分 词 江苏省淮安中学 王希俊

一、构成形式 △ 现在分词（否定式not +分词）： 主动形式 被动形式 △ 过去分词只有一种形式(v+ed)。 一般式 doing   主动形式 被动形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done △    过去分词只有一种形式(v+ed)。

二、 语法功 能 1．作表语 2．作定语 3．作状语 4．作宾语补足语

表语 He appeared satisfied with my answer. 现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。现在分词表示“令人…的”，过去分词表示“感到…”, 如： The news was exciting. He appeared satisfied with my answer.

定语 ① 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前， ① 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前， 1.Barking dogs seldom bite. 2.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall. ② 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如： They built a highway leading into the mountains. They are problems left over by history.

注意 分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? Have you read any short stories written (which were written) by Lu Xun?

a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如： 注意 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况： a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.

注意 注①：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示 The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 注②：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示 The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.

1.Is this the book recommended by our teacher? 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，通常表示被动。如： 1.Is this the book recommended by our teacher? 2.The meeting held last week is very important. 3.He is a man loved by all. 4.I hate to see letters written in pencil.

(一) 现在分词作状语 ① 现在分词作伴随状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况 例如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.

2、作状语的分词(短语)通常放在句首或句尾，有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。 1、分词作状语说明谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。 2、作状语的分词(短语)通常放在句首或句尾，有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。 3、分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。 4、有时为了明确时间、条件或结果，分词前可加when,　while,　if, 　thus等连词。

② 现在分词作方式状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c ），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.

③ 现在分词作原因状语，表示原因或理由 如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital.

如果现在分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式 注意 如果现在分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式 Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well.

④ 现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an.

注意 注①：这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构 如： Be careful when crossing the street. Don’t mention this while talking to him.

注②：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式(having done) 注意 注②：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式(having done) 如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.

③ 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步 如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果) Working hard, you will succeed. (条件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步)

④ 过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况 (二) 过去分词作状语 ④ 过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况 Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.

⑤过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句） The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted…)

⑥过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句） United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united …) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated …) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.

过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同 注意 If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I won’t go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.

宾补 1.要求分词或分词短语作补足语的多是一些“感觉”和“使役”动词。包括：feel, see, hear, notice, watch, smell, let, get, have, make, want, find, keep, imagine, 等。 2.现在分词作宾补说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，形成逻辑上的动宾关系。 Welley Grammar

① 现在分词做宾语补足语，如： I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing. 注意：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。

注意：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。 ② 过去分词做宾语补足语 He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. You’d better have your shoes mended. 注意：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。

③ 现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者， He saw an old man getting on the bus. (…was getting on …) I once heard this song sung in Japanese. (…was once sung …) I don’t want the children taken out in such weather. (…were taken out…)

④ 以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken.

1. have sb. doing sth.让人（老是）做某事 ⑤have/get 后面要求宾补的两种情况 1. have sb. doing sth.让人（老是）做某事 She had us working day after day. I don’t have you speaking so rudely to me. 2. Have sth.(sb.) done 使某事发生（被做），请或让别人做 You’d better have/get your hair cut. They should have him examined by a good doctor. They two had a wedding picture taken yesterday.

三、现在分词的时态 肯定式 否定式 一般式 doing not doing 完成式 having done not having done

现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之前发生。 现在分词的一般形式(doing) 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之前发生。 1.When I entered the room, I found him reading. 2.The teacher came in ,holding a flower in her left hand. 3. Examining the patient carefully, the doctor paid special attention to the pain in his chest.

2.现在分词的完成式(having done) 现在分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生 在谓语动作之前。 完成时态的现在分词在句中经常作状语。 现在分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生 在谓语动作之前。 完成时态的现在分词在句中经常作状语。 Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet. Having examined the patient carefully, the doctor went out of the ward to have a consultation with other doctors.

四、现在分词被动形式 肯定形式 否定形式 一般式 being done not being done 完成式 having been done not having been done

△ 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语 That building being repaired is our library. （定语） He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语） You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语） As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （宾语补足语）

Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.（状语） Being examined by the doctor, the patient felt a pain in the chest. （状语） △    有时还有完成被动形式，如： Having been examined carefully, the patient was sent to the operation room.

五、独立主格结构 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 否则它必须有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立主格结构。在句中通常作时间、原因、条件等状语, 例如：

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况) The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间) So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow. (条件) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home. The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.

The teacher came in ,books in his hand. 2.主语+形容词 注意 独立主格结构还有其他几种形式 1.主语+介词短语 The teacher came in ,books in his hand. 2.主语+形容词 The boy rushed in, nose red. 3.主语+副词 Light on ,the room is brighter. 4.主语+不定式 Nothing to do ,he went home.