________ CPU doesn’t work has to be repaired. why that who whose

5. This kind of computer, _____ is well-known , is out of date. 6. This is just the place ___ I’ve been longing to visit for years. 7. His mother is an engineer, ____ makes him very proud. 8. The old man has 4 sons, three of ____ are doctors. which that which whom

which As 1.The earth is round, _________ is known to all. 2. ____ is known to all, the earth is round as 具有“正如”之意，搭配的动词一般是固定的，如： as you know/ as you see/as we planned/ as we expected

The Difference Between the Attributive Clause and the Appositive Clause 一、从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意义的名 词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部 分或整个主句。 如： We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的是他是否值得信赖的问题（同位语从句） Word came that he had gone abroad. 据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）

The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面。 Our team has won the game, which makes us very happy. (定语从句，which代表前面提到的整个句子) His mother did all she could to help him with his study. 他妈妈尽最大努力帮他学习。 （定语从句，代词all作先行词）

二、从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制， 属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是 从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释， 属于名词性从句的范畴。如： The news that our team has won the game is true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 （同位语从句，补充说明news的内容。） The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 (定语从句，that 从句作定语修饰news)

I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。 (同位语从句，补充说明promise) The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。 （定语从句，that从句作定语修饰promise。）

三、从引导词及其在句子中的成份上区别有些引导词 如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能 引导定语从句。如： That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。（同位语从句） I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事。（同位语从句） 引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语 或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时 常常省略。That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当 任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。

The order that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮助别的几个小组的命令昨天 已收到了。（同位语从句，是对order的具体解释， that虽不作成份，但不能省略） The order (that) we received yesterday was that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别 的几个小组。（定语从句，是名词order的修饰语， that在从句中作received的宾语，可以省略）

B D A 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入 空白处的最佳选项。 Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 2. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without___ we would have lost our way. A. it B. that C. this D. which 3. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ___road conditions need . A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving B D A

B C D 5. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as 6. The fact came up ___ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. what B. which C. that D. whose 7. A decision was made ____ those who wanted to get a job in the factory would not be allowed to stay. A. what B. when C. which D. that C D

D B 8. The question came up at the meeting ____ we had enough money for our research. that B. what C. which D. whether 9. The reason ____ he is late is ____ there was a breakdown on the railway. A. why; why B. why; that C. because; that D. that; because B

The Difference Between the Attributive Clause and the Emphasis Structure 强调句型的句式结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部 分 + that/who从句”。 在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，一律 用that，而不用when, why或how； 在强调主语和宾语时，如果主语和宾语指代人， 则可用who和whom来代替that, 但是从句中的人称和数要与被强调的主语和宾语 保持一致。这些都容易与定语从句混淆。

C A 定语从句和强调句型的判断方法：若将句中的 “It is/was”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分， 结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若句子结构不 完整，则说明原句为定语从句。 1. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcasts began.(1995高考卷) A. while B. which C. that D. since 2. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him. A. It B. What C. So D. Such C A

B D D 3. It is the ability to do the job ____ matters not where you come from or what you are. (2000高考卷) A. one B. that C. what D. it 4. It was ____ he came to Macao ____ he knew what kind of place it was. A. that; when B. until; that C. not until; when D. not until; that 5. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It D D

C B B 6. It was not until we came back from outside ____ out of his bed. A. did he get B. when he got C. that he got D. then he got 7. When was it ____ you met him in the library? A. where B. that C. in which D. which 8. It was near the place ____ there is a bomb ____ we found the dead man. A. where; where B. where; that C. that; where D. that; that B B

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