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思考问题: 1.什么是翻译理论?你是如何看待翻译理论? 2.有人认为从事翻译实践,没必要了解翻译理论。你是否同意这种观点?

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Presentation on theme: "思考问题: 1.什么是翻译理论?你是如何看待翻译理论? 2.有人认为从事翻译实践,没必要了解翻译理论。你是否同意这种观点?"— Presentation transcript:

1 思考问题: 1.什么是翻译理论?你是如何看待翻译理论? 2.有人认为从事翻译实践,没必要了解翻译理论。你是否同意这种观点?
汉译英的标准及译文评估 思考问题: 1.什么是翻译理论?你是如何看待翻译理论? 2.有人认为从事翻译实践,没必要了解翻译理论。你是否同意这种观点?

2 第一节中国翻译理论概述 翻译标准是翻译实践所必须遵循的准绳,是衡量译文的尺度,是翻译工作者不断努力以求达到的目标。
翻译的标准是翻译理论研究中最为重要也最为复杂的问题之一, 它关系到翻译理论研究、翻译实践和翻译事业的进步发展和兴旺繁荣。

3 中国著名的翻译理论 1. 东晋道安的“五不失,三不易” 2. 鸠摩罗什(Kumarajiva)的“天然语趣”
1. 东晋道安的“五不失,三不易” 2. 鸠摩罗什(Kumarajiva)的“天然语趣” 3. 玄奘的“既须求真,又须喻俗”和“五不翻” 4. 马建忠的“善译” 5. 严复的““信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)三原则 6. 鲁迅的“一当然力求易解,一则保存着原作的风姿” 7. 瞿秋白的“对等概念” 8. 陈西滢的“形似”,“意似”与“神似” 9. 矛盾的“再现意境” 10. 傅雷的“重神似而不重形似”,即 “神似”说 (spiritual conformity, focusing on the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original) 11. 钱钟书的“化境”说 (sublimed adaptation, focusing on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader) 12. 许渊冲的“译经” 13. 刘重德的“信、达、切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) 14. 张今的“真、善、美” 15. 林语堂的三重标准:忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准 相关资料参考书目: 陈福康 著,《中国译学理论史稿》,上海外语教育出版社,2000。 林煌天 主编,《中国翻译词典》,湖北教育出版社,1997。 马祖毅 著,《中国翻译简史增订版》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1998。 方梦之主编:《译学辞典》,上海外语教育出版社,2004年。 王克非. 《翻译文化史论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社

4 二十世纪中国的六大翻译理论 第一个翻译理论家是严复,他在《天演论》(Evolution and Ethics and other Essays)中提出了“译事有三难:信、达、雅”( faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance) ,即“信、达、雅”三原则。这三个字的影响之大,可以说是“世界之罪”。因为二十世纪的中国译者几乎没有不受这三个字影响的 (已衍生出“信达切”(刘重德)、“信达贴”(蔡思果)、“信达优”(许渊冲)、“信达似”(裘克安)、信达+X等) 。“信”是强调译文必须忠实于原文,“达”是强调译文应该通顺易懂,“雅”在严复时代指的是桐城派风格,现在一般赋予“雅”新的涵义,即要求译文有文才。 第二个是鲁迅,他用“信顺”二字修正了过时的“雅”字,并且提出了中国文字“三美”论(意美,音美,形美),主张“一当然力求易解,一则保存着原作的风姿” 。 第三个是郭沫若,他提出了“创作论”观点,他认为文学翻译等于创作, “好的翻译等于创作”,并且说文学翻译“越雅越好”。 第四个是朱光潜,他用孔子的话“从心所欲,不逾矩”作为艺术成熟的标志。 第五个是傅雷,他提出了“重神似不重形似”的翻译理论,即 “神似”说 (spiritual conformity, focusing on the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original)。他认为翻译“以效果而论,翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似”,“得其精而忘其粗,在其内而望其外” 第六个是钱钟书,他认为“化境”似翻译的理想,即“化境”说 (sublimed adaptation, focusing on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader)。他认为“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’。

5 中国近代翻译家之一:严复 严复(1854年1月8日-1921年10月27日)福建侯官(后并入闽县,称为闽侯,今福州市)人。他系统地将西方的社会学、政治学、政治经济学、哲学和自然科学介绍到中国,是清末很有影响的资产阶级启蒙思想家,翻译家和教育家,是中国近代史上向西方国家寻找真理的“先进的中国人”之一。 严复在《天演论》中,严复以“物竞天择”、“适者生存”的生物进化理论阐发其救亡图存的观点,提倡鼓民力、开民智、新民德、自强自立、号召救亡图存。译文简练,首倡“信、达、雅”的译文标准。 他的著名译著还有亚当·斯密的《原富》 、斯宾塞的《群学肄言》 、孟德斯鸠的《法意》等,他第一次把西方的古典经济学、政治学理论以及自然科学和哲学理论较为系统地引入中国,启蒙与教育了一代国人。 严复天津铜雕 相关资料参考书目: 陈福康著,中国译学理论史稿,上海外语教育出版,2000。 林煌天主编,中国翻译词典,湖北教育出版社,1997。 马祖毅著,中国翻译简史增订版,中国对外翻译出版公司,1998。 周仪、罗平 著,翻译与批评湖北教育出版社,1999. 王秉钦 著, 20世纪中国翻译思想史,南开大学出版社,2004。

6 著名文学翻译家鲁迅 著名翻译家,共翻译介绍14个国家近百位作家的200多种作品,印成33个单行本,总字数超过250万) 鲁迅翻译贡献:
主张直译,三美观点 用“信顺”二字修正了过时的“雅”字,主张宁信而不顺,保存原作的风姿, 提出了中国文字“三美”论(意美,音美,形美) 相关资料参考书目: 陈福康著,中国译学理论史稿,上海外语教育出版社,2000。 林煌天主编,《中国翻译词典》,湖北教育出版社,1997。 方梦之主编《译学辞典》,上海外语教育出版社,2004年。 王克非. 《翻译文化史论》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社 王秉钦著, 20世纪中国翻译思想史,南开大学出版社,2004。 周仪、罗平 著,《翻译与批评》湖北教育出版社,1999.

7 著名翻译家傅雷 傅雷(1908-1966),一代法语翻译巨匠。幼年丧父,在寡母严教下,养成严谨、认真、一丝不苟的性格。早年留学法国,学习艺术理论,得以观摩世界级艺术大师的作品,大大地提高了他的艺术修养。回国后曾任教于上海美专,因不愿从流俗而闭门译书,以“稿费”谋生计,未取国家一分俸禄,可见其一生事业重心之所在。傅雷数百万言的译作成了中国译界备受推崇的范文,形成了“傅雷体华文语言”。 傅雷翻译实践成就:将伏尔泰、巴尔扎克、梅里美、罗曼·罗兰等世界著名文学家的重要作品译成中文,共译33部文艺作品。 翻译理论:“重神似而不重形似”,即 “神似”说 (spiritual conformity, focusing on the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original) 相关资料参考书目: 陈福康著,《中国译学理论史稿》,上海外语教育出版社,2000。 林煌天主编,《中国翻译词典》,湖北教育出版社,1997。 王秉钦 著, 《20世纪中国翻译思想史》,南开大学出版社,2004。 周仪、罗平 著,《翻译与批评》湖北教育出版社,1999.

8 “幽默”大师林语堂 两脚踏东西文化 ,一心评宇宙文章
林语堂( ) 原名和乐,后改玉堂,又改语堂。笔名毛驴、宰予、岂青等,中国当代著名学者、文学家、语言学家。 林语堂共有中文著作11部,英文著作40部,翻译作品9部,其中英译中6部,中译英3部 翻译成就: 翻译是一种艺术,即翻译美学论: 翻译审美主体论; 翻译审美标准论和审美客体论; 翻译审美心理论 林语堂是少数能以英文写作活跃于世界文坛的文学家,他把翻译难度很大的中国古典文学译成英文,而且其翻译古书数量之多超过前辈翻译家。 林语堂一生最大的贡献,在于他对中西方文化的沟通。论将中华文化介绍于西方者,除了利玛窦、汤若望等外国人和中国英译汉的先驱者辜鸿铭、陈季同之外,数现身此道的近代中国学人,林语堂是极少数人中的最成功的一位。 相关资料参考书目: 王秉钦 著, 《20世纪中国翻译思想史》,南开大学出版社,2004. 陈福康著,《中国译学理论史稿》,上海外语教育出版社,2000。 周仪、罗平 著,《翻译与批评》湖北教育出版社,1999.

9 文化昆仑——钱钟书  钱锺书(1910-1998),江苏无锡人。一九九八年病逝于北京。是中国现代著名作家、文学研究家。 钱先生学贯中西,博学多能,不仅精通英文、法文、德文、意大利文及拉丁文、西班牙文,而且对西方古典的和现代的文学、哲学、心理学以至各种新兴的人文学科,都有很高的造诣和透辟的理解。 钱先生在翻译理论上提出了“化境论”。 此理论可与严复的“信达雅”论和傅雷的“神似论”构成中国传统翻译思想的主体(王秉钦《中国翻译思想史》)。 主要内容: 1. 翻译的过程就是一个“引‘诱’、避‘讹’、求‘化’”的过程。 ‘诱’:道出了翻译的性质、功能、作用和目的 ‘讹’:译文失真和走样。 化:“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’。 2. 超越(“出原著作”)论:译者驱使本国文字,其工夫或非作者驱使原文所能及,故译者正无妨出原著头。 相关资料参考书目: 王秉钦 著, 《20世纪中国翻译思想史》,南开大学出版社,2004. 陈福康著,《中国译学理论史稿》,上海外语教育出版社,2000。 吴学昭著,《听杨绛谈往事》,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2008.

10 第二节国外主要翻译理论 相关资料参考书目: 亚力山大•弗雷赛•泰特勒
英国著名学者Alexander Fraser Tytler,( ),在《论翻译的原则》( Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则: ⑴ 译事应完全复写出原作的思想 (相当于“信”); ⑵ 译文的风格和笔调应与原作的性质相同(相当于“雅”); ⑶ 译文应和原文同样流畅自然(相当于“达”)”。他认为好的翻译应该“能够把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言中,使译入语国家的人能够清楚地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受一样。 相关资料参考书目: 申雨平 编 《西方翻译理论精选》,外语教学与研究出版社,2002.

11 前苏联的费道罗夫的“等值论” 费道罗夫(Фёдоров)是原苏联翻译学界语言学派的代表人物。 1953年,费道罗夫出版《翻译理论概要》(Введение в теорию перевода》)一书,第一个从语言学角度对翻译理论进行系统的研究,标志苏联语言学派的正式形成 。 费道罗夫认为有两项原则,对于一切翻译工作者来说都是共同的: ⑴ 翻译的目的是尽量确切地使不懂原文的读者(或听者)了解原作或讲话的内容; ⑵ 翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。 相关资料参考书目: 廖七一 编著,《当代翻译理论探索》,译林出版社,2000。 林煌天 主编,《中国翻译词典》,湖北教育出版社,1997。 谭载喜,《西方翻译简史》(增订版)商务印书馆,2004。 蔡毅,《外国翻译理论评介文集》1984。 谢天振 主编, 《当代国外翻译理论》,南开大学出版社,2008

12 美国现代翻译家、语言学会主席尤金·奈达(Eugene A· Nida)对翻译所下的定义:
Nida insists, “… translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida,1969: 53)。(翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言)

13 美国著名翻译理论家尤金•A•奈达Eugene Nida
六七十年代提出了著名的“动态对等”即“功能对等”理论,强调译文与原文在内容上的一致和形式上的一致必须同时兼顾。后来修正后提出了“最自然的对应”. 奈达对翻译理论的三大贡献是: 首先,他把信息论引进了翻译理论,认为“信息”概念的外延远远大于“语义”概念的外延; 其次,他把乔姆斯基的第一期转换语法和现代语义学的研究成果运用到翻译理论中来; 第三,他非常重视读者的反应,在翻译思想史上第一个把社会效益原则纳入到翻译标准中来。 相关资料参考书目: 廖七一 编著,《当代翻译理论探索》,译林出版社,2000。 林煌天 主编,《中国翻译词典》,湖北教育出版社,1997。 文军主编:《当代翻译理论著作评介》, 四川人民出版社,2002年。 谢天振 主编, 《当代国外翻译理论》,南开大学出版社,2008 申雨平 编 《西方翻译理论精选》,外语教学与研究出版社,2002. 谭载喜:《新编奈达论翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1999。 Nida, E.A Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Nida,Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation . Leiden: E. J. Brill .

14 英国著名翻译理论家皮特•纽马克(Peter Newmark)
1.表达型。表达型包括严肃的文学作品、声明和信件等; 2.信息型。信息型包括各种书籍、报告、论文、备忘录等; 3.召唤型。召唤型包括各种宣传品、说明书和通俗小说等。 ★ Newmark认为不同的文本应该用不同的翻译方法。纽马克把交际翻译和语义当成翻译理论的核心,指出语义翻译重在传达原文的语义内容,交际翻译则注重读者的理解和反应。 相关资料参考书目: 廖七一 编著,《当代翻译理论探索》,译林出版社,2000。 林煌天 主编,《中国翻译词典》,湖北教育出版社,1997。 文军主编:《当代翻译理论著作评介》, 四川人民出版社,2002年。 谢天振 主编, 《当代国外翻译理论》,南开大学出版社,2008 申雨平 编 《西方翻译理论精选》,外语教学与研究出版社,2002. Newmark, Peter About Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Paragraphs on Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. a. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. b. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

15 第三节 汉英翻译的基本原则 忠实:忠实于原文 通顺:流畅的外文

16 翻译原则之一:忠实 ★忠实,译文必须忠实原文,即译文要准确表达原文的思想,意义和文化信息,对原文不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏或任意增删的现象 。无论什么体裁和内容,翻译都必须在完全正确理解和把握原文的语言和深层含义的基础上,准确无误地反映原文的内容实质。 ★忠实还指保持原作风格即原作的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者的个人风格等。

17 典型的“中式英语”

18

19 改译: I’m afraid it is unlikely for him to grant such a requirement.
例1. 想让他答应如此要求恐怕不大可能。 I’m afraid it is impossible for him to grant such a requirement. 改译: I’m afraid it is unlikely for him to grant such a requirement. 例2. 在战争期间,他私藏了许多珍贵的物品。 In wartime, he accumulated many scarce items. 改译: In wartime, he hoarded many scarce items. 例3. 听到你母亲逝世的消息后我非常悲痛。 I am deeply grieved to hear that your mother kicked the bucket. 改译: I am deeply grieved to hear of your mother’s death. 例4. 中国人民一定能胜利。 The Chinese people will surely win. 改译: The Chinese people will win. 例5. 我喜欢这些知识分子。 I like the intellectuals 改译:I like these intellectuals 6.由于这些产品质量低劣,所以我方把20箱全部退回,并务必请贵方更换这些产品。 译文:As the goods are bad in quality, we are returning the whole of the 20 cases and must ask you to replace them. 改译:As the goods are inferior in quality, we are returning the whole of the 20 cases and must ask you to replace them.

20 翻译原则之二:通顺 ★ 通顺,流畅的外文,指译文语言要通顺易懂,符合规范。在忠实的基础上,保证译文通顺流畅,读起来像母语作者写出来的东西一样容易让读者接受,没有文理不通、晦涩难懂等现象。 语言文字是表达思想的手段。思想是第一位,手段是为思想服务的。究竟在译文中应该采取哪种形式才能最好地表达原意,要由译者根据正确表达原意的标准来选择。有时译文可以在形式上与原文比较接近,有时也可以距离较远。 判断译文是否忠实,必须根据外文的习惯,联系上下文,从整体上去看它是否准确地表达了原作的内容和风格,而不能单从形式上去看,一字一句地去比较。

21 例2. 你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。
例1. 我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打六折也还是太贵。 原译: I think the clothes prices in the shop were so expensive even if they are made 60 percent discount. 译文1:I think the clothes in the shop are still too expensive even if we could get a 40 percent discount. 译文2:In my opinion, the clothes in the shop are still too high-priced even if they are discounted by 40%. 译文3:The price of the clothes in the shop is still more than I would pay even if they are 40 percent off. 例2. 你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。 原译:You whoever wants to go spring outing please sign up your name and pay dues before Friday. 译文1:Whoever wants to join the spring outing should sign up and pay the expenses before Friday. 译文2:Those of you who want to go on the spring outing are required to sign up and hand in the payment before Friday. 译文3:If any of you wants to take part in the spring outing, please sign up and pay for it before Friday.

22 例6.那男孩大约八九岁。 例3. 这孩子具有惊人的记忆力。
译文: The child has a wonderful ability for remembering things. 例4. 那个男孩对新的知识吸收很快。 译文: The boy absorbs in new knowledge quickly. 例5:不管他做什么,你得容忍他。 译文: No matter what he does, you must abide by him. 例6.那男孩大约八九岁。 译文: The boy was about eight or nine years old. 例7.他一两个星期后来。 译文:He will come after a week or two. 改译: The child has a wonderful capacity for remembering things. 改译:The boy absorbs into new knowledge quickly. 改译: No matter what he does, you must abide him. 改译:The boy was eight or nine years old. 改译:He will come in a week or two.

23 第四节 译文评估 检验译文质量的最终标准主要从以下三个方面: 1. 能使读者正确理解原文信息,即忠实于原文; 2. 易于理解;
第四节 译文评估 检验译文质量的最终标准主要从以下三个方面: 1. 能使读者正确理解原文信息,即忠实于原文; 2. 易于理解; 3. 语言结构形式恰当,吸引读者。 相关译文批评知识参考书目: 姜治文、文军编著,《 翻译批评论》,重庆大学出版社,1999. 柯平编著,《英汉与汉英翻译教程》,北京大学出版社,1993. 马红军著,《翻译批评散论》, 中国对外翻译出版公司,2000. 温秀颖著,《翻译批评—从理论到实践》,南开大学出版社,2007. 周仪、罗平 著,《翻译与批评》湖北教育出版社,1999. 冯庆华 编著, 《实用翻译教程》(曾订本),上海外语教育出版社,2002.

24 翻译错误原因分析 一、 言内因素或不当的翻译原则引起的错译。
1)欠额翻译(overloaded translation): 指译者无视译文的可理解性,或过高估计译语读者的知识,以至于译语读者在译文中得不到理解原文意思所必须的信息,因为原语信息被译者忽视或被打了不应有的折扣。比喻、暗引和典故由于所特有的语义多重性,很容易造成欠额翻译。 她是个林黛玉式的人物。 She is very sentimental. 前室跪坐一铜御官佣,似关中人,形象逼真,气韵生动。 The driver is kneeling at the front Cabin in Official Costume, with a sword at his waist who, vividly featured , looking just like a man born in Guanzhong.

25 2) 超额翻译(undertranslation): 表现为把原文中只有语用意义的词语译成译语中主要表达指称意义或带有强烈指称色彩的词语。
老王 Old Wang; 惭愧,惭愧!I feel ashamed. 武行者心中要吃,哪里听他分说,一片声喝道:“放屁!放屁!” Now Wu the priest longed much in his heart to eat, and so how could he be willing to listen to this explanation? He bellowed forth, “Pass your Wind—pass your wind!“ 三四个筛酒的酒保手忙脚乱,搬东搬西。 But these serving men were so busy, their hands and feet were all in confusion, and they were moving things hither and thither, east and west . The waiters were busy bringing first one thing and then another. —trans.by Jackson

26 二、言外因素引致的错误 1)错解原意。 翻译中错解作者原意的情况非常普遍。错解原意可能是由言内因素或言外因素造成的。
例1:那柳湘莲原系世家子弟,……以至眠花卧柳,吹笛弹筝,无所不为。 Liu Xiang-lian was a young man of excellent family…, he frequented the budding groves and could play on both the flute and zither. (trans.by David Hawkes) 例2:使人为鹬蚌,己为渔人。 原译:…putting others in the roles of the snipe and the clam with themselves acting the fisher man. 改译:putting the proverbial role of the fisherman who set the snipe and clam at each other and then took advantage of both. 例3: 该市的人都赞成。 Everyone in the city agrees with it. 改译:Almost everyone in the city is in favor of it.

27 2)使生误解 例1: 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
使生误解:指的是使读者对原文产生误解,它和错解原意是不同的。错解原意时,译者自己对原文的理解就是错误的;而使生误解时,译者对原文的理解一般来说是正确的,但在传达中不自觉地扭曲了原意,使读者对原文产生了不正确的理解。 例1: 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 原译:The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR 改译:The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR 例2:科学技术是第一生产力。 原译:Science and technology are a first productive force. 例3: 他是个好水手。 原译:He is a good sailor 例4: 所有的答案都不对。 原译:All the answers are not right. 改译:Science and technology are a primary productive force. 改译:He is a salt/an old salt. 改译: None of the answers is right.

28 定量分析译作等值的隶属度 等值翻译的标准、范式和原则可以为译作的定量定性分析提供尺度和方法。
等值翻译就是按相互制约的语言平面,立体地研究原作与译作的等值关系。 衡量一篇译作质量的高低,就是衡量跟原作相比其等值量的大小。运用这个理论可以对译作的价值进行定量定性分析,可以比较准确地判定译作的等值量。 等值翻译理论能比较全面地对比译作与原作语言系统的各级、各层次的全部因素,对比原作与译作相互制约的语言平面,调整译作语言系统的结构和功能,从而找出达到全篇章最佳功能的最大等值转换关系。 运用等值翻译理论既可以具体评价分析译作的质量,又可以具体找出改进译作质量的途径,从而切实地修改译作,提高译作的质量。 重点分析方法:对译文重点句子和超句体进行定量分析。重点确定要根据原文的问题、风格和难易程度,译文的质量。如文学名篇,译文分析可以着重作品的词、词组、句、超句体和篇章的语用修辞层的等值;科学和哲学著作,着重作品的语义深层的等值,以及对语义深层所反映的思想内容的研究。 难点分析法:对难句进行定量分析。表层有语言难点 要进行分析,译错的要改正;深层语义涉及文化背景理解的难点也要分析,以求得到准确的译文;语用修辞层有难点更要分析,以求得到等值量较高、风格较接近的译文。

29 译作的等值隶属度 运用当代模糊学成果,对译文进行数量表达的分析,首先是确定译文在语言表层、语义深层、语用修辞层等三个方面等值量的隶属度,也就是介于1--0之间的连续取值,来表达译作的等值程度。 等值 全不等 可译限度 隶属度 最小等值 最大等值 全等

30 译文1:These years China has taken place great changes.
1. 句法结构 1):这几年中国发生了很大的变化。 译文1:These years China has taken place great changes. 译文2:Great changes have taken place in China these years . 译文3:China has witnessed great changes these years. 2) 不幸在他三岁的时候,父亲去世了,母子无依无靠,处境更加困难。 译文1:Unfortunately when he was three years old, his father died, mother and son had no support , and condition became more difficult. 译文2:At the age of three, he lost his father. With no one to support them, the mother and the son found life even more difficult. 3) 我没有注意到这个错误。 It’s this mistake that I didn’t notice. I didn’t pay attention to this mistake. This mistake didn’t draw my attention. I failed to spot the mistake. The mistake escaped my notice. 4)那囚犯的处死引起了诸多公众谴责。 译文1: The prisoner’s execution has caused a lot of public censure. 译文2: The execution of the prisoner has caused a lot of public censure. 5).我的学习很忙。 译文1: My study is very busy. 译文2: I am very busy with my study. [0.6] .[1] [1] 【0.6】 【1】 【0.5】 【0.6】 【1】 【1】 【1】 【0.5】 【1】 【0.5】 【1】

31 2.词义搭配 例1. 我们的基础教育相对薄弱。 译文1:Our fundamental education is quite insubstantial. 译文2: Our elementary education is quite insubstantial. 例2. 奶奶手里拿着篮子和手杖。 译文1:The elderly lady was taking a basket and a walking stick. 译文2: The elderly lady was carrying a basket and a walking stick. 例3. 他告诉我们他迟到的理由是可信的。 译文1:He gave us a plausible excuse for his lateness. 译文2: He gave us a believable excuse for his lateness. 例4.在一次具有历史意义的表决中,北京羸得了申办奥运会的机会。 译文1: In a historical vote, Beijing won the bid for the Olympics. 译文2: In a historic vote, Beijing won the bid for the Olympics. 例5. 我们必须广泛地利用现代科学技术的新成就。 译文1:We must use the results of modern science and technology on a wide scale. 译文2: We must utilize the achievements of modern science and technology on a wide scale. 例6.这间低屋顶的房间通风不好,令人气闷。 译文1: The air in this low-ceilinged room was stuffy and oppressive. 译文2: This low-ceilinged room was stuffy and oppressive. [0.8] [1] [0.8] [1] [0.5] [1] [0.6] [1] [0.7] [1] [0.5] [1]

32 试评析下列译文 1.我们都尊敬系里经验丰富的老教师。
译文1: We all respect the experienced aged teachers in our department. 译文2: We all respect the experienced senior teachers in our department. 2. 我们现在对国际事务感兴趣。 译文1: We are interested in world affair now. 译文2: We are interested in world affairs now. 3.要是游过河去,需要多少时间? 译文1: How long would it take to swim through the river? 译文2: How long would it take to swim across the river? 4.这种新发型使她的外表发生了惊人的变化。 译文1: The new hairdo affected a startling change in her appearance. 译文1: The new hairdo effected a startling change in her appearance. 5. 广告对我们产生微妙的影响。 译文1: Advertisement exerts a subtle influence on us. 译文2: Advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. 6.国务院于今年初批准了进一步发展旅游业的计划。 译文1: The State Council approved the plan for further development of tourism early this year. 译文2: The State Council agreed to the plan for further development of tourism early this year.

33 3.修辞色彩 例1. 他们在积极巩固战果。 译文1:They are actively consolidating their victorious. 译文2: They are actively consolidating their victorious gains . 例2. 人们可沿岩壁凿出的石径走过峡谷 , 也可以从某处乘橡皮舟划过水潭。满山巨石怪崖,更有深潭碧水,悬崖上多处瀑布骤然跌落,直下峭壁。 当地人讲,这里夏季凉爽宜人,冬秋温暖如春,生活在此,如居天上人间。 译文1:People can pass through the gorge by walking along the stone path cut from the rock walls, or in some places can row across the pools in rubber boats. Everywhere you can see huge rocks and grotesque cliffs, clean water in deep pools, and from precipices waterfalls abruptly fall down. The local people say, it’s cool and nice here in summer and as warm as spring in winter. Living here is as if living in a fairyland. 译文2: People can pass through the gorge by walking along the stone path cut from the rock walls and in some places rubber boats are used to row across the pools. Weird giant rocks, green pools and waterfalls plunge down the precipice. The local say it is cool here in summer and blessed with the warmth of spring in winter. Living here is like dwelling in an ethereal land. [1] [0.7] [0.8] [1]

34 试评析下列译文 1.他的病情好多了。 译文1: His condition is much better.
译文2: His sick condition is much better. 2.经常给我写信。 译文1: Write letters to me often. 译文2: Write to me often. 3. IBM公司一直处在电脑行业的前沿。 译文1: IBM is always in the front line of computer industry. 译文2: IBM is always at the cutting edge of computer industry. 4. 嘿,小伙子,千万别灰心。 译文1: Hey, lad, don't lose your heart. 译文2: Hey, lad, don't lose heart. 5.昨天晚上我们玩得很愉快。 译文1: We played very pleasantly last night. 译文2: We enjoyed ourselves very much last night 6.在皎洁的月光下,那个花花公子在我耳边悄悄说着情话。 译文1: The playboy whispered love words to my ear with a bright moon in the sky. 译文2: The playboy whispered sweet nothings to my ear with a bright moon in the sky.

35 4. 风格层次 例1: Able was I ere I saw Elba. 译文1:不见棺材不掉泪。(许渊冲译)[0.4]
译文2:我在看到爱儿巴岛以前,是个精明能干的人。[0.5] 译文3:我在看到厄尔巴岛以前,曾是强有力的。 (钱歌川译)[0.5] 译文4:不到俄岛我不倒。(许渊冲译)[0.7] 译文5:若非孤岛孤非弱 。(马红军译)[0.8] 译文6:落败孤岛孤败落。(马红军译)[0.9] 例2:我不善于讲话,也不习惯发表演说,我一生就没做过教师。 译文1:Talking is not my province, nor is lecturing; never have I taken up teaching as my profession, either. 译文2:I’m not good at talking, and I’m not used to giving lectures. I’ve never done any teaching either. 例3:今年春季由党中央召开的全国科学大会,动员全国人民为祖国的科学技术现代化而努力。 译文1: The national Science Conference convened this spring by the Party Central Committee sparked off the entire nation to dig in towards the modernization of science and technology. 译文2: The national Science Conference convened …mobilized the entire nation to work for towards the modernization of science and technology. 例4:事实雄辩地证明了中华民族是个伟大的民族。 译文1:The facts eloquently show that the Chinese are a great people. 译文2:The facts eloquently demonstrate that the Chinese are a great people. [0.7] [1] [0.7] [1] [0.7] [1]

36 5. 逻辑结构 例1:己所不欲,勿施于人。 译文1:Do unto others as you would be done by. [0.5] 译文2: Do not do unto others what you do not want to be done by. [1] 例2:花爱爱花之人。 译文1:If men love flowers ,they would love them. 译文2: If a man loves flowers ,they would love him. 例3:他告诉他的父亲,他第二天该起得早。 译文1:He told his father that he should get up earlier the next morning. 译文2:He told his father : “I shall get up earlier tomorrow.” 例4:我们必须学习其他国家的经验,与其他国家实行合作和技术交流。 译文1:We must learn from the advanced experience of and carry on economic cooperation and technical exchange with other friendly countries. 译文2:We must learn from the advanced experience of other countries and carry on economic cooperation and technical exchange with them. 例5:他的脸沾满黄油,他觉得别人看了一定觉得好笑。 译文1:He felt his face, which was smeared with butter, made him look ridiculous. 译文2:He felt that his face, which was smeared with butter, made him look ridiculous. [0.7] [1] [0.7] [1] [0.8] [1] [0.7] [1]

37 试评析下列译文 1. 要学好英语,大量的练习是必要的。 译文1: To learn English well, a great deal of practice is necessary. 译文2: To learn English well, one needs to have a great deal of practice. 2. 去年我去了西雅图,我很喜欢那个地方。 译文1: Last year I went to Seattle. I liked there very much. 译文2: Last year I went to Seattle. I liked it very much. 3. 我是个公务员。 译文1: I work for the government. 译文2: I’m a public servant. 4. 昨晚他的房子被雷击了。 译文1: His house was struck by lightning last night. 译文2: His house was struck by thunder last night. 5. 作为香港公民,我们有必要帮助警察打击犯罪. 译文1: As the citizens of Hong Kong, we are necessary to help the police in their fight against crime. 译文2: As the citizens of Hong Kong, it is necessary for us to help the police in… 6.现如今,由于出国深造的人越来越多,“海龟派”也不像原来那样吃香了。 译文1: Nowadays as more and more people study abroad, the overseas students are not so popular as before. 译文1: Nowadays as more and more people study abroad, the returnees are not so popular as before.

38 六、形象变通 例1:瞧你像只落鸡汤! 译文1:You look like a bedraggled chicken!
译文2:Look! You’re wet through. 译文3:You look like a drowned rat! 例2. 饥饿始终是半殖民地、半封建的旧中国的一大难题。 译文1:The semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China was perennially haunted by the specter of starvation. 译文2: The specter of starvation was perennially a great difficulty for the semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China . 例3: 怕什么呢?死了张屠夫,还有李屠夫,人多得很。 译文1:What are you afraid of? If Butcher Zhang dies, there is Butcher Li. 译文2: What are you afraid of? He is not the only pebble on the beach. 例4:这位小姐,德性温良,才貌出众,鲁老先生和夫人因无子息,爱如掌上明珠。 译文1:I know the young lady, and she is virtuous, gentle and beautiful. Because Mr. and Mrs.Lu have no son, this girl is the pearl of their palm. 译文2: I know the young lady, and she is virtuous, gentle and beautiful. Because Mr. and Mrs.Lu have no son, this girl is the apple of their eyes. [0.7] [0.8] [1] [1] [0.6] [0.5] [1] [0.7] [1]

39 试评析下列译文 1.索菲娅望子成龙心切,给儿子报名参加了许多补习班。
译文1: Sophia hopes to see her son become a dragon, therefore she enters his name for many classes of supplementary schooling. 译文2: Sophia hopes that her son will have a bright future, therefore she enters his name for many classes of supplementary schooling. 2. 因为没有吃的,那个索马里的小男孩瘦得像猴子。 译文1: That Somali boy is as thin as a monkey because of the lack of food. 译文2: That Somali boy is as thin as a shadow because of the lack of food. 3. 海伦就像一只骄傲的公鸡,从来不爱搭理别人。 译文1: Helen is proud as a cock, and she never talks to others. 译文2: Helen is proud as a peacock, and she never talks to others. 4.有他这颗扫帚星,什么事情都办不成。 译文1: With a comet like him, nothing can be accomplished. 译文2: With a jinx like him, nothing can be accomplished. 5.文人相轻。 译文1: Men of letters despise each other. 译文2: Two of a trade never agree. 这班上最高的男生成了她的靠山。 译文1: The tallest boy in the class has become her backing hill. 译文2: The tallest boy in the class has become her security blanket.

40 7. 心理转换 例1:这是一篇八股文。 译文1:This is an eight-legged essay.
译文2:This is a bagu essay. 译文3:This is stereotyped writing. 例2: 早饭吃饱,中饭吃好,晚饭吃少。 译文1:At breakfast, eat more. At lunch eat good. At supper, eat less. 译文2: At breakfast, eat like a king. At lunch eat like a prince. At supper, eat like a pauper. 译文3:At breakfast, one eats like a king. At lunch, like a prince. At supper, like a pauper. 例3:虽说 “萝卜,白菜保平安”是个理儿,但顿顿吃“白菜”,也会受不了。 译文1:Although “some radish and cabbage every day can keep one safe” is one truth, yet people can’t stand repeatedly eating cabbage at every meal. 译文2:Although “some radish and Chinese cabbage every day keeps the doctor away” is one truth, yet people can’t stand repeatedly eating cabbage at every meal. 译文3:Although “an apple a day keeps the doctor away” is one truth, yet people can’t stand repeatedly eating cabbage at every meal. [0.3] [0.2] [0.5] [0.5] [0.8] [1] [0.4] [0.7] [1]

41 8. 社会、社交规范 例1:劳驾,去市场街怎么走?
译文1:Chap, tell me how to get to Market Street. 译文2:I beg your pardon, sir. Will you be so kind as to tell me how to reach Market Street? 译文3:Excuse me, but could you show me the way to Market Street? 例2: 这是我应该做的。 译文1:It’s my duty. 译文2:It’s my pleasure. 例3:四妹,时间不早了,要逛动物园就得赶快走。 译文1: Sister Four, it’s like getting late. We’ll have to get a move on if you want to see the zoo. 译文2;Huei-fang, it’s like getting late. We’ll have to get a move on if you want to see the zoo. 例4: 凤姐笑着啐道:“别放你娘的屁!我是有很多东西,但却没地方放。” 译文1: “Don’t pass your mother’s wind!” Xifeng snorted. “ I’ve so many things already, I’ve nowhere to put them. 译文2: “Don’t talk rubbish!” Xifeng snorted. “ I’ve so many things already, I’ve nowhere to put them. [0.6] 【0.8】 【1】 [0.5] [1] [0.6] [1] [0.6] [1]

42 试评析下列译文 1. 请自重! 译文1: Be respectful to yourself! 译文2 : Behave yourself!
2.不要再费口舌了。 译文1: Don't waste your words again. 译文2: Save your breath. 3. 澳大利亚的首都是哪? 译文1: Where is the capital of Australia? 译文1: What is the capital of Australia? 4.你希望什么时候成家呢? 译文1: When do you want to start a family? 译文1: When do you want to get married? 5. 车来了。您先请。 译文1: Here comes the car. You go first, please. 译文2: Here comes the car. After you. 6. 一辆白色轿车前来接新郎新娘去教堂。 译文1: A white car turned up to take the groom and the bride to the church. 译文2: A white car turned up to take the bride and the groom to the church.

43 9. 修辞手段 例1: 张俊民道:“胡子老官,这事在你作法便了。做成了,少不得 ‘言身寸’”。
译文1: Handle it as you think best, whiskers. If you pull it off, there is much “yanshencun”. 译文2:Handle it as you think best, whiskers. If you pull it off, I’ll not fail to thank you”. 例2:骄阳下,柳树上,回答他的是一片“知了,知了”的蝉声。 译文1:…came the cicada’s reply, “I know, I know…” 译文2:…came the cicada’s chirruping, “zing-a-zing-a…” 译文3:…came the cicada’s reply, “I see, I see…” 译文4:Under the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicada’s chirrup: “See, see…” 例3: 生米煮成熟饭。 译文1:The rice is already cooked. 译文2:What is done cannot be undone. [0.2] [0.8] [0.4] [0.5] [0.7] [0.9] [0.5] [1] 例4:他对什么都无所谓了 ---死猪不怕开水烫嘛! 译文1:He cares about nothing ---a dead pig never fears boiling water. 译文2: He cares about nothing ---a dead mouse feels no cold. [0.6] [1]

44 10、语义连贯 例1 :昨奉大函,诵悉一是。尊稿极佳;唯篇幅甚长,本志地位有限,故不克刊登,良用歉然。
译文1:I received your letter yesterday. I read it and noted its contents. Your article is very good. But it is very long. This magazine has only limited space. Therefore I cannot publish your article. I am very sorry. 译文2:I received your letter yesterday. Your article is very good, but I am sorry that owing to pressure of space, I find it too long to be published. 例2.唐长安城包括今西安市城区和近郊区,面积相当于现在西安城的七倍半,城周有36.7 公里,城里居住着约一百万人口。 译文1: During the Tang Dynasty, Chang’an included present-day Xi’an and its suburbs, 6.5 time larger than pre-Liberation Xi’an , it was 36.7 km in circumference, and had a population of one million. 译文2: In Tang Dynasty, its capital Chang’an, with a circumference of 36.7 km , was 6.5 time larger than Xi’an , equal to the whole area of Xi’an together with its out-skirts, and it had a population of about one million. 例3:自上了轿,进了城,从纱窗中瞧瞧,其街市之繁华,人烟之阜胜,自非别处可比。 译文1:She got into her chair. They carried her through the city wall. She peeped through the gauze panel which served as a window. Streets and buildings could be seen. She noticed that they were richer and more elegant. And throngs of people were also seen who were more lively and numerous than she had ever seen in her life before. 译文2: She got into her chair and was soon carried her through the city wall. Peeping through the gauze panel which served as a window, she could see streets and buildings more rich and elegant and throngs of people more lively and numerous than she had ever seen in her life before. [0.7] [0.9] [0.6] [1] [0.7] [1]

45 以上十个方面并不是翻译标准的全部内容,而仅是翻译标准中许多个"元"的一部分。
译文仅从一个方面达到对原文的"信"还远远不够,而应力求从所有方面部达到对原文最大限度的忠实。在实际翻译时要从整体出发,分清主次,选择取舍,灵活掌握。既要学会拿翻译标准指导自己的翻译实践,也应知道如何衡量别人的译作。


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