现在完成时态 棠湖中学教师 王英

现在完成时 规则: 1. + ed 2. + d 3. y 动词的过去分词 4. 双写+ ed 不规则: i+ ed 1．现在完成时的构成：助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词 注：has 用于第三人称单数，have 用于其他所有人称。其否定句在 Have/has后加not. 一般疑问句把have/has提到主语前. 规则: 1. + ed 2. + d 3. y i+ ed 动词的过去分词 4. 双写+ ed 不规则: 1. put, cut, let, hit, hurt, set, read 2. bring,buy, teach, catch, feel, find, get,have, win, hear, hold, keep, lay, learn, leave,lose,make, meet, say, sell, sit, sleep, smell,spend, stand, sweep, tell, 3. become, come, run,

5.am/is-was-been are-were-been begin-began-begun break-broke-broken do-did-done draw-drew-drawn drink-drank-drunk drive-drove-driven eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen fly-flew-flown forget-forgot-forgotten give-gave-given go-went-gone grow-grew-grown hide-hid-hidden know-knew-known lie-lay-lain ride-rode-ridden ring-rang-rung show-showed-shown see-saw-seen sing-sang-sung speak-spoke-spoken take-took-taken

② Have you ever ridden a horse? ③ She has already finished the work. 2．现在完成时的用法： （1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just, already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用.例如： ① I have never heard of that before. ② Have you ever ridden a horse? ③ She has already finished the work. ④ Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. ⑤ I’ve just lost my science book. 区别 he was here just now. 有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。 Have you spoken to a foreigner?

（2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态 （2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态.可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状语连用. 如：for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year), these days, in the last ten years 等。 ① I haven’t seen her these days. ② She has learnt English for 3 years/since 3 years ago. ③ They have lived here since 1990. ④ What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years? 注意：表示短暂时间动作的瞬间动词, 如come, go, marry, buy, begin borrow, die,等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用,但在否定句中可以. 如果与时间段连用, 必须变为相应的延续性动词. I haven`t heard from you for a long time. His father has died for twenty years. been dead for twenty years.

瞬间动词与延续性动词的转换 come/go — be (in) leave — be away borrow — keep buy — have die — be dead get to know — know begin — be on go out — be off go out — be off arrive – be here/there marry/get married — be married begin to work/study/live – work/study/leave fall asleep/get to sleep — be asleep join the Party — be in the Party/be a member of

延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别： 延续动词表示经验,经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与时段连用 He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) I have come here for two years. She has bought the bike for half a year. Have you borrowed the book for three weeks?　 been had kept 2) 用于till / until 从句的差异： 延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做…直到 …为止”, 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“直到…才…”。 He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock.　他一直睡到10点。 I didn`t go to bed until mother returned. 我直到妈妈回来才睡觉. They will wait for her until she comes back.她们将会等到她回来.

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. （3）现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作，例如 I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park. （4） have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别： have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地, 说话时此人很可能 不在那里, 已经回来. 侧重指经历。 have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地, 说话时此人 在那里，或可能在路上, 反正不在这里。 have / has been (in) 表示“来/去某地(多长时间)”, 现在仍在 那儿，强调状态。 He has been to Beijing (twice). 他曾去过北京(两次). He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京. He has been in Beijing for three weeks. 他已经来/去北京三个 周了。

一般过去时与现在完成时之比较 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调 动作, 不说明现在的情况；现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在 的影响, 强调的是现在的影响。 2）过去时常与表过去的时间连用，而现在完成时通常与包括现在的 在内的时间连用，或无时间状语。 ◎ 一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。 ◎ 共同的时间状语有：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once， before, already, recently，lately等。　 ◎ 现在完成时的时间状语有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in the past/last five years, already 等不确定的 时间状语。

Put the following sentences into English. A: 火车已经开走了. B: 什么时候开走的? A: 半个小时之前开走的. A: 这本书我已经买了两年了. B: 你在哪儿买的? A: 在我老家买的. A: 你看过这部电影吗? B: 看过. A: 什么时候看的. B: 上周星期天看的. A: The train has left. B: When did it leave. A: It left half an hour ago. A: I`ve had the book for two years. B: Where did you buy it? A: I bought it in my hometown. A: have you seen the film? B: Yes, I have. A: When did you see it? B: I saw it last Sunday.

请大家认真分析比较下列各例句： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　 She has returned from Paris.　 （她已从巴黎回来了。） She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回来了。） He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He joined the League three years ago.　 ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) 注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如： （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. 典型例题： 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met　 B. have met　 C. met D. meet 答案B ；首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2. --- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 　--- Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　 D. will be 答案A ； 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。