Unit 7 A Human War for a Battle Among Goodness
Reading 1/7 What caused the Trojan War? What happened during the Trojan War? Reading Task “Was this the face that launch’d a thousand ships And burnt the topless towers of Ilium? Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss.” ─Doctor Faustus
由於特洛伊戰爭因海倫而起，因此後世常用the face that launched a thousand ships形容「傾國傾城的美貌」。
Reading 2/7 In this famous quote, it is easy to see that Helen’s beauty was seen as the cause of the Trojan War. After all, her beauty had driven the Trojan prince Paris to abduct Helen. Helen’s husband, the king of Sparta, thus declared war on Troy. However, neither Paris’s passion nor the king’s anger alone burned the great city of Troy to the ground. The seeds of destruction had already been planted as a result of a contest among three goddesses.
… it is easy to see that Helen’s beauty was seen as the cause of the Trojan War. →…it is easy to find that Helen’s beauty was regarded as the cause of the Trojan War. it is easy to V/that-clause …很容易 在此句構中，不定詞加名詞子句才是真正的 主詞，因為主詞太長，故以it當作虛主詞 置於句首，以避免頭重腳輕。例： It is not easy for a child to understand the deep meaning of the story.
the cause of sth …的起因、原因 The cause of the fire is still unknown. drive sb to V 迫使、逼迫某人… It was a sense of guilt that drove the suspect to confess his crime to the police. see/view/regard/look upon/think of/refer to A as B 把A看作B，認A為B What Alice had done in class was seen as an impolite behavior to her teacher. Lisa views the demanding task as a challenge.
Helen’s husband, the king of Sparta, thus declared war on Troy. →Therefore, Helen’s husband … declared war on Troy. the king of Sparta 是Helen’s husband的同位 語，用以進一步說明，前後以逗號隔開。 Mary, the girl with long hair, is my best friend. declare war on sb 對…宣戰 However, neither Paris’s passion nor the king’s anger alone burned the great city of Troy to the ground. neither . . . nor . . . 既非…也非…
Neither Amy nor Will speaks French well. neither . . . nor . . . 作為對等連接詞來連接兩個同詞性的字或片語。若連接的是主詞，動詞依較接近的主詞而變化，例： Neither these students nor their homeroom teacher supports the principal’s decision. (→名詞) Willa was neither happy nor sad. (→形容詞) I am neither for nor against your proposal. (→介系詞) The spokesman neither confirmed nor denied the president’s travel plan. (→動詞)
alone adv. 單單，僅 (= just) The special effects alone make the scifi movie worth seeing. burn sth to the ground 把…燒成平地 The fire had burned the building to the ground. as a result (of sth) 由於(…) The first train to Kaohsiung has been delayed for two hours as a result of heavy thunder showers.
Reading 3/7 In Greek mythology, gods and goddesses often exercised their power over mortals when there were disagreements. This is exactly what happened with the Trojan War, which actually started because Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite had a fight over a golden apple for the fairest. To avoid being blamed by the goddesses, Zeus had Paris make the difficult choice for him.
. . . exercised their power over mortals . . . exercise vt. 運用，行使(權力) For years, the ruling party exercised absolute authority over the country. power over . . . 對於…的影響力、權力 Even though Mark is thirty years old now, his parents still have tremendous power over him. with 在此作介系詞，意近於in the case of，可譯作「關於，對於」。 . . . , which actually started . . . had a fight over a golden apple for the fairest.
→. . . actually starting . . . fought over a golden apple for the fairest. 此為非限定關係子句的用法，先行詞若為 「事物」，則關係代名詞用which(主格、受 格)或whose(所有格)，不可用that，且子句與 其所修飾的先行詞間需加上逗點。 have a fight over/about . . . 指「因…起爭 執」，亦可改寫為to fight over/about . . .，例： The couple had a fight over/fought over who should do the dishes. the fairest 指「最美麗的人」。
定冠詞the加於形容詞前形成名詞，表「…的人」時，應視為複數；但若定冠詞the加於形容詞最高級前時，因最高級只有一個，故視為單數。 金蘋果事件(Golden Apple of Discord)，是指一場發生在三位女神之間、間接導致特洛伊戰爭的糾紛，是希臘神話中承前啟後的重要事件。 這起事件起源於人類英雄佩琉斯(Peleus)與海中女神忒提斯(Thetis)的婚宴。由於該婚事直接由天神宙斯撮合，卻因為金製的名貴餐具數量有限，因此當時只邀請了一批位階較高的神赴宴。
然而，管轄糾紛的女神厄里斯(Eris)並不在受邀名單之內。覺得受到冒犯的厄里斯不請自來，一言不發，在宴席上留下一個碩大華麗的黃金蘋果，上面刻有「獻給最美麗的女神」的字樣。 在場神級最高、同時也最為美艷的三位女神：雅典娜、愛芙羅黛蒂和希拉捲入了金蘋果所引發的糾紛，她們要求宙斯評判誰可以獲得金蘋果。宙斯則認為，凡間一位瀟灑俊朗、一表人才的王子帕里斯更適合成為這道難題的裁判。於是，天后希拉、智慧女神雅典娜與愛神愛芙羅黛蒂在神使赫耳墨斯(Hermes)的前導下，前去邀請帕里斯王子作仲裁。
To avoid being blamed by the goddesses, Zeus had Paris make the difficult choice for him. → Zeus had Paris make . . . in order to avoid being blamed by the goddesses. To avoid being blamed . . . 及下一句的To win the golden apple，皆為不定詞to + V的 用法，可譯做「為了…」。此用法可用in order to + V或是 so as to + V代換。 Maggie goes jogging every morning in order to/so as to/to lose weight.
此為have的使役動詞用法，句型為have + O. + OC (V/V-en)。受詞補語若與受詞的關係為 此為have的使役動詞用法，句型為have + O + OC (V/V-en)。受詞補語若與受詞的關係為 主動，則接原形動詞；若為被動，則接過 去分詞，例： My father had me wash the car. My father had the car washed.
Reading 4/7 To win the golden apple, the three goddesses promised Paris all that a man could ever want. Hera promised him the power over Europe and Asia, Athena offered him great battle skills and wisdom, and Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen. In the end, Paris chose Aphrodite because he had already fallen in love with Helen at first sight.
. . . the three goddesses promised Paris all that a man could ever want. → . . . the three goddesses promised all . . . to Paris. all that sb could ever want …所夢寐以求的事物 此處all that不適合用what代換，因其隱含了 everything的意思。 at first sight/glance 第一眼 At first sight/glance, I thought it was a UFO. But it turned out to be just a private jet.
Reading 5/7 Aphrodite, having won the contest, helped Paris take Helen to Troy as she had promised. The Spartan king was furious, and ten years of war between Sparta and Troy followed. As time went by, the Spartans won many battles but could never take over Troy. The Spartans thus turned to Athena for help in the hope of ending the war. Athena, who was still angry about Paris’s choice, provided them with the key to winning the final victory by saying, “What began with an apple must end with a horse.”
Aphrodite, having won the contest, helped Paris take Helen to Troy as she had promised. →Aphrodite, who had won the contest, helped Paris take Helen . . . 此為分詞構句，可作為插入語置於句中，通 常置於句首或句尾，如本句可改寫為 Having won the contest, Aphrodite helped Paris . . .。 as 一如，如同 (=in the way that) The performance was not so wonderful as we had expected.
The Spartans thus turned to Athena for help in the hope of ending the war. →Hoping to end the war, the Spartans thus turned to Athena for help. turn to sb (for help) 求助於… I didn’t know how to write the essay, so I turned to my teacher for help. . . . , provided them with the key to winning the final victory by saying, “What began with an apple must end with a horse.” provide sb with sth 提供某人…
The hotel provided all guests with free The hotel provided all guests with free wireless Internet connection in every room. the key to + N 表示「…的關鍵」，其中to為 介系詞，後應接名詞作為受詞，故此處將 win改為動名詞，以動名詞片語winning the final victory作為其受詞。 what 在此代替the things that，引導名詞子句 作為該句主詞，而此處指的就是從女神爭奪 金蘋果一直到特洛伊戰爭整個系列的事件。
Reading 6/7 Thanks to Athena, the Spartans realized what to do. In front of Troy they left a big wooden horse, which the Trojans considered a gift of peace. A group of Spartan soldiers, having hidden themselves in the hollow wooden horse, crept out and opened the city gate when night fell. The Spartan army outside was able to launch a successful surprise attack, bringing an end to the greatest war in Greek mythology.
→ . . . , which the considered to be a gift of peace by the Trojans. 此為非限定關係子句的用法，先行詞為「事 物」 則關係代名詞用which，不可用that，子 句與其所修飾的先行詞間需加上逗點。
A group of Spartan soldiers, having hidden. themselves A group of Spartan soldiers, having hidden themselves . . . when night fell. →A group of Spartan soldiers, who had hidden themselves. . . 此為S, V2-ing/V2-en . . . ,V1 . . .的句型，作為 插入語置於句中。 when night fell 夜幕低垂 When night fell, the thief packed his backpack and left quietly.
→ . . . , and brought an end to the greatest war in Greek mythology. Oscar opened the fridge, taking out a bottle of juice.
Reading 7/7 As in many Greek myths, it seems that the humans in the Trojan War were like chesspieces in the hands of gods and goddesses. As a result, it is not difficult to understand that this war probably had been just a game to them.
As in many Greek myths, it seems that the humans in the Trojan War were like chesspieces in the hands of gods and goddesses. as 在此作連接詞，意近於in the way that，後 方可直接加上介系詞片語，而不一定須為具 有主詞與動詞的子句。 it seems + that-clause 好像，似乎 According to the investigation, it seems that Mr. Lipper stole the key and crept into the vault of the bank.
→. . . the humans in the Trojan War seem to be like chesspieces . . . in the hands of sb 在…手中，受…控制 → in one’s hands Until now, the uninhabited island is still in the hands of the rebels. 代名詞them在此指的是前方提及的gods and goddesses。