直升机医疗救援服务 Helicopter Medical Transport Service (HMTS) 飞行标准司，2018年 Flight Standards Department, 2018

直升机用于医疗救援 The Use of Helicopter in Medical Transport 公共 Public 政府 Government 私人 Private 偶发事件 Incidental Event 私人行为 Private Behavior 常规事件 General Events 公共服务 Public Service 注：使用固定翼飞机在机场间实施 的医疗救援按135部包机运行 NOTE：Medical rescue operations carried out by fixed wing airplane between airports are operated by 135 charter flights. 自然灾害 Natural Disaster 国家行为 State Behavior

直升机医疗救援服务 Helicopter Medical Transport Service (HMTS) 运营人使用直升机将病患从事发现场运送到医疗卫生场所经审定合格或运营人预先检查过的起降场地（事故接应点），并在两个同类地点中（中间场所）进行运输，称为直升机医疗救援服务。 A dedicated helicopter air medical operation which transports patients from scene landing zones to certified or pre-surveyed landing sites at health care facilities (scene response), and between such facilities (inter-facility). 事发现场 Accident Scene 事故接应点 Accident Junction Point

直升机医疗救援服务的特点 HMTS Characteristics 运行压力 Operating Pressure 不确定的天气 Uncertain Weather Condition 突发性 Accidental 不熟悉的地形 Unfamiliar Terrain 挂线和可控飞行撞地风险 Risk of Wire Strike and CFIT 野外运行 Off-field Operation 建筑物、障碍物 Buildings, Obstacles 飞行环境复杂 Complex Flight Environment 市区医院直升机场起降 Downtown Hospital

Helicopter Medical Transport Service (HMTS) 2018年3月27日颁发咨询通告AC-135-68 CAAC issued Advisory Circular AC-135-68 on March 27th 2018 Helicopter Medical Transport Service (HMTS)

内容 Contents 机组成员资格要求 训练要求 直升机性能与机载设备要求 运行要求 未来发展 Flight crew eligibility requirements 训练要求 Training requirements 直升机性能与机载设备要求 Helicopter performance and airborne equipment requirements 运行要求 Operational requirements 未来发展 Future Development

机组成员资格要求 Flight crew eligibility requirements CCAR-135部要求 CCAR-135 Requirements 机长：CPL或ATPL PIC：CPL or ATPL 仪表：1200小时飞行经历，直升机仪表等级 IFR：1200 hours flight experience, helicopter instrument rating AC-135-68要求 AC-135-68 Requirements 机长：500小时直升机飞行经历，担任机长至少150小时 PIC: 500 hours helicopter flight experience 夜间：20小时夜间目视 Night: 20 hours night VFR 仪表：直升机仪表等级，1000小时直升机飞行经历，500小时机长 IFR: helicopter instrument rating, 1000 hours helicopter flight experience, 500 hours PIC

机组成员资格要求 Flight crew eligibility requirements 其他要求 Other Requirements： 对于在恶劣天气（目视气象条件，但可能存在意外仪表气象条件）下按目视飞行规则实施的运行，机长必须持有直升机仪表等级，且接受过脱离意外进入的仪表气象条件的训练。 For VFR operations in adverse weather (visual flight conditions but instrument meteorological condition may encounter), the pilot in command must hold a helicopter instrument rating and receive inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC) recovery training. 实施夜间飞行或仪表飞行时，飞行机组成员应至少包括两名驾驶员。 For night and IFR flights, the flight crew must include at least two pilots.

训练要求 Training requirements 驾驶员 Pilot 医护人员Medical Personnel 地面人员Ground Personnel 维护人员Maintenance Personnel 机组资源管理CRM 判断与决策Judgment and Decision-making

训练要求 Training requirements 飞行模拟机/训练器的使用 Use of flight simulators and FTDs 可以通过使用飞行模拟机/训练器加强在仪表气象条件下，以及在单调光和其它特殊条件下的训练 Training in IIMC, flat light, and other special conditions can be enhanced through the use of simulators. 飞行模拟机/训练器能够降低能见度并模拟各种于飞行中可能出现的不正常情况 Simulators have the capability to decrease visibility and simulate a variety of situations not possible in flight. 飞行模拟机/训练器可以在突发性紧急状况下（如发动机失效）提供实战化训练 Simulators can provide realistic training in sudden onset emergencies such as dual engine failures.

训练要求 Training requirements 意外进入仪表气象条件的规避和恢复程序 IIMC Avoidance and Recovery Procedures 所有进行直升机医疗救援的飞行员都必须接受基本的仪表飞行技能训练 All HMTS pilots must be trained in basic instrument flying skills to recover from IIMC. 训练和考核必须包括靠仪表保持姿态飞行，不寻常姿态的恢复和空中交通管制的通讯 Training and checking for all pilots must include attitude instrument flying, recovery from unusual attitudes and ATC communications.

训练要求 Training requirements 夜间训练 Night Training 很多直升机医疗救援的相关事故发生在夜间 Many HMTS-associated accidents occur at night. 飞行员应加强其在飞行，地面和模拟训练方面的夜间运行 Night operations should be emphasized in flight, ground and simulator training. 建议夜间飞行训练应包括使用夜视成像系统（NVIS）；适当使用直升机地形提示和警告系统（HTAWS）及雷达高度表 Best practices suggest night flight training should include the use of Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS); the appropriate use of HTAWS and radar altimeters.

直升机性能与机载设备要求 Helicopter performance and airborne equipment requirements 1 级性能直升机 Performance Class 1 helicopter 性能表现为当发动机失效时能在中断起飞区着陆或继续安全飞行至一个适宜着陆的区域的直升机。 A helicopter with performance such that, in case of engine failure, it is able to land on the rejected take-off area or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area. 2 级性能直升机 Performance Class 2 helicopter 性能表现为当发动机失效时能继续安全飞行，但是当失效发生在起飞之后的一个规定点之前或着陆 之前的一个规定点之后则可能要迫降的直升机。 A helicopter with performance such that, in case of engine failure, it is able to safely continue the flight, except when the failure occurs prior to a defined point after take-off or after a defined point before landing, in which cases a forced landing may be required. 3 级性能直升机 Performance Class 3 helicopter 性能表现为当发动机在飞行剖面任一点失效时都必须迫降的直升机。 A helicopter with performance such that, in case of engine failure at any point in the flight profile, a forced landing must be performed.

直升机性能与机载设备要求 Helicopter performance and airborne equipment requirements 运营人应根据所执行的医疗救援任务调整直升机的运行重量，并使用相应的性能数据 HMTS operators should adjust the helicopter operating weight and use the performance data based on HMTS duties. 不得在恶劣环境条件下实施3 级性能运行 Performance class 3 operations shall not be conducted over a hostile environment. 按照仪表飞行规则实施直升机医疗救援服务的运营人，必须使用具备1 级或2 级性能的直升机 Performance class 1 or 2 helicopter is required for HMTS operations under IFR.

直升机性能与机载设备要求 Helicopter performance and airborne equipment requirements 从事医疗救援运行所建议的设备 RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT FOR HMTS Operations 直升机专用探照灯 Helicopter-Approved Searchlight 与地面急救人员联络的专用通讯设备 Communications with Hospitals and First Responders 内话系统 Intercommunications System (intercom) 撞线防护装置 Wire Strike Protection System 烟火信号设备 Pyrotechnic Signaling Device(s) 其他设备 Other Equipment

Airworthiness Requirements 直升机性能与机载设备要求 Helicopter performance and airborne equipment requirements 设备安装的一般性注意事项 Equipment Installation General Considerations 固定 Rack Mounting 满足适航要求 Airworthiness Requirements

运行要求 Operational requirements 一般要求 General Requirements 风险分析Risk Analysis 野外起降地点Off-Heliport LZs 夜间运行 Night Operations 协调程序 Coordination Procedure

运行要求 Operational requirements 运营人有责任为驾驶员提供支持，包括在飞行前计划、风险分析和航路飞行过程中，帮助驾驶员进行有效决策。 The operator is responsible for maintaining operational control, accomplishing flight locating and supporting the pilot during preflight planning, risk analysis, and en-route by providing information and constructive input which would aid the pilot in effective decision-making.

运行要求 Operational requirements 指挥中心 Operations Control Center (OCC) 规模小的运行 Smaller operations 驾驶员与运行责任人之间直接沟通 Direct communication between the pilot and the management person 规模较大的运营人 Larger operations 指挥中心负责建立驾驶员和各类专业人员之间的协调程序 Pilot communication and discussion with a trained operations control specialist in OCC

运行要求 Operational requirements 应急预案 Emergency Response Procedures 运营人应针对典型的紧急情况（例如：不安全事件、事故和其他紧急情况等）制定相应的应急预案 Operators should establish emergency response procedures for typical emergency situations. 事故 Accidents 不安全事件 Incidents 其他紧急情况 Other Emergences

运行要求 Operational requirements 最低运行标准 Operating Minimums 以3 级性能实施直升机医疗救援运行时应遵守CCAR91 部第91.155 条目视飞行规则的最低天气标准。 Performance Class 3 operations should comply with CCAR Part 91, Section 91.155 Basic VFR weather minimums. 以1 级和2 级性能实施直升机医疗救援运行时，可在放行和航路飞行阶段执行下表中规定的最低天气标准。 Performance Class 1 and 2 operations should comply with weather minimums in the Table behind for dispatch and en-route phase of the HMTS flights.

运行要求 Operational requirements 直升机紧急医疗救护运行最低天气标准 HMTS Operating Minimums 双驾驶 2 PILOTS 单驾驶 1 PILOT 昼间 Day 云底高 Ceiling 能见度 Visibility 500 英尺及以上 ft and above 1 000 m 1 600 m 499 - 400 英尺 ft 499 – 400 英尺 ft 2 000 m 399 - 300 英尺 ft 399 – 300 英尺 ft 3 000 m 夜间 Night 1 200 英尺 ft 2 500 m

运行要求 Operational requirements 起降场地 Landing Zone (LZ) 运营人应当建立适用于各种类型起降场地的空中和地面勘察程序。 Operators should establish procedures for conducting airborne and ground reconnaissance of all types of heliports/landing zones. 着陆区标准 LZ Criteria 直升机场 Heliports 进离场 Approach/ Departure 地面安保 Ground Security 起降场地清单 LZ Listing

运行要求 Operational requirements 特殊条件下的运行 Operations Under Special Conditions 意外仪表气象条件 Inadvertent Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IIMC) 夜间运行 Night Operations 跨水运行 Overwater Operations 平光、吹雪和扬沙 Flat Light, Whiteout and Brownout

未来发展 Future Development 使用无人机进行药品和器械投送，可以很大程度上缓解医疗救援情况的紧迫性，甚至取代直升机医疗救援服务 The use of unmanned aircraft for medicine and equipment delivery can largely relieve the urgency situation of medical rescue, and even replace the Helicopter Medical Transport Service (HMTS). 使用大数据验证方法，可以有效提高直升机野外运行的安全水平 The application of big data validation can effectively improve the safety level of helicopter off-field operation.

未来发展 Future Development 无人机 Unmanned Aircraft 药品投送 Medicine delivery 器械投送 Equipment delivery 前置航径探测 Navigational path detection

未来发展 Future Development RTK：卫星定位系统的实时动态差分技术（Real-Time Kinematic） 使用蜂窝网络（300 米以下）或L 波段通信获取服务，特别是在150 米以下超低空实现精准定位，优化避障和起降程序。 Use cellular network (less than 300 meters) or L band communication access services, especially in ultra low altitude under 150 meters to achieve precision positioning, optimization of obstacle avoidance and landing and landing programs.

未来发展 Future Development 大数据验证 Big Data Validation 黑箱服务 Black Box Service 地理信息服务公司 Geographic Information Services Company 电力服务公司 Power Service Company 大数据 Big Data 计划航径（含备选、应急航径）数据 Flight path plan (including alternative, emergency flight path) data 可行性数据报告的形式 Practical Data Report 飞行决策 Flight Decision

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