构词法 Word-formation 定义:按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。 意义:构词知识有助于记忆单词,扩大词汇量,借助词的结构形式,(猜)判定词在句子中的意义和作用,正确理解句子。
英语构词法主要有: 转化法、 合成法、 派生法、 混合法、 截短法 首尾字母结合法
Affixation (派生) 通过加前后缀形成新词 international telephone extremely manned Compounding (合成) 由两个或多个词合成另一个词 mankind broadband Abbreviation (缩写) 可以按字母读音或象单词一样读。 Hi-tech e-mail IT WTO clipping (截断法) 把一个词的前部分或后部分或前后各截去一部分 lab maths exam Blending (混合) 把两个词各取一部分合成另一个词 brunch smog Conversion (转化) 由一个词类转化为另一个词类 Did you book a seat on the plane?
英语主要构词法: 一.转化 二.合成 三.派生
一.转化. ①Did you book a seat on the plane? ②Please hand me the book. 转化词就是由一类词转化为另一类词. ①Let's go out for a walk. 1.动词转化为名词 ①Did you book a seat on the plane? ②Please hand me the book. ③She nursed her husband back to health 2.名词转化为动词
① We will try our best to better our living conditions. 3.形容词转化为动词 ①You should be dressed in black at the funeral. ②The old in our village are living a happy life. 4.形容词转化为名词
二.合成法 把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词的方法 叫合成法。
(1)合成形容词(一定要有连字符). snow-white English-speaking peace-loving face-to-face man-made two-year-old five-storeyed three-legged high-class noble-minded cold-blooded light-blue good-looking ever-green hard-working
(2) 合成动词 ill-treat mass-produce sleep-walk (3) 合成副词 however downstairs beforehand (4) 合成代词 anybody nobody something
合成名词的复数情况 handwriting gentleman editor-in-chief A.主体名词变为复数. (5).合成介词 inside within into (6).合成名词 handwriting gentleman editor-in-chief 合成名词的复数情况 A.主体名词变为复数. looker(s)—on passer(s)-by son(s)—in—law editor(s)-in-chief brother(s)-in-law B.没有主体名词的将最后一个词变为复数. grown-up(s) C. 其修饰作用的名词是man, woman的时候前后两个名词都变为复数. a man servant many men servants
1. un, dis, non, in, im, ir, il 等表示“不” 三.派生词, 派生词是由词根加词缀构成新词, 构成的 新词成为派生词.(前缀和后缀) 除个别前缀外,前缀一般只改变词的意义, 不引起词类的转化. 常见前缀(prefix)有: 1. unhappy, dislike, informal, impolite, illegal, non-smoking, irregular 1. un, dis, non, in, im, ir, il 等表示“不”
2 . rebuild, rewrite, revisit, 3.enlarge, endanger, enable 3.en和后面的形容词,名词构成动词. 4.prehistory prefix prewar prepare 4.pre 表示“之前” 5.postwar postgraduate 5.post 表示“之后”
6. exit, expand, export, exclude 7. international, interaction, internet 7. inter-, 表示“在……间,相互” 8. foreward, forecast, forehead, foretell 8. fore-, 表示“在前面,” 9. television, telephone 9. tele-, 表示“远离”
后缀一般只改变词类,不引起词义的变化. 常见后缀(suffix):
1.名词后缀 - ism, socialism, criticism, heroism er/or visitor worker ist artist communist ness darkness happiness tion attention introduction ment movement judgement – hood, childhood, manhood, - ism, socialism, criticism, heroism – ity, purity, reality, ability
2 形容词后缀 ful careful hopeful ous curious dangerous able knowable usable y hilly windy ed coloured moneyed -able, comfortable, valuable,movable -ish, foolish, selfish childish -ful, helpful, wonderful, beautiful
3. 动词后缀 1) -ize, ise, 表示“做成”, modernize, realize, organize 2) -en, 表示“使成为,” quicken, weaken, soften, deepen 3) -fy, 表示“使……化,” beautify, purify, intensify,
4.副词后缀 ly carefully newly greatly