Network Design in the Supply Chain (Part1) 4 Network Design in the Supply Chain (Part1)

Network Design Decisions Facility role What role, what processes? Facility location Where should facilities be located? Capacity allocation How much capacity at each facility? Market and supply allocation What markets? Which supply sources?

網路設計決策 設施角色 設施位址 產能分配 市場與供應配置

Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions Strategic factors Technological factors Macroeconomic factors Tariffs and tax incentives Exchange-rate and demand risk Freight and fuel costs Political factors

Factors Influencing Network Design Decisions Infrastructure factors Competitive factors Positive externalities between firms Locating to split the market Customer response time and local presence Logistics and facility costs

網路設計決策的影響因素 策略因素 技術因素 總體經濟因素 政治因素 基礎建設因素 競爭因素 顧客回應時間與地區設施 運籌與設施成本

Competitive Factors Locating to split the market Positive externalities between firms Collocation benefits all Locating to split the market Locate to capture largest market share

Framework for Network Design Decisions

網路設計決策架構 Notes:

Models for Facility Location and Capacity Allocation Needed Important information Location of supply sources and markets Location of potential facility sites Demand forecast by market Facility, labor, and material costs by site Transportation costs between each pair of sites Inventory costs by site and as a function of quantity Sale price of product in different regions Taxes and tariffs Desired response time and other service factors

設施位址與產能分配模型 需要的重要資訊 供應資源與市場的位址 潛在設施位址 市場需求預估 設施、勞工與原料成本 各位址之間的運輸成本 存貨成本與存貨數量的關係 不同區域的產品售價 稅與關稅 期望的回應時間與其他服務因素

SunOil Network Optimization Model 要建立哪個工廠？如何配置網路？ 生產設施的需求分配 主要成本： 固定設施成本 運輸成本 生產成本 存貨成本 生產設施的需求分配 決定設施的位址與產能分配

Network Optimization Model ＄：1,000 USD

Capacitated Plant Location Model Decision variables = number of potential plant locations/capacity = number of markets or demand points = annual demand from market j = potential capacity of plant i = annualized fixed cost of keeping plant i open = cost of producing and shipping one unit from plant i to market j (cost includes production, inventory, transportation, and tariffs) = quantity shipped from plant i to market j = 1 if plant i is open, 0 otherwise subject to

最適工廠位址模式 決策變數 yi = 1 若工廠 i 維持運轉，否則為0 xij =自工廠 i 至市場 j 的每年裝運量 受限於： Notes:

Microsoft Excel：規劃求解 [資料] [資料工具] → 按滑鼠右鍵 [自訂快速存取工具列] [增益集] → [分析工具箱] [執行] → 勾選 [規劃求解增益集] [確定] [資料] → [規劃求解] （在右上方） Notes:

Capacitated Plant Location Model (Excel Step1)

Capacitated Plant Location Model (Excel Step2)

Capacitated Plant Location Model (Excel Step3)

Capacitated Plant Location Model (Excel Cell Formula)

Network Optimization

Optimal Network 4 10 B 16 12 B 7 8 B

Gravity Location Model ???

Gravity Location Model xn, yn: coordinate location of either a market or supply source n Fn: cost of shipping one unit for one mile between the facility and either market or supply source n Dn: quantity to be shipped between facility and market or supply source n (x, y) is the location selected for the facility, the distance dn between the facility at location (x, y) and the supply source or market n is given by Minimize Total transportation cost

加權位址模型 最小化總運輸成本 x,y：設施所選擇的位址 xn, yn：市場或供應來源n的座標位址 dn：設施與市場或供應來源n之間，將裝運的數量 Fn：設施與市場或供應來源n之間，每單位運送一英里的裝運成本 最小化總運輸成本 Notes:

Gravity Location Model Sources/Markets Transportation Cost $/Ton Mile (Fn) Quantity in Tons (Dn) Coordinates xn yn Supply sources Buffalo 0.90 500 700 1,200 Memphis 0.95 300 250 600 St. Louis 0.85 225 825 Markets Atlanta 1.50 Boston 150 1,050 Jacksonville 800 Philadelphia 175 925 975 New York 1,000 1,080

Gravity Location Model (Excel Steps)

Gravity Location Model (Excel Cell Formula)

Optimal Location