《大学英语网络课程》课题组 New Century English, Book I UNIT ONE College Education College Education.

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2 《大学英语网络课程》课题组

3 New Century English, Book I UNIT ONE College Education College Education

4 Text Text Text Grammar Tips Grammar Tips Grammar Tips Grammar Tips Reading Skills Reading Skills Reading Skills Reading Skills Practical Reading Practical Reading Practical Writing Practical Writing Practical Writing Practical Writing Unit 1

5 Background Information Background Information Background Information Background Information Lead In Lead In Lead In Lead In Word Bank Word Bank Word Bank Word Bank Intensive Study Intensive Study Intensive Study Intensive Study Web Resources Web Resources Web Resources Web Resources Unit 1 Text

6  Education in the United States Education in the United States Education in the United States  Colleges and Universities Colleges and Universities Colleges and Universities  Degrees Degrees  Cyndi Lauper Cyndi Lauper Cyndi Lauper Background Information

7 Education in the United States Education in the United States More to learn More to learn Background Information The national system of formal education in the United States took shape in the 19 th century. It differed from educational systems of other Western countries in three fundamental respects. First, Americans were more inclined to regard education as a solution to various social problems. Second, because they had this confidence in the power of education, Americans provided more years of schooling for a larger percentage of the population than other countries. Third, educational institutions were primarily run by local authorities rather than by federal ones. The most notable characteristic of the American educational system is the large number of people it serves.

8 Education in the United States Background Information In 1995, 87 percent of Americans between age 25 and 29 graduated from high school. Among those who completed high school, 62 percent completed at least some college, and 28 percent earned at least a bachelor’s degree. Expanding access to college education is an important priority for the U.S government. In his 1997 State of the Union Address ex- President Bill Clinton called for the creation of a new public policy to enable Virtually every high school graduate to receive some form of college education.

9 Famous Universities in America Harvard University University of Boston United States Military Academy More to learn More to learn Background Information

10 University of California New York University Florida State University More to learn More to learn Background Information

11 Famous Universities in the U.S. When people talk about famous colleges or universities such as Stanford, they need only use that one word. For example, Harvard （哈佛大学 ）, Cornell （康奈尔大 学）, Princeton （普林斯顿大学）, Yale （耶鲁大学 ）, Columbia （哥伦比亚大学） … Everyone in the U.S. knows these are schools, and so the word college and university can be dropped. Background Information

12 Marymount University is an independent, comprehensive Catholic university, combining the liberal arts tradition with career preparation. Marymount was founded in 1950 and is sponsored by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. The University is located in Arlington, Virginia, minutes from Washington, DC, and serves approximately 3,700 men and women through its Main Campus, Ballston Campus, Loudoun Academic Center, and outreach activities in northern Virginia. Marymount University More to learn More to learn Background Information

13 Marymount’s Main Campus is located on 21 hillside acres （英亩） at 2807 N, Glebe Road in Arlington, just 6 miles from Washington, D.C., Virginia. More to learn More to learn Background Information

14 Campus Locations & Map Background Information

15 Degrees Students who pass the regular program of courses receive a bachelor’s degree in arts, science, commerce, engineering, education, or any of several other fields. Bachelor’s degrees in law and theology are granted to those possessing a bachelor’s degree from a college. Graduates may continue their course of study for at least one more year for a master’s degree. A master’s thesis or project may be required for a degree. The university offers doctor’s degrees and special certificates. Students may continue working for at least two years beyond the master’s level toward the degree of doctor. The doctor’s degree is conferred on the basis of courses, seminars, a dissertation, and written and oral examinations. Background Information

16 Cyndi Lauper Cyndi Lauper was born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 22 nd, 1953. She went to four high schools. The one that gave her the honorary high school diploma was Richmond Hill High School in Richmond Hill, NY. Cyndi Lauper is listed as the 21 st most successful artist of the 1980’s in NZ ahead of big-name artists such as Dire Straits, Tina Turner, Bruce Springsteen etc. She was the Top Recording Artist on the NZ singles chart in 1984. During her career, Cyndi received a lot of nominations, such as Grammy Awards, MTV Video Music Awards, American Music Awards, Top 100 Video Countdown, Emmy Awards. Her albums include She’s So Unusual(1983), True Colours(1986), Music Speaks Louder Than Words(1988) etc. Cyndi Lauper was born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 22 nd, 1953. She went to four high schools. The one that gave her the honorary high school diploma was Richmond Hill High School in Richmond Hill, NY. Cyndi Lauper is listed as the 21 st most successful artist of the 1980’s in NZ ahead of big-name artists such as Dire Straits, Tina Turner, Bruce Springsteen etc. She was the Top Recording Artist on the NZ singles chart in 1984. During her career, Cyndi received a lot of nominations, such as Grammy Awards, MTV Video Music Awards, American Music Awards, Top 100 Video Countdown, Emmy Awards. Her albums include She’s So Unusual(1983), True Colours(1986), Music Speaks Louder Than Words(1988) etc. Background Information

17  Lead in Lead in Lead in  Topic-Related Words or Phrases Topic-Related Words or Phrases Topic-Related Words or Phrases  Content Questions Content Questions Content Questions Lead In

18 I. Lead In You have a lot of choices after you graduate from high school, such as going to college, finding a job or joining the army. What would you like to do ? Why or why not? Ideas Earn more money, get a higher degree, prepare for a career Lead In Lead In

19 freshman 大一学生 sophomore 大二学生 junior 大三学生 senior 大四学生 academic credit 学分 academic degree 学位 associate professor 副教授 compulsory courses 必修课 lecturer 讲师 online learning 网上学习 virtual university 虚拟大学 vocational education 职业教育 Topic-Related Words or Phrases Topic-Related Words or Phrases

20 1. What What did Cyndi Lauper say when she accepted her high school diploma at the age of 35? 2. How do you understand “ The more you learn, the more you earn ” ? 3. What happens to most people without a high school diploma? II. Content Questions II. Content Questions Content Questions Content Questions More to learn More to learn

21 4. What level of education do most of the jobs require? 5. What kind of people earn more in most cases? 6. Besides education, what makes people earn more? More to learn More to learn Content Questions

22 7.What is the purpose of college education according to this paragraph? 8.What do students learn at college? 9. What is the purpose of elective courses? More to learn More to learn Content Questions

23 10.What is the next step after high school? 11.What is the percentage of high school graduates studying at college? 12.Why is it that high school graduates no longer dominate the college campuses now? More to learn More to learn Content Questions

24 13. Why do more and more adult students come back to college? 14. What is the probable average age of college students in America now? 15. How many students and colleges and universities are there in the U.S.A.? More to learn More to learn Content Questions

25 16. What does the rising number of Americans with a bachelor ’ s degree show? 17. What is the percentage of college graduates in the U.S.? 18. What about the younger people now? 19. Why is college education not viewed as a privilege for the wealth or the academically talented? More to learn More to learn Content Questions

26  New Words New Words New Words  Collocations Collocations  Phrases and Expressions Phrases and Expressions Phrases and Expressions  Vocabulary File Vocabulary File Vocabulary File Word Bank

27 More to learn More to learn New Words advanced adj. 先进的，高级的 athlete n. 运动员 academically ad. 学术上 bachelor n. 学士 beyond prep. outside the range of 超出范围 campus n. the grounds of a university 校园 career n. a profession or occupation 职业；事业 degree n. 学位；程度；度数 diploma n. 文凭 dominate v. 居于首位；支配，控制

28 More to learn More to learn New Words elective adj. freely chosen, not required 选修的 enroll v. make someone a member of a group 注册 entrepreneur n. 企业家 entertainer n. 演艺人员 executive n. 管理人员 faith n. firm belief 信仰；信任 graduate n. 毕业生 major adj. greater in importance 较重要的 n. the main subject you study at university 专业

29 New Words master n. 硕士；名家；主人 outearn v. earn more than 比 …… 赚得多 privilege n. 特权 require v. need 需要 reserve v. keep something for special use 保留 talented adj. having talent, gifed 有才能的 view v. consider 考虑；看待 variety n. 多样化

30 Collocations at the age of 在 …… 岁时 enroll in 入学；注册 faith in 对 …… 的信仰 view … as 视为，看成

31 Phrases and Expressions in addition (to) 此外 bachelor ’ s degree 学士学位 college graduate 大学毕业生 make it 办成功，做到 blue-collar worker 蓝领工人 elective course 选修课 master ’ s degree 硕士学位 a variety of 各种各样的

32 school school Pre-school primary school high school university Nursery nursery school kindergarten Secondary school middle school vocational school College institute community college College institute community college Vocabulary File More to learn More to learn

33 bachelor bachelor Degree master doctor doctor assistant assistant Teacher lecturer professor professor the mountain money the mountain money Beyond one’s reach earn one’s living one’s power one’s praise one’s power one’s praise the range of a fortune the range of a fortune Vocabulary File

34 Why College? 1 1“The more you learn, the more you earn.” said the pop singer Cyndi Lauper as she accepted her high her high school diploma — at the age of 35. Although Cyndi made it without a high school degree, most people don’t. In the U.S.A. today, about 75% of jobs require some education or technical training beyond high school degrees; college graduates outearn those without a college education; people with master’s degrees outearn those with only a bachelor's ; and the highest incomes of all are earned by people with advanced degrees. However, more diplomas don’t always mean more money. Many skilled blue-collar workers, salespeople, business executives, and entrepreneurs outearn college professor and scientific researchers. And great athletes and entertainers outearn everyone else!“The more you learn, the more you earn.” Cyndi Lauper made it requirebeyondoutearnmaster’s degrees diplomasskilled Text 中文译文

35 2 2But a college education is not only preparation for a career; it is also (or should be) preparation for life. In addition to courses in their major field of study, most students have time to take elective courses. They may take classes that help them understand more about human nature, government, the arts, sciences, or whatever else interests them. careerIn addition to majortake elective courseshelp them understand whatever interests 3Going to college, either full-time or part-time, is naturally becoming the next step after high school. Today, more than half of American high school graduates enroll in college. But recent high school graduates no longer dominate the college campuses. Today it is quite common for adult of all ages to come back to college either for career advancement of personal growth. By 1992, about half of all American college students will be older than 25, and 20% of them will be over 35. Serving this great variety of people are about 3,400 colleges and universities enrolling more than 12 million students.more than no longer dominatecampuses. Serving this great variety of people are about 3,400 colleges and universities enrolling more than 12 million students.Text 中文译文

36 4 4 American faith in the value of education is shown by the rising number of Americans who have at least a bachelor’s degree. About 20% of Americans are college students. However, among younger adults and working people, the percentage is at least 25%, much higher than in most other major nations. In the U.S.A., a college education is not viewed as a privilege reserved for the wealthy or the academically talented. Almost everyone who wants to attend college can do so. faith at least is not viewed as reserved Text 中文译文

37 为什么要上大学 “ 你学得越多，就会赚得越多 ” ，这是流行歌星辛迪 · 劳帕在 她 35 岁获得高中毕业证书时说过的一句话。辛迪没有高中文凭 也能挣很多钱，这是大多数人不可能做到的。在今日美国， 75 ％的工作都需要高中以上文凭或特殊的职业培训；大学毕业生 比没有受过大学教育的人收入高；有硕士学位的人比只有学士 学位的人收入高；而且收入最高的往往都是那些有高学历的人。 然而，文凭多并不总是意味着能挣更多的钱。许多有技术的蓝 领工人、商人、企业主管和企业家都比大学教授和科研人员挣 得多，而著名运动员和演艺人员得收入之高则无人可及！ 课文译文

38 大学教育不仅是为将来所从事的职业做准备，而且（也应 该）是为未来的生活做准备。除了所选的专业课程外，大多数 学生还有时间上选修课。他们会选修一些能帮助他们更多地了 解人性、政治制度、艺术、科学或任何他们感兴趣的课程。 上大学，无论是全日制还是业余，自然而然地成了高中毕 业后的下一个目标。目前，有超过一半的美国高中毕业生在上 大学。但应届高中毕业生已不再垄断大学校园。为提高业务素 质或自身修养，各种年龄层次的人重返大学校园学习已是相当 普遍的现象。到 1992 年，大约有一半美国大学生的年龄会大于 25 岁，其中 20 ％会超过 35 岁。近 3400 所高校将为这些不同年龄 层次的人服务，注册学生超过 1200 万。 课文译文

39 美国拥有学士以上学位的人数在不断上升，这体现了美国 人对教育价值的推崇。大约 20 ％的美国人是大学毕业生。但在 年轻人和在职人员中，这一比例至少为 25 ％，比其他多数大国 高出许多。在美国，大学教育已不是有钱人和有学习天赋的人 的特权，几乎任何想上大学的人都可圆自己的大学之梦。 课文译文

40 The 比较级 …, the 比较级 …: 越 …, 越 … (A structure used to show that two things happen together.) The more..., the more … The more …, the less … 1. 你练习得越多，犯的错误就会越少。 1. 你练习得越多，犯的错误就会越少。 The more practice you have, the fewer mistakes you will make. 2. 事实上，他越忙，越感到开心。 Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels. 3. The more I read the poem, the more I understood it.

41 Cyndi Lauper was born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 22nd, 1953. She went to four high schools. The one that gave her the honorary high school diploma was Richmond Hill High School in Richmond Hill, NY. Cyndi Lauper is listed as the 21st most successful artist of the 1980’s in NZ ahead of big-name artists such as Dire Straits, Tina Turner, Bruce Springsteen etc. She was the Top Recording Artist on the NZ singles chart in 1984. During her career, Cyndi received a lot of nominations, such as Grammy Awards, MTV Video Music Awards, American Music Awards, Top 100 Video countdown, Emmy Awards. Her albums include She’s So Unusual(1983), True Colours(1986), Music Speaks Louder Than Words(1988), Hat Full of Stars(1991), Sisters of Avalon(1997), Christmas Album(1998), etc.

42 Make it: be successful (in one’s career, etc.) e.g. He failed to make it as a writer. He failed to make it as a writer. It’s hard to make it to the top in show business. It’s hard to make it to the top in show business. “You can make it!” the teacher encouraged me. “You can make it!” the teacher encouraged me.

43 Require vt. need / demand / order 需要，要求，命令 Required a. 必需的 Requirement n. 要求 require somebody to do something required courses 必修课 Meet / satisfy / reach one’s requirements 满足 … 的要求 The students are required to get up at 7 a.m.The students are required to get up at 7 a.m. The teacher requires students to be quiet during class.The teacher requires students to be quiet during class. English is one of the required courses in our college.English is one of the required courses in our college. I think I can meet your requirements for the job.I think I can meet your requirements for the job.

44 Beyond: outside the range of 为 … 所不能及 ; 多于 ; 超出 … be beyond …control / range / belief / The car is beyond repair.The car is beyond repair. They’ re paying $100,000 for a small flat─ it’s beyond belief.They’ re paying $100,000 for a small flat─ it’s beyond belief. 他们为一间小公寓付了 10 万美元，简直难以置信。 The apples in the tree are beyond my reach. The apples in the tree are beyond my reach.

45 Outearn: earn more than … Out-: to a greater extent; surpassing, such as outdo, outlive, outnumber Tom outearns his father. Jim outlived his wife by five years. 吉姆比他妻子多活了 5 年。 The teenager outgrew his shoes in four months. 这个年轻人的鞋不到 4 个月就不够穿了。

46 bachelor’s degree 学士学位 master’s degree : 硕士学位 master’s degree : 硕士学位 doctor’s degree 博士学位 doctor’s degree 博士学位 PhD 博士学位；获得博士学位者 B.A. = Bachelor of Arts 文学士 B.S. = Bachelor of Science 理学士 M.A. = Master of Arts 文学硕士 M.S. = Master of Science 理学硕士

47 diploma n.a certificate of graduation from a school or college 文凭，毕业证书 e.g. a college diploma 大学文凭a college diploma 大学文凭 He received a diploma from Harvard in 1978.He received a diploma from Harvard in 1978. She worked very hard to earn her music diploma.She worked very hard to earn her music diploma. The secretary has diplomas in both education and linguistics. 秘书取得了教育学和语言学的两种毕业文凭。The secretary has diplomas in both education and linguistics. 秘书取得了教育学和语言学的两种毕业文凭。

48 skill n. 技能,, 技巧, 熟练, 巧妙 Skilled a. 熟练的 skillful a. 灵巧的, 熟练的 be skilled / skillful in (doing) something 擅长（做） … e.g. fundamental / basic skill 基本技能 writing skill 写作技能 practical skill 实际技能 He is quite skilled in swimming and boating. He is a skilful and effortless mechanic. 他是一位很有技巧、驾轻就熟的机械修理工。

49 career: job or profession 职业，事业 e.g. People choose their careers for many reasons. People choose their careers for many reasons. A resume always includes a description of your career objectives. A resume always includes a description of your career objectives.

50 In addition to: as well as; besides 加上，除 … 外，此外 e.g. In addition to giving a general introduction to computers, the course also provides practical training. In addition to giving a general introduction to computers, the course also provides practical training. We saw a Mickey Mouse cartoon, in addition to the cowboy movie. We saw a Mickey Mouse cartoon, in addition to the cowboy movie. In addition to gene, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a good education and a decent home environment. 除了遗传基因外, 智力的高低还取决于良 好的营养, 良好的教育和良好的家庭环境。 In addition to gene, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a good education and a decent home environment. 除了遗传基因外, 智力的高低还取决于良 好的营养, 良好的教育和良好的家庭环境。

51 1.Major as a adjective: greater or more important 主要的 2.Major as a noun: a chief or special subject at a university 专业 3.Major in: specialize in (a certain subject) at college or university 主修 e.g. Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing to cancer. Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing to cancer. Chicago is one of the major cities of the United States. Chicago is one of the major cities of the United States. Her major in college was English. Her major in college was English. She majored in economics( 经济学 ) in college. She majored in economics( 经济学 ) in college.

52 Take … courses / subjects: 修读 … 课程 / 科目 e.g. What courses did you take at college? What courses did you take at college? In college, I took English, history, philosophy and some other subjects. In college, I took English, history, philosophy and some other subjects.

53 Help somebody (to) do something: 帮助某人做某事 = Help somebody with something: 在某事上帮助某人 e.g. He helped the old lady carry the heavy box. He helped the old lady carry the heavy box. Mr. Li often helps me with my English. Mr. Li often helps me with my English. Mr. Li often helps me study English. Mr. Li often helps me study English.

54 Whatever = no matter what pron. 凡是..., 无论什么 a. 无论怎样的, 无论哪一种的, 什么也 What = 名词 ( 先行词 ) ＋ 关系代词 ( 引导定语从句 ) e.g. Whatever happens, don’t forget to write to me. Whatever happens, don’t forget to write to me. 不管发生什么，不要忘记写信给我。 不管发生什么，不要忘记写信给我。 You can take whatever book you like on the bookshelf. You can take whatever book you like on the bookshelf. “What you are you do not see, what you see is your shadow.” — Tagore “What you are you do not see, what you see is your shadow.” — Tagore

55 Interest: Vt. 使 … 产生兴趣，引起 … 注意 n. 兴趣，利益，利息 Interesting a. 有趣味的, 令人感兴趣的 Be interested in (doing) something 对 ( 做 ) 某事感兴趣 e.g. Your opinion interested me a lot. Your opinion interested me a lot. American football doesn’t interest me at all. American football doesn’t interest me at all. I find no interests in such things. I find no interests in such things. This book is very interesting. This book is very interesting. I am very interested in watching soccer games. I am very interested in watching soccer games. He is an interesting man. He is an interesting man.

56 More than : over 超过 More or less : 或多或少 More and more + a. ( 多音节形容词 ) 越来越 … e.g. More than 100 students took part in the computer contest of our college. More than 100 students took part in the computer contest of our college. He must be more than (over) 40. He must be more than (over) 40. We hope our explanation will prove more or less helpful. 希望我们的说明或多或少有些帮助 We hope our explanation will prove more or less helpful. 希望我们的说明或多或少有些帮助 Our school is becoming more and more beautiful. Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.

57 No longer : not … any longer 不再 e.g. She is 65 this year and no longer young. She is 65 this year and no longer young. He’s changed a lot and is no longer what he was one year ago. 他变化很大 ，不再是一年前的他了。 He’s changed a lot and is no longer what he was one year ago. 他变化很大 ，不再是一年前的他了。 She is no longer a silly girl. She is no longer a silly girl.

58 Dominate : have power and control over 支配，占优势 Dominating a. 专横的, 主要的, 独裁的 Dominated a. 受控的 Domination n. 控制, 统治, 支配 e.g. He completely dominated the group and made all the decisions. He completely dominated the group and made all the decisions. She is a very dominating woman and always wants to control everything in her family. She is a very dominating woman and always wants to control everything in her family. attempt to attain world domination 企图取得世界统治地位 attempt to attain world domination 企图取得世界统治地位 under the domination of these emotions under the domination of these emotions 在这种情绪 的支配下 在这种情绪 的支配下

59 Campus : the grounds of a school, college or university 校园 e.g. Freshmen are required to live on campuses. Freshmen are required to live on campuses. The Princeton campus has developed into one of the most attractive in the country. The Princeton campus has developed into one of the most attractive in the country. I used to take a walk on campus after supper. I used to take a walk on campus after supper.

60 “Serving this great variety of people” 现在进行式，被前置了 “enrolling more than 12 million students” 现在分词短语做后 置定语，修饰 “about 3, 400 colleges and universities” 正常的句子为： About 3, 400 colleges and universities are Serving this great variety of people, enrolling more than 12 million students. Variety : different kinds of A variety of = various e.g. There is quite a variety of food on the table.

61 faith: strong belief in … 信仰，信任 Have … faith in (doing) something 相信，信任 … Faithful a. 守信的，忠实的，可靠的 e.g. Have you any faith in what he says? 你信他的话吗？ Have you any faith in what he says? 你信他的话吗？ I haven’t much faith in the medicine. I haven’t much faith in the medicine. You should end your letter with “Yours faithfully yours”, not “very truly yours”. You should end your letter with “Yours faithfully yours”, not “very truly yours”.

62 At least : 至少，起码 e.g. He’s going out to have fun at least once a week. He’s going out to have fun at least once a week. There are at least 100 students in this classroom. There are at least 100 students in this classroom. At least, you should tell me what you have done. At least, you should tell me what you have done.

63 View… as …: consider … as … 把 … 看作 … e.g. I view John as a reliable colleague （同事）. I view John as a reliable colleague （同事）. John views his office as a cage. John views his office as a cage.

64 reserve: keep for a special purpose 储备, 保存, 保留, 预定, 预约 储备, 保存, 保留, 预定, 预约 e.g. We’ll reserve the room for you till noon tomorrow. We’ll reserve the room for you till noon tomorrow. I have reserved a table for two at the restaurant. I have reserved a table for two at the restaurant. The first three rows of the hall are reserved for special guests. The first three rows of the hall are reserved for special guests.

65 Attend : 出席, 参加, 照顾 Attendance n. 出席, 出席的人数, 伺候, 照料 Attendant n. 服务员 e.g. attend school 上学 attend school 上学 attend a lecture 听讲课 attend a lecture 听讲课 attend church 去教堂 attend church 去教堂 attend (at) a wedding 出席婚礼 attend (at) a wedding 出席婚礼

66 http://www.cyndilauper.com ----the official site of Cyndi Lauper http://www.manythings.org/ ----loads of fun stuff for English learners http://collegecampususa.com ----a glimpse of college campuses in the U.S.A Web Resources

67 冠词  定冠词和形容词连用，可以代表一类人或物。代表人做主语时，谓语用 复数形式；代表物做主语时，谓语用单数形式。 The old are to be respected, and the young are to be well looked after. （老人应该受尊重，年轻人应受关照。） The old is to be revolutionized, while the new is to be supported. （对旧事物应当进行革命，对新事物应给予支持。）  表示一日三餐、运动、游戏、学科、颜色等的名称前一般不加冠词。 The students are playing football now. Lunch is ready. Tom is very interested in biology. Jane usually likes to dress in blue. Do you often play chess when you are free? Grammar Tips

68 冠词  名词用作表语、同位语来表示某人的职位或者头衔时，前面一般不用冠 词；表示具体的某个人时，前面一般用冠词。 They elected the middle-aged man president of the society. （他们选那位中年人当协会的主席。） The president elected last month is going to make his inauguration speech next week 。 ( 上个月当选的总统将在下周发表就职演说。 )  表示 “ 击打 ” 、 “ 拍打 ” 某人的某个部位时，往往是用 “ verb+ someone+ in/on/across+ the+ 身体部位 ” 结构。例如： The old man patted me o the shoulder. 那位老人拍了拍我的肩膀。 She took two quick steps forward and struck him across the mouth. 她向前赶了两步打了他一个耳光. Grammar Tips

69 冠词  一个冠词与两个名词连用时，两个名词往往表示同一个事物或一个人。 The secretary and driver of mine is waiting for me outside the office. （我秘书兼司机正在办公室外面等我。）  表示 “ 演奏 … 乐器 ” 时，乐器名词前通常加冠词；表示 “ 从事 … 运动 ” 时， 该运动项目前不加冠词。 My neighbor is now playing the guitar, while his son is playing football on the playground. （我的邻居正在弹吉他，而他的儿子正在操场踢足球。）  same 不管作形容词，代词或副词，前面一般都用定冠词. The men you have just met are of the same age. （你刚才遇到的那些人是同岭人。） Grammar Tips

70 VII. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate answer from the choices given in parentheses. 1. Is ______ (a/ the / X) green her favorite color? 2. Every weekend, the girl usually practices playing ______ (a/ the / X) piano. 3. The two friends like playing ______ (a/ the / X) chess in their spare time. 4. When ______ (a/ the / X) dog bites ______ (a/ the / X) man, that is not news; but when ______ (a/ the / X) man bites ______ (a/ the / X) dog, that is new. 5. He majored in ______ (a/ the / X) history in college, but he turned out to be a salesman after graduation. Grammar Tips

71 VII. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate answer from the choices given in parentheses. 6. The story is about a man trapped by ______ (a/ the / X) fear and hunger. 7. George Bush, ______ (a/ the / X) president of the U.S.A., made a speech on TV last week. 8. The girl who is playing the violin comes from ______ (a/ the / X) South China. 9. The more satisfied our customers feel, ______ (a/ the / X) happier we will become. 10. I caught him by ______ (a/ the / X) right hand. Grammar Tips

72 VIII. Fill in each blank of the following paragraph with an appropriate word. 1)___ the waiter’s table there was 2)___ old Jewish man who used 3)___ watch me trying to read that paper. I asked him one night 4)___ a word meant, and 5)___ Jewish man told me. I thanked him and went 6)___ to my paper. He went 7)___ watching me for a 8)___ seconds and then said, “Do you run 9)___ a lot of words you don’t understand?” I said, “A lot – because I’m just beginning to learn to read well,” and he said, “I’ll sit with you here and work with you for 10)___ while.” Grammar Tips

73 Reading Skills Reading Skills Reading Skills Using definition and restatement to find out the meanings of words When you read a passage and come to a word you don’t know, most probably you will look it up in a dictionary. Actually, looking up a word in a dictionary is not the first thing to do. In fact, a dictionary is your last choice, something to turn to when all else fails. Instead, it is best to try to figure out the meaning of the word from the words around it in a sentence, paragraph, or passage that you are reading. Very often, among these surrounding words are various clues that allow you to reason out the meaning of the unknown word. They are called context clues. The most direct context clues are definition and restatement. When definition is used, the meaning of a word is stated directly.

74 Reading Skills Reading Skills Reading Skills Using definition and restatement to find out the meanings of words When restatement is used, the meaning of a word is usually signaled by key words, like or, is called, that is, which is, or in other words. Sometimes the meaning of the meaning of the unfamiliar word is signaled by a comma or a pair of commas. When you read, look for a definition or a restatement of an unfamiliar word. These clues help you learn words more easily. Examples: 1.The sheets were made of muslin. Muslin is a strong cotton cloth. (Definition) 2. I just want a morsel, a tiny piece, of that delicious cake. (Definition) 3. New England has some of the most fickle, or changeable, weather in the country. (Restatement)

75 Reading Skills Reading Skills Reading Skills Using definition and restatement to find out the meanings of words Look at the following sentences and answer the questions. A. What is the meaning of each italicized word? B. What clue in each sentence indicates a definition or restatement? 1.The minister stood behind a lectern. A lectern is a tall stand used to hold a book for the speaker. (Definition) 2. Johnson’s handwriting is not legible; that is, it is difficult. (Restatement) 3. The ring was made of garnets, deep red stones, set in gold. (Restatement) 4.My father gave a noncommittal answer, which was neither a yes nor a no. (Definition) 5. In Georgia, we saw beautiful jasmine. Jasmine is a plant with fragrant yellow flowers. (Definition)

76 Practical Writing Practical Writing Form—Filling 填表的目的是用一种简明扼要的格式提供信息. 表格的用途广泛, 形式 多样. 其中, 申请表是常用于求职和申请奖学金时提供个人信息的一种表格. 申请表通常包含以下项目 : Name 姓名 : First Name (American ) or Forename (British) 名 …….. Family Name (American ) or Surname (British) 姓 ……. Full Name (first name + family name) 全名 …………..… Sex & Age: Sex 性别 ………………… Age 年龄 ………………..…… 性别和年龄 : Date of Birth/ 出生年月 …... Place of Birth 出身地 ……… Marital Status: Married 已婚 …………..… Single 单身 ………………..… 婚姻状况 : Divorced 离异 ……….…… Widowed 丧偶 …….………… Address 住址 : Permanent 永久的 …………………….………………..… Temporary 目前的 ……………………..……………….…

77 Practical Writing Practical Writing Form—Filling Education 学历 : School Attended 所读学校 …………. Major 专业 ……………………............……......... Degree 学历 ………………………….……… Work 工作经历 : Occupation 职业 ………….... Present Position 目前职务 ……... Tel. 电话号码 ……………….. Fax No. 传真号 …………………. E-mai 邮箱地址 …………………………………. Signature 签名 ………………… Date 日期 …………………