非谓语动词 1．性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。

2．形式 不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。 动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。 分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语.

3．语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。 逻辑主语能发出该动作 （发） 逻辑主语不能发出该动作 （收） 不发不收用结构： 动词不定式：用独立结构。 动名词：用复合结构。 分词：用独立主格结构

It is easy for the students to read. It will be a mistake for us to help you.

B: 下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of 引起的短语，这些形容词是： (表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性） kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, right, careless, rude, polite, naughty etc. It’s kind of you to think so much of us. It’s unwise of him to leave home at once. It ‘s wrong of him to speak bad behind others. It’s wrong for the south to break away from the Union.

2．不定式作表语 1. Her work is ______( look )after the children. 2. My aim is ______( go ) to TsingHua University. 3. She seemed ______( think ) about the problem. 4. They appeared _____( agree ) with what we said. 不定式作be动词的表语时可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。

3．不定式作宾语： 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有： want, demand, hope, wish, expect; like, hate; start, begin; fail, help, offer, try, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, agree, plan, determine, prefer, intend, etc.

He found it important to study Russian. 如作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词it作form object，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。 think, find, feel, consider, make… He found it important to study Russian. The computer makes it possible to calculate faster.

He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. 不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如 ：but, except等后才行，此时不定式可带to 或不带to. He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. We have no choice but to wait outside. They could do nothing but ask for help.

4.不定式作定语 Change the following into infinitives. He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning. Do you have anything that you want to say? Here are some books that you can read. He thought out a plan _____ (punish) Tom. He is always the last _____ (come) to office Please give me a knife _____ (cut) with. 作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。

5.不定式作状语。 状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，但目的、结果 要用不定式。 目的状语还可用 in order to 或so as to来表示. 结果状语还可用 so…as to…, such…as to…, enough to…, too…to…, only to…等结构来表示

不定式在作表语/ 补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。 This question is difficult _____ (answer). Do you think him easy_____ (work) with? We find this rule hard _____ (remember).

不定式中作结果状语的注意点： 1）某些形容词在“too…to…”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious, eager, glad, ready, surprised, willing… She was too surprised to see how angry her father was. 2）在not, never, only, all, but等后的”too…to…”结构中，”too”的含义为”very”，不定式没有否定含义。 I’m only too glad to stay at home. It’s never too old to learn.

不定式的时态与语态： 1）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。 I saw him go out. I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 2）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。 I’m very glad to be working with you. 3）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前 I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. The article is said to have been read by many people.

To tell (you) the truth, he doesn’t agree with you. 不定式作独立成分。 To tell (you) the truth, he doesn’t agree with you. To begin with, Beijing is a very beautiful city.

不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语，表语，宾语等。 He didn’t know what to say. How to solve the problem is important. My question is when to start.

不定式与动名词的区别： 不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作： It’s no good eating too much fat. It’s not good for you to eat so much fat.

2．动名词作表语 . 动名词作表语与主语是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。 1. Her work is ______( look )after the children. 2. My aim is ______( go ) to TsingHua University. 3. One of my bad habits is ______(bite ) nails（指甲）

3．动名词作宾语 mecafps+doing (mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, escape consider, admit(承认)，advise, appreciate=enjoy, avoid, finish, face, practise, suggest, stop, delay, imagine, include, keep, quit, resist, risk, understand, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, etc. 以及介词后接动名词doing

动名词与不定式的不同含义： be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去 做某事 be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现

forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已 The light in the office is off. It was she 2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未 做） forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已 The light in the office is off. It was she who turned it off, but she herself forgot _______( turn ) it off. The light in the office is still on. She forgot ______(turn )it off.

3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未做） remember doing sth.记着做了某事（已做） Do you remember ______(meet) me at a party last year? You must remember ______( leave) tomorrow.

stop doing sth.停止做原来的事情。 5) regret to do sth. 遗憾地说/告诉… 4) stop to do sth.停下去干某事，要做的和原来的是不一样的事情； stop doing sth.停止做原来的事情。 5) regret to do sth. 遗憾地说/告诉… regret doing sth. 后悔做了… I regret _____( go ) to his home town. I regret _____( tell ) you the truth.

6)try to do sth. try doing sth. You must try _____( do ) it again. Let’s try _____( do ) the work in some other way.

7) mean to do sth.计划做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事 If it means _____( delay ) more than a week, I’ll not wait. I mean _____( go ), and nothing can stop me. 8) go on to do sth. go on doing sth.

9) can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁，不禁 can’t help (to) do sth. 不能帮忙做… 10. permit / allow / advise + doing sth. + sb. to do sth. 11. start / begin / continue / like / love / hate + to do sth. + doing sth.

12. S. + want to do sth. S. + want sb. to do sth. / want sth. to be done S. + want + doing / to be done 13. S. + need + to do sth. S. + need + doing / to be done 14. S. + require sb. to do sth. / require sth. to be done S. + require + doing / to be done S. + is worth + doing 动名词在句中是主动的形式，但含有被动的意思。

She didn’t mind Jack/ Jack’s (him/ his) coming here. 动名词复合结构的一般规则是： 1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。 Tom’s (His) coming is what we have expected. She didn’t mind Jack/ Jack’s (him/ his) coming here.

2. 逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普通格。 Is there any hope of our team winning the match? 3. 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词 this,that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone时，只有普通格。 She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.

动名词的时态和语态 1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式 如G.的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。 We are interested in _____ (play) chess. 如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。 I’m sorry for not _____ (keep) my promise. 但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。 On hearing the bad news, she cried. I’ll never forget seeing that film for the first time.

2）动名词的语态 doing  being done having done  having been done He was afraid of _____ (leave) at home. The house showed no sign of _____ (damage). 但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义 The house requires / needs / wants repairing. The book is worth reading.

分词 分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。 一般式 完成式 现在分词 doing having done (Ad.) being done (Att.) having been done 过去分词 done

1. Our plan is ______( finish ) the task before May. 1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别： 1. Our plan is ______( finish ) the task before May. 2. Tom’s job was ______( guard ) the factory. 3. His lecture is ______( interest ), which made us ______( interest ). 4. The situation is ______( encourage). 5. The library is ______ (close) now. 6. If you are badly ____ (hurt), you shouldn’t try to stand up.

1.The news is encouraging. （表主语的性质，特征） The glass is broken. (表主语所在的状态） 2. The glass is broken. The glass was broken by Tom. （被动语态）

2)现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别： 分词与逻辑主语（即句子主语）关系来决定分词的语态，主语能发出分词的动作用主动doing / having done，不能发出分词的动作用被动done / having been done。作状语时，可表示时间，原因，结果，条件，方式，伴随状况。 分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing，用一般式，如发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done。

注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。 注2： 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。 注3：有时，”with + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 分词”的结构表示伴随状况。 注4: 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。（见后）

3）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的区别： Whomflns +sb do (经常性动作) +sb doing sth.（正在进行） +sth done（被动） 1.I used to see these boys ____( play ) on the playground.

2. I saw them _____( play ) the computer this afternoon. 3. Have you _____( heard ) this song _____( sing ) before? 4. She was surprised to find the house _____( break ) into when she went back home. 5. Unfortunately, he got his wallet _____( steal ) on the bus. 6. We are interested in hearing him _____( tell ) us the news.

4） 分词作定语(不定式作定语）： A) 1. Do you know the man _____ (speak ) at the meeting? 2. Do you know the man _____ ( praise ) at the meeting? 3. The building _____( put ) up last year is our library. 4. The building _____( put ) up now will be our new company.

5) 作定语时， 单个分词放在前面， 分词短语放在后面。（注意语态） 1. The _____( surprise) news made us _____ (surprise). 2. The _____ ( interest ) man, Chaplin, interested us all. 3. The _____( excite ) football match attracted many football funs. 4. There appeared a _____( worry ) look on his face. 5. She tried to hide her _____( dissatisfy) expression in public. 6. The man _____ (stand) at the door is Tom.

注意：现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词的表示的动作几乎同时发生。如两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。 1. The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 2. Yesterday, mother told me an event which happened five years ago. a sleeping baby a sleeping car

使役性动词disappoint / excite / surprise / move / interest / puzzle… (Vt 使役性动词disappoint / excite / surprise / move / interest / puzzle… (Vt.) + sb. The game _____ (interest) boys.  The boys are ___________ the game. The game is _______. I wonder why football _____ boys. A. has interested B. is interested in C. interesting D. interested a _____ (wound) soldier; _____ (excite) news a disappointing voice; a disappointed voice _____ (excite) at the news, the boys rushed to watch the game. _____ (Fill) with joy, I started off.