Contents Active Reading 1 6. Contents Active Reading 1 6.

Presentation on theme: "Contents Active Reading 1 6. Contents Active Reading 1 6."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Active Reading 1 6

3 Warming Up Script

4 Warming Up Watch the cartoon and discuss the questions: 1. Why couldn’t the fox get the grapes? Because they were too far away to be reached. 2. How hard did he try to get them? He tried very hard. He tried all the tricks he knew. 3. What did he say when he realized he would never get the grapes? He said, “ The grapes are probably sour.”

5 4. Would you have said the same thing? Open answer.
Warming Up 4. Would you have said the same thing? Open answer. 5. If you were the fox, could you think out other ways to reach the grapes? Open answer. 6. What if the fox chose to persist in practicing climbing trees? Open answer.

6 Warming Up Sour Grapes Once upon a time, there was a big furry fox that lived with the fox family in the woods. It was the fox’s job to hunt for food for his family. He would stroll through the jungle looking for food. Since it was summer and his fur was thick and furry, the fox used to feel very hot indeed. On one such occasion, he came to a vineyard that was full of ripe grapes. The fox was surprised. “I must not have come to this part of the woods before,” he talked to himself. “I would surely remember such a beautiful vineyard.” The vines were beautiful and green.

7 Warming Up There were big, juicy purple grapes hanging from them. The big bunches waved the vines down. The fox looked at the grapes greedily. His mouth began to water at the sight of them. He was so tired and thirsty that he decided grapes were just the right thing for him. “By hook or crook, I’ve got to have some of these grapes,” he said. He stood upon his hind legs and tried jumping up to reach them. It was of no use as the vines were much too high for the fox to reach. The delicious-looking grapes were out of his reach. “I know what I have to do,” explained the fox. “I’d crouch down really low and then jump up with all my might. That ought to do the trick.”

8 Warming Up So he crouched down and sprang. But he missed the grapes by just a whisker and tumbled to the ground in dismay. Then the fox had another idea. He saw a stone on the ground near him. So he went and pushed it with all his might and finally managed to roll the big stone onto the grape vines. “Now I‘ll reach the grapes for sure,” he said. He climbed on the stone and stood up on his hind legs and began to jump up and down again. But the poor fellow still couldn’t reach the bunch of the grapes. He really wanted to eat some of the grapes but he could not reach them at all. The fox was very very upset and he began to howl. “All my hard work for nothing. All in vain. I shall never be able to reach those grapes.”

9 Warming Up However, he decided that he would try to reach those delicious grapes just one more time. So from the stone that he was standing on, he crouched down and sprang up at the grapes, but he only ended up hurting himself as he took a nasty fall again. The poor fox got up and limped away into the distance. Since he hadn’t succeeded in reaching the grapes, he consoled himself by saying, “the grapes are probably sour anyway.” He vowed never to go into that part of the woods again.

10 Background Information
Warming Up Background Information If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again. This is a well-known saying both in the US and the UK. It first appeared in an American schoolbook in 1840, and was intended to encourage children to do their homework.

11 Background information
Warming Up Background information This passage is written in the style of a general interest magazine or newspaper. It distinguishes between Bulldogs and Quitters: Bulldogs never give up, whatever it is, whereas Quitters give up and turn to something else when they realize that a goal cannot be attained. The passage argues that Bulldogs are more likely to suffer from health problems.

12 Text

13 Quitters are winners, bulldogs are losers
Text Quitters are winners, bulldogs are losers “If at first you don't succeed, try, try again," said the pessimistic comedian, W. C. Fields, "then quit. There's no point in being a damn fool about it.” Well, yes, up to a point, but we all know that there's a right and a wrong time to quit. According to new research, people who know when to give up on unattainable goals, the so-called "quitters", are physically and mentally healthier than "bulldogs" who persist at any cost. 1 2

14 children have been bombarded with messages about
Text Since the Founding Fathers arrived in America, our children have been bombarded with messages about the value of determination in the face of adversity. This never-say-die spirit is best represented by the 19th_ century maxim, "If you don't succeed, try, try again." But are there times when it's simply better to give up? 3

15 specifically, the possible link between persistence and
Text 4 Psychologists have been studying this question and specifically, the possible link between persistence and health. On the one hand, it seems that persistence increases the chance you'll succeed in the long term, and that personal success is closely linked to well- being. Think of successful people you know personally, and look back over their lives. Have they always been clear about where they're going in their lives, and now that they have arrived, are they happy and healthy? Some are, perhaps.

16 example, like an average athlete becoming an Olympic
Text 5 But what if success is extremely unlikely? For example, like an average athlete becoming an Olympic gold medalist? Can being too persistent have a negative effect on your health?

17 Gregory Miller and Carsten Wrosch developed a way
Text 6 In a series of psychological experiments, scientists Gregory Miller and Carsten Wrosch developed a way of distinguishing between Bulldogs and Quitters. The results showed that Quitters are generally healthier than Bulldogs. Gregory and Carsten looked at relatively minor ailments, such as indigestion and skin disorders, poor sleep and headaches, and discovered that Quitters suffered less than Bulldogs.

18 suffered much more from long periods of stress, during
Text Furthermore, Bulldogs suffered much more from long periods of stress, during which they had a higher level of a particular protein which indicates a form of inflammation linked to several serious diseases, including killers like diabetes and heart disease.

19 Bulldogs and the Quitters by their willingness to pursue
Text The psychologists also distinguished both the Bulldogs and the Quitters by their willingness to pursue new goals after they gave up on something important. They found that people who readily jumped back into life had a greater sense of purpose and were less likely to think about the past. Setting new goals appears to protect them from the emotional consequences of failure, especially the Bulldogs who have a hard time admitting defeat. 7

20 So why do Bulldogs finally say, "Enough is enough"?
Text So why do Bulldogs finally say, "Enough is enough"? In fact, it appears that their physical recovery comes through melancholy, or mild depression. Some go through a period of passivity, during which they shut down. But on the positive side, they're forced to stop and reassess their lives. 8

21 bodies to slow down, to analyze the situation and to
Text Gradually they become more realistic about the world. In evolutionary terms, psychologists think that depression is what tells our bodies to slow down, to analyze the situation and to be cautious. Melancholy can actually help most of us to give up on the Olympic gold medal and preserve the human species.

22 it's part of creating an individual identity in the world.
Text It's important to set oneself goals. For young people, it's part of creating an individual identity in the world. But as we grow older, we adjust these aspirations or abandon them when we find that either we cannot achieve them or other more important targets attract us. 9

23 We abandon our plans for a glorious career
Text We abandon our plans for a glorious career because we feel the demands of our young family are more important. We choose not to continue our studies because we need to earn a living. We find other objectives in our lives, which are more appropriate to our circumstances. So while we may grow out of our dreams, at the same time, we grow up.

24 at first you don't succeed, try, try again. But if you don't
Text Maybe we should rewrite the maxim. How about "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again. But if you don't succeed, you don't always fail. Listen to your body and your mind. That's where you'll find your success as a human being. That's where the survival of the species lies."?

25 Text “懦夫”胜，“硬汉”败 “如果你第一次没成功，就再试一次吧。”悲观厌世的喜剧演员W.C.菲尔德斯说，“如果第二次又没成功的话，就放弃。在这件事上，没必要当该死的傻瓜。” 在一定程度上菲尔德斯的话是有道理的，但我们都知道应该在适当的时候放弃。根据一项新的研究成果，知道什么时候放弃无法实现的目标的人， 也就是所谓的“懦夫” ， 在生理和心理方面要比不惜一切代价坚持下去的“硬汉”健康。

26 Text 自从制宪元勋们来到美国，我们的孩子们就一直被大量地灌输在逆境面前要坚定果敢的重要性。 19 世纪的格言“如果你第一次没成功，就再试一次吧”充分体现了这种永不言败的精神。但是，是不是有的时候放弃会更好呢？

27 Text 心理学家们一直在研究这个问题，特别是研究坚持不懈和健康之间可能存在的关系。一方面，从长远角度看，坚持不懈似乎增加了你成功的机会，而个人的成功又和个人的幸福紧密相关。想一想你认识的成功人士，并回顾一下他们的人生。他们始终都清楚自己的人生方向吗？既然他们已经成功了，那么他们幸福健康吗？可能他们中的有些人是幸福和健康的。

28 Text 但是，如果成功无望的话，该怎么办呢？例如，一名水平一般的运动员想成为奥运金牌的获得者。过于坚持会对你的健康造成负面影响吗？

29 Text 在一系列的心理学实验中，科学家格雷戈里· 米勒 和卡斯滕· 罗奇找到了区分“硬汉”和“懦夫”的方法研究结果表明“懦夫”普遍要比“硬汉”健康。格雷戈里和卡斯滕研究了相对轻微的疾病，如消化不良、皮肤病、睡眠不好和头痛的病历，发现“懦夫”得这些病的几率比“硬汉”少。

30 Text 另外，“硬汉”长期承受压力，体内某种蛋白质的含量更 高。这表明其患有炎症，而这种炎症能够导致多种严重 的疾病，包括糖尿病和心脏病等致命疾病。

31 Text 7. 心理学家们还根据在放弃某些重要的事情之后是否 愿意追求新的目标来区分“硬汉”和“懦夫”。 他们发现 那些迅速重返生活的人拥有更强的目标感，不太可能 去想过去的事情。设定新的目标似乎可以使他们免受 失败情绪的影响，这对难以接受失败的“硬汉”来说尤其 重要。

32 Text 那么，为什么“硬汉”最后会说“真是受够了”呢？ 在身体康复的过程中，他们实际上似乎克服了消 沉或者轻度抑郁症。有些人在此过程中会有一段 消沉的时间，变得消极懈怠。但是从积极的方面 来说，他们被迫停下来，重新评估自己的生活。

33 Text 渐渐地，他们对世界的看法会变得更加现实。从进化论 的角度说，心理学家们认为抑郁会警告我们放慢生活的节 奏，分析形势，保持谨慎。抑郁症实际上可以帮助我们中 的大多数人放弃不切实际的奥运金牌的念头，而且还有 助于保护人类。

34 Text 重要的是设定自己的目标。对年轻人来说，这是在世上确立个人身份时必做的一件事。但是随着年龄的增长当我们发现自己无法实现这些志向，或者发现另外一些吸引我们的更重要的目标时，我们会调整或者放弃这些志向。

35 Text 我们会为了一项辉煌的职业而放弃自己的计划， 因为我们觉得满足新建家庭的需求更为重要。我们 选择放弃学业，因为我们需要谋生。我们发现了其 他更切合实际的人生目标。因此，在放弃梦想的同 时，我们长大了。

36 Text 也许，我们应该重写那句格言。能否改成以下这样？ “如果你第一次没成功，那就再试一次。但是即使你又 失败了，你也不会永远失败的。听从身心的指引，那 是你作为一个人可以发现自我成功的地方，那是人类 赖以生存的地方。”

37 quitter bombard persistent winner adversity negative bulldog maxim
Words & Phrases quitter bombard persistent winner adversity negative bulldog maxim psychological loser specifically minor comedian persistence ailment damn closely indigestion unattainable extremely disorder physically unlikely furthermore mentally Olympic protein persist medalist inflammation

38 killer evolutionary diabetes species willingness individual readily
Words & Phrases killer evolutionary diabetes species willingness individual readily aspiration emotional glorious melancholy career depression passivity reassess realistic

39 on the positive / plus / minus side at any cost / at all costs
Words & Phrases up to a point shut down give up on on the positive / plus / minus side at any cost / at all costs in the face of in …terms / in terms of … in the long / middle / short term slow down earn / make a living look back grow out of what if come through go through

40 W. C. Fields W. C. 菲尔德斯 （1879-1946， 美国喜剧演员）
Words & Phrases W. C. Fields W. C. 菲尔德斯 （ ， 美国喜剧演员） Gregory Miller 格雷戈里 ·米勒 Carsten Wrosch 卡斯滕罗奇 the Founding Fathers（1787年美国建国时起草宪法的）制宪元勋

41 Words & Phrases quitter n. [C] informal someone who does not have the determination or courage to finish something that is difficult [非正式] 轻易放弃的人 e.g. I've asked you to do this for me because I know you're not a quitter. 我要求你为我做这件事，因为我知道你做事不虎头蛇尾。

42 winner n. [C] a person or thing that wins something 获胜者；获奖者
Words & Phrases winner n. [C] a person or thing that wins something 获胜者；获奖者 e.g. 1. The winner of the tournament gets £50,000. 锦标赛的赢家将获得5万英镑。 2. She was a gold medal winner at the last Olympics. 她是上一届奥运会的金牌得主。 Word family: win v.

43 Words & Phrases bulldog n. [C] 1) a person noted for courageous or stubborn tenacity顽强的人，永不言弃的人 2) a powerful dog with a large head, a short neck, and short thick legs 斗牛犬；叭喇狗

44 loser n. [C] someone who has lost a competition or game 失败者；输家
Words & Phrases loser n. [C] someone who has lost a competition or game 失败者；输家 e.g. 1. The referee's decision was contested by the loser. 负方对裁判的裁决有异议。 2. We won fair and square — they should concede that bravely and be good losers. 我们赢得光明正大，他们应当勇敢地接受失败，做输得起的人。

45 Words & Phrases comedian n. [C] someone whose job is to entertain people by telling jokes and stories to make them laugh 喜剧演员 e.g. The comedian's act drew a large crowd. 那个喜剧演员的表演吸引了一大批观众。

46 Words & Phrases damn a. used for emphasizing what you are saying, especially when you are annoyed about sth. 该死的；讨厌的 e.g. 1. I can’t get this damn button undone！ 我解不开这个该死的扣子！ 2. Where's that damn book? 那本该死的书在哪儿?

47 unattainable a. impossible to achieve or obtain 达不到的；无法取得的
Words & Phrases unattainable a. impossible to achieve or obtain 达不到的；无法取得的 e.g. 1. He always has unattainable goals in his mind. 他的脑子里总是想一些高不可攀的目标。 The prefix un- is added to adjectives to make them negative in meaning.

48 Words & Phrases Complete the following sentences with the words added by un- and figure out the meanings. 1. I have been working without break for 24 hours. It is _____________ to expect me to work all night again today. ( reasonable) 2. You have done so much for him, but he never expresses any thanks. How could you put up with such _____________ behaviour? ( grateful) 4. We should economize on oil, because the supply of a nature resource is never _____________ . (limited) 5. She sat up late that night to write a detailed account of the _________________ moment. (forgettable) unreasonable ungrateful unlimited unforgettable

49 Words & Phrases physically ad. in a way that is related to your body or appearance 身体上；外貌上 e.g. 1. It is said that boys mature more slowly than girls, both physically and psychologically. 据说在生理和心理上，男孩比女孩成熟得晚些。 2. Are you sure you’re physically tough enough for this job? 你确信你有足够的体力胜任这份工作吗？

50 mentally adverb form of the word mental
Words & Phrases mentally adverb form of the word mental mental a. 1) relating to the health of the mind, or illnesses of the mind 心理上；精神上 2) relating to the mind 内心里；在心里 e.g. 1. Do you think in English or translate mentally from your own language? 你是用英语思考呢，还是在心里把自己的语言翻译过来呢? 2. It's going to be a tough competition but I'm mentally prepared for it. 这场竞争将会很激烈，但我已做好了思想准备。

51 Words & Phrases persist vi. 1) continue to do or say something in a determined way坚持；执意 2) continue to exist 继续存在；持续 e.g. 1. I will persist until I succeed. 我会坚持不懈，直到成功。 2. If you persist in breaking the law you will go to prison. 如果你再继续违法的话，你会坐牢的。

52 Words & Phrases bombard vt. 1) ask someone so many questions, give them so much information etc that it is difficult for them to deal with it all 连珠炮似地提问题；向……一下子提供大量信息 e.g. Reporters bombarded the President with questions about his economic policy. 新闻记者连珠炮似地向总统提出许多有关经济政策的问题。

53 订阅者的批评信使这份新杂志感到措手不及。
Words & Phrases 2) attack someone or something by hitting them with a lot of objects or by hitting them many times 攻击，轰击（某人或某物） e.g. 1. The new journal is bombard with letters of criticism from the subscribers. 订阅者的批评信使这份新杂志感到措手不及。 2. We’re all constantly bombarded with television advertisements. 我们不断处在电视广告的围攻之下。

54 Words & Phrases adversity n. [C, U] a difficult period in your life in which you have many problems 逆境；窘境；厄运 Word in pairs and try to figure out the meaning of the following proverbs. 1. Sweet are the uses of adversity . 祸兮福之所倚。 2. The fire is the test of gold; adversity of strong men. 烈火炼真金，逆境炼壮士。

55 Words & Phrases maxim n. [C] a well- known phrase or saying, especially one that gives a rule for sensible behaviour 格言；箴言；座右铭 e.g. 1. “A stitch in time saves nine” is a popular maxim. “小洞不补，大洞吃苦”是人们熟悉的谚语。 2. “Waste not, want not” is her favourite maxim. “不浪费则不匮乏”是她喜爱的格言。

56 Words & Phrases specifically ad. 1) used for describing something in a more exact way 确切地说 e.g. Several people, specifically Tom, Mike and Joan have agreed. 有几个人, 即汤姆、迈克和琼已经同意了。 2) for one particular thing or type of thing 特别地，专门地 e.g. 1. He is interested specifically in poisonous snakes. 他特别对毒蛇感兴趣。 2. The book was written specifically for children. 这本书是特地为儿童编写的。

57 Words & Phrases persistence n. [U] 1) the attitude or behaviour of someone who continues to do, or try to do, something in a determined way 坚持不懈；执意 e.g. Her persistence paid off when she was offered the job of manager. 她的坚持不懈有了好结果了，她当上了经理。 2) a situation in which something unpleasant continues to exist 持续性，持续状态；存留(状态) e.g. The doctor couldn't explain the persistence of the fever.   医生无法解释高烧何以持久不退。 Word family: persistent a. persistently ad.

58 Words & Phrases closely ad. 1) in a way that involves sharing ideas, thoughts, or feelings 密切地 2) in a way that involves careful attention to every detail 仔细地；严密地 Translate the following into Chinese: 1. 被严密监视的这些囚犯昨夜越狱了。 The prisoners closely guarded escaped from the prison last night 2. 味觉与嗅觉是密切相关的。 Taste and smell are closely connected.

59 Words & Phrases extremely ad. (used for emphasizing an adjective or adverb) very [用于强调形容词或副词] 非常 e.g. this is an extremely difficult and dangerous thing to do. 这件事做起来极其困难和危险。 Some useful phrases: go to extremes / take sth to extremes 走极端 go to the opposite extreme / go from one extreme to the other 走向另一极端 / 从一极端走到另一极端 in the extreme 极度，非常

60 unlikely a. not likely to happen 不大可能的；未必发生的，
Words & Phrases unlikely a. not likely to happen 不大可能的；未必发生的， e.g. 1. The change is unlikely to affect many people. 这变化不大可能会影响到很多人。 2. He thought it unlikely that she would refuse. 他认为她不大可能会拒绝。 3. It is unlikely that she will come. 她不大可能来了。

61 Olympic a. relating to the Olympic Games 奥运会的 e.g.
Words & Phrases Olympic a. relating to the Olympic Games 奥运会的 e.g. 1. Winning an Olympic gold medal was, I suppose, the supreme moment of his life. 我认为荣获奥运会金牌是他一生中最重要的时刻。 2. Chinese basketball star Yao Ming holding the Chinese national flag parades into the National Stadium at the opening ceremony of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, Aug. 8, 2008. 2008年8月8日，在北京2008奥运会开幕式上，中国篮球明星姚明手举国旗进入国家体育场。

62 Words & Phrases medalist n. [C] (BrE) someone who has won a medal in a competition (the American spelling of medallist) [英]（比赛中的） 奖牌获得者 e.g. An Olympic gold medalist will come to our university to give us a lecture next week. 一位奥运会的金牌得主下周将来 我们学校演讲。

63 persistent a. 艾伯特连续头痛了三天。
Words & Phrases persistent a. 1) continuing to do something in a determined way 坚持不懈的；执意的 2) continuing to exist or happen, especially for longer than is usual or desirable 持久的；持续的 e.g. 1. She eventually married the most persistent one of her admirers. 她终于嫁给了最执着追求她的人。 2. Albert had a persistent headache that lasted for three days. 艾伯特连续头痛了三天。 Word family: persistence n. persistently ad.

64 negative a. 1) bad or harmful 负面的；有害的；不良的
Words & Phrases negative a. 1) bad or harmful 负面的；有害的；不良的 2) expressing opposition to something, especially when there is a choice 不赞同的；反对的 Translate the following into Chinese: 1. You can't learn anything with negative attitude. 你用消极的态度什么也学不到。 2. I have a negative opinion on the value of this idea. 我对这个主意持反对意见。 Antonym: affirmative / positive

65 Words & Phrases psychological a. 1) connected with the study of how your mind works 心理学的 e.g. The girl is interested in psychological research. 那个女孩对心理学研究感兴趣。 2) involving or affecting your mind 精神的；心理的 e.g. Harry’s problems are more psychological than physical. 哈里的问题与其说是身体上的不如说是心理上的。 Word family: psychology n psychologically ad. psychologist n.

66 Words & Phrases minor a. not very important in comparison with people or things of the same type 较不很重要的； 次要的 e.g. 1. I've made a few minor adjustments to the seating plan. 我对座次表做了一些小的调整。 2. Please stop talking about that issue of minor importance 请别再谈论那个次要问题了。 Antonym: major Word family: minority n. majority n.

67 ailment n. [C] an illness, usually not a serious one （通常指不严重的）疾病；微恙
Words & Phrases ailment n. [C] an illness, usually not a serious one （通常指不严重的）疾病；微恙 e.g. 1. I don't have even the slightest ailment. 我什么毛病也没有。 2. His ailments include a mild heart attack and arthritis. 他患有轻度心脏病和关节炎。

68 Words & Phrases indigestion n. [U] pain that you get when your stomach cannot deal with food that you have eaten 消化不良 e.g. 1. I overate at the party last night and got violent indigestion. 昨日晚宴我吃多了，严重消化不良。 2. A food that is too fatty may cause indigestion. 过于油腻的食物会引起消化不良。 Word family: indigestive a.

69 Words & Phrases disorder n. 1) [C, U] (medical) an illness or medical condition [医] 紊乱；失调；病 2) [U] a situation in which people behave in a noisy or violent way in public, often as a protest against something 杂乱；凌乱 e.g. 1. He's suffering from severe mental disorder. 他患有严重的精神病。 2. The whole office was in a state of disorder. 整个办公室杂乱无章。

70 Words & Phrases furthermore ad. (fml) in addition to what has already been said [正式] 而且；此外 e.g. I don't want to go there, furthermore, I have no time to do so. 我不想去那里, 而且我也没时间去。 Choose the best answer: The London Marathon is a difficult race.________ , thousands of runners participate every year. (CET ) A) Therefore B) Furthermore C) Accordingly D) Nevertheless B

71 Words & Phrases protein n. [C, U] a substance in food such as meat, eggs, and milk that people need in order to grow and be healthy 蛋白质 e.g. 1. Cereals supply essential protein and vitamins. 谷类食物提供必需的蛋白质和维生素。 2. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable complexes. 多个蛋白质可以一起，往往是通过结合在一起形成稳定的蛋白质复合物，发挥某一特定功能。

72 Words & Phrases inflammation n. [C, U] an area on your body that is swollen, red, and painful because of an infection or injury 红肿部位；发炎部位 e.g. 1. Many babies develop a mild inflammation in the eyes a few days after birth. 许多婴孩出生几天以后眼睛会有轻微的发炎 。 2. Steroids often help reduce the inflammation and itching in the skin. 类固醇常常有助于减轻炎症和皮肤瘙痒。

73 Words & Phrases killer n. [C] 1) something that kills or destroys someone or something 致命物 e.g. In the U.S.A. overdoses were the single biggest killer among the city’s young. 吸毒过量是美国城市年轻人唯一的最大杀手。 2) someone who kills another person 凶手；杀人者 e.g. I don’t care what they ask me if it helps them find the real killer. 如果能帮他们找到真正的凶手，我不在乎他们问我要什么。

74 Words & Phrases diabetes n. [U] a serious medical condition in which your body does not produce enough insulin to reduce the amount of sugar in the blood 糖尿病 e.g. Diabetes is classed as a metabolism disorder. 糖尿病被归类为新陈代谢紊乱。

75 willingness n. [U] noun form of the adjective willing 乐意；愿意
Words & Phrases willingness n. [U] noun form of the adjective willing 乐意；愿意 willing a. ready, eager, or prepared to do something 愿意的；乐意的 e.g. 1. The new government has shown a willingness to listen and help. 新政府表现出愿意倾听与帮助的姿态。 2. Marriage counseling depends on both parties’ willingness to try to solve problems. 婚姻指导要依赖双方解决问题的意愿。

76 readily ad. in a way that shows that you are willing 乐意地；欣然
Words & Phrases readily ad. in a way that shows that you are willing 乐意地；欣然 e.g. 1. She made the proposal, and I readily consented (to it).   她提出了这个建议，我欣然同意。 2. He readily agreed to help us. 他欣然同意帮助我们。 Word family: ready a. readiness n.

77 Words & Phrases emotional a. 1) relating to feelings and the way that they affect your life[ only before noun 感情上的 2) affected by and expressing strong emotion, especially sadness or anger 情绪激动的；（尤指）愤怒的，伤感的 Translate the following into English: 1. 她情绪上受到了沉重的打击。 She had a major emotional upset. 2. 婚礼上我情绪非常激动。 I felt quite emotional during the wedding ceremony. Word family: emotion n. emotionally ad.

78 Words & Phrases melancholy n. ＆ a. 1) [U] a feeling of sadness and of being without hope 抑郁；忧郁 e.g. Rainy days give me a feeling of melancholy. 雨天给我一种忧郁的感觉。 2) feeling or looking sad and without hope, or making you feel sad and without hope 忧郁的；让人忧伤的 e.g. He felt melancholy after he failed the exam. 这次考试没通过, 他感到很郁闷。

79 depression n. 1) [U] a feeling of being extremely unhappy 沮丧，消沉
Words & Phrases depression n. 1) [U] a feeling of being extremely unhappy 沮丧，消沉 e.g. The trip to the seashore brought her out of her depression. 到海边旅行使她不再抑郁。 2) [C, U] a period of time when there is a lot of unemployment and poverty because there is very little economic activity 萧条，不景气 e.g. Business depression usually causes misery among the working class. 商业不景气常使工薪阶层受苦。 Word family: depress v depressive a. depressively ad.

80 passivity n. [U] the noun form of the adjective passive 被动；消极
Words & Phrases passivity n. [U] the noun form of the adjective passive 被动；消极 passive a. accepting what happens without trying to control or change events or to react to things e.g. 1. Kathy seems to take a passive role in the relationship. 凯西在这关系中似乎扮演着被动的角色。 2. This is called passive smoking. 这被称为被动吸烟。 3. That famous expert will tell you how to overcome passivity. 那个著名的专家将告诉你怎样战胜消极（情绪）。

81 reassess vt. assess again 重新评估；重新评价
Words & Phrases reassess vt. assess again 重新评估；重新评价 e.g. We have decided to reassess our timetable. 我们已决定重新评价时间表。 The prefix re- is added to many verbs with the meaning of again, or back. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using a verb with the prefix of re- to replace the italicized part. 1. He placed the book back on the shelf when he finished it. 2. She is slowly gaining back her strength after the accident. replaced regaining

82 Words & Phrases 3. The branches of the tree will generate again if they are cut off. 4. She was asked to consider again her decision to leave the job. 5. After the disaster the government spent millions of dollars to help the local people to construct their homes again. 6. After working extra hours and making more money for several months, I have paid back the loan to the bank. regenerate reconsider reconstruct repaid

83 Words & Phrases realistic a. 1) able to understand and accept things as they really are现实的，实际的 2) based on facts and situations as they really are 实际的；现实可行的 Translate the following into Chinese: 1. Our income has got smaller, so we must be realistic and give up our car. 我们的收入减少了, 所以我们得面对现实, 把车卖掉。 2. My friends were quite realistic about my problems. 朋友们对我的问题持非常现实的态度。

84 Words & Phrases evolutionary a. 1) connected with gradual change and development 发展的；演变的 e.g. The forms of written languages undergo constant evolution. 书写语言的形式经过了不断的演变。 2) connected with scientific evolution 进化的；进化论的 Word family: evolve v. evolution n.

85 Words & Phrases species n. [C] (pl species) a plant or animal group whose members all have similar general features and are able to produce young plants or animals together 物种、种 e.g. 1. We should do our best to save endangered species. 我们应该竭尽全力挽救濒于灭绝的生物。 2. The area is rich in different plant species. 这一地区植物物种丰富。

86 Words & Phrases individual a. ＆ n. 1) a. relating to one person rather than a group 个人的；私人的 e.g. The director of the factory felt no individual responsibility for the deficit. 厂长觉得工厂亏损没有任何个人责任。 2) n. [C] a person considered separately from their society or community 个人；个体 e.g. The welfare of the individual is bound up with the welfare of the community. 个人的福利与社会的福利是紧密相关的。

87 Words & Phrases aspiration n. [C] something that you want to achieve, or the wish to achieve something 志向；抱负 e.g. 1. He has no aspirations for fame or gain. 他不图名利。 2. She has aspirations to become a great writer. 她有做名作家的抱负。

88 Words & Phrases glorious a. extremely successful and likely to be remembered for a long time 光荣的；辉煌的；荣耀的 e.g. 1. The army won a glorious victory in the first battle. 部队在第一场战役中取得了辉煌的胜利。 2. She is always bucking about her glorious past. 她老是吹嘘她的光荣的过去。 Word family: glory n. gloriously ad.

89 Words & Phrases career n. [C] a job or series of related jobs that you do, especially a profession that you spend a lot of your working life in 事业；职业；生涯 e.g. 1. I entered upon a diplomatic career at the age of thirty-five. 我35岁时开始了外交官的生涯。 2. She is a career woman rather than a housewife. 她是职业妇女而不是家庭主妇。

90 up to a point: to some extent but not completely 在某种程度上
Words & Phrases up to a point: to some extent but not completely 在某种程度上 e.g. Parents sometimes impose ambition on kid up to a point. 父母有时在一定程度上会把自己的抱负强加给孩子。

91 Words & Phrases give up on: stop hoping that someone will improve and stop trying to help or change them 对……表示绝望 e.g. 1. The doctors gave up on my uncle, but he lived. 医生们认为我叔叔的病无法治好, 但他却活了下来。 2. Most of the teachers gave up on her years ago. 大多数的老师几年前就对她不再抱有希望了。

92 Words & Phrases at any cost / at all costs: used for saying that something must be done, however difficult it is or however much damage it causes 不惜一切代价，无论如何 Translate the following into Chinese: 1. He is the man who implements his promise at all costs.   他是一个无论如何都会实现诺言的人。 2. I'm determined to attain my purpose at any cost . 我决心不惜任何代价达到目的。

93 Words & Phrases in the face of: in a situation where you have to deal with something unpleasant or difficult 面对 Translate the following into Chinese: 1. We should compose ourselves in the face of fear. 我们在危险时要保持镇静。 2. In the face of the new evidence he had to climb down and admit he had been wrong. 在新的证据面前, 他只得服输认错。

94 Words & Phrases in the long / middle/ short term: in the long / middle / short run 从长远 / 中期 / 短期来看 e.g. 1. In the long term we hope to make large profits on it. 从长远来看我们希望能靠它赚一大笔钱。 2. In the short term, the medicine may not be very effective. 从眼前来看，这药可能疗效不是很大。

95 look back: think about a time or event in the past 回忆，回顾
Words & Phrases look back: think about a time or event in the past 回忆，回顾 e.g. 1. Don't waste time looking back on things which have caused you distress. 不要浪费时间去回想那些伤心的往事。 2. I like to look back on my high-school days, which were the happiest in my life. 我喜欢回顾我的中学时代，那是我生命中最快乐的时光。

96 Words & Phrases what if ： 1) used to ask what will happen, usually if an unpleasant situation happens （尤指令人不快的情况）如果……将会怎么样？ e.g. What if we get burgled while we are on holiday? 我们度假时，家里被盗怎么办？ 2) used to make a helpful suggestion （用于表示提出有益的建议）如果……怎么样？ e.g. What if we go and see a film tomorrow tonight? 我们明天晚上去看电影，你看怎么样？

97 Words & Phrases come through: 1) if a feeling or quality that someone or something has comes through, it can be clearly understood or seen （感情或品质）体现出来；表现出来 e.g. 1. His ability came through after he began to work. 他参加工作后, 开始表现出他的能力。 2. As an actor your style and personality must come through. 作为一名演员，你必须体现出你的风格和个性。

98 1. He has come through two world wars. 他身经两次世界大战，劫后余生。
Words & Phrases 2) be still alive, working, or making progress after a difficult or dangerous experience 经历……而活着；安然渡过 e.g. 1. He has come through two world wars. 他身经两次世界大战，劫后余生。 2. She's come through the operation very well. 她顺利地度过了手术关。

99 go through: experience something difficult or unpleasant 熬过（困境）
Words & Phrases go through: experience something difficult or unpleasant 熬过（困境） Translate the following sentence into Chinese: 1. 孩提时代, 他经历了一个又一个的艰难困苦。 When he was a child, he went through one hardship after another. 2. 这个国家正在经历一段时期的经济动荡。 The country is going through a period of economic instability.

100 Words & Phrases shut down: 1) (infml) stop someone from doing something, especially to stop a player from having the freedom to move around or play well 阻止（某人）做某事（尤其是阻止对手得分等） e.g. We all knew that to win we’d have to shut down Mike. 我们都知道要想赢就不能让迈克得分。 2) if a shop, school, factory, or business shuts down, or if someone shuts it down, it closes, usually permanently （使）关闭；（使）停业 e.g. The shop has shut down because of lack of trade. 那商店因生意萧条而停业。

101 Words & Phrases on the positive /plus/ minus side: on the affirmative / negative side 在好的 / 不好的方面 e.g. It’s not a perfect setup but, on the plus side, I can work at home. 这不是一个完美的方案，但是从好的方面来讲，我可以在 家办公了。

102 Words & Phrases in (evolutionary) terms /in the terms of … if you explain or judge sth. in terms of a particular fact or event, you are only interested in its connection with that fact or event 至于；关于；从……观点来看 e.g. 1. In terms of money, he's quite rich, but not in terms of happiness. 就钱来说他很富有,但就幸福来说就不然了。 2. He thought of everything in terms of money. 他是从钱的角度来看每一件事。 3. It is wrong to try to judge happiness in term of worldly success. 试图以世间的成功来判断幸福是错误的。

103 Words & Phrases slow down : if someone slows down, or if something slows them down, they become less active or effective （使）慢下来；（使）缓行 e.g. 1. Motorists should slow down and take extra care in foggy conditions. 司机在雾天应减速行驶并特别小心。 2. If I could find some way of slowing my father down—he's taking on far too much work. 如果我能找到什么办法使我的父亲轻松一些就好了, 他干的工作太多了。

104 Words & Phrases earn / make a living : earn / make enough money to buy the things that you need 谋生 Translate the following into Chinese: 1. It is not so helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make / earn a living.   与其说给人面包很有帮助，倒不如说教导他如何谋生才重要。 2. She heard that it was easier to earn / make a living in the big cities. 她听说大城市谋生容易些。

105 Words & Phrases grow out of: 1) if children grow out of clothes, they grow bigger and the clothes become too small for them 因长大而穿不下 2) if someone grows out of a habit, they stop doing it, because they are older or wiser 长大不再有做（某事）的习惯 3) develop from something, or to exist as a result of it 产生自……；从……发展而成

106 1. She used to bite her nails , but seems to have grown out of it. ( )
Words & Phrases Work in pairs. Figure out the meanings of the phrase. Match its usage with the meaning 1.因长大而穿不下, 2.长大不再有做（某事）的习惯or 3.产生自……；从……发展而成： 1. She used to bite her nails , but seems to have grown out of it. ( ) 2. She has grown out of all her old clothes. ( ) 3. The dispute grew out of an argument between a worker and a foreman. ( ) 2 1 3

107 Words & Phrases W. C. Fields (January 29, 1880 – December 25, 1946) , was an American comedian, actor, juggler and writer. Fields was known for his comic persona as a misanthropic and hard-drinking egotist who remained a sympathetic character despite his snarling contempt for dogs, children, and women.

108 Gregory Miller is co-director of the Psychobiological Determinants of Health Laboratory. After receiving a Ph.D. in clinical psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles, he completed a clinical internship at a post-doctoral fellowship in health psychology at Carnegie Mellon University. Words & Phrases Dr. Miller joined the faculty of Washington University in Saint Louis July 2000 and after three years there, accepted his current position at the University of British Columbia, Canada, where he is Professor of Psychology.

109 Words & Phrases Carsten Wrosch is an associate professor of psychology at Concordia University, Canada. He got his Ph.D. of Psychology in 1997.

110 Words & Phrases The Founding Fathers were the political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and during the American Revolution. The expression is also used to describe the first Europeans who settled in America. （1787年美国建国时起草宪法的）制宪元勋

111 “如果你第一次没成功，就再试一次吧。”悲观厌世的喜剧演员 W. C. 菲尔德斯说，“如果第二次又没成功的话，就放弃。……”
Language Points “ if at first you don’t succeed, try, try again,” said the pessimistic comedian, W. C. Fields, “then quit … ” W.C. Fields is to be pessimistic because of the last two words here. The first part is a well-known maxim which gives a positive idea that you should be determined to succeed and keep trying, but Fields tells you to give up – he is pessimistic. 翻译： “如果你第一次没成功，就再试一次吧。”悲观厌世的喜剧演员 W. C. 菲尔德斯说，“如果第二次又没成功的话，就放弃。……”

112 … messages about the value of determination in the face of adversity.
Language Points … messages about the value of determination in the face of adversity. The word adversity means a difficult period in your life in which you have many problems. The expression in the face of adversity can be used to highlight when someone has achieved something despite the difficulties in their life. 翻译： ……在逆境面前要坚定勇敢的重要性。

113 … including killers like diabetes and heart disease.
Language Points … including killers like diabetes and heart disease. A killer refers to someone , or in the passage, something that kills someone. Killers diseases include cancers, diabetes and heart disease. 翻译： …… 包括糖尿病和心脏病等致命疾病。

114 … people who readily jumped back into life…
Language Points … people who readily jumped back into life… This refers to people who quickly became active again with a new activity after they had given up something else because it was too difficult or impossible to achieve. 翻译： ……那些迅速重返生活的人……

115 Language Points Setting new goals appears to protect them from the emotional consequences of failure, especially the Bulldogs who have a hard time admitting defeat. The consequences could include feelings of low self-esteem, inadequacy to try anything similar to the failed activity. If you set new goals, you get on with the new activity and don’t need to feel burdened by the previous defeat. But if you, like a Bulldog, can’t admit defeat, then it is difficult to leave it behind and take up something new. 翻译： 设定新的目标似乎可以使他们免受失败情绪的影响，这对难以接受失败的“硬汉”来说尤其重要。

116 Language Points Enough is enough… This expression is used when you think something should not continue any longer. 翻译： 真是受够了……

117 Language Points … their physical recovery comes through melancholy, or mild depression. The word melancholy here is an old psychological term which refers to a kind of depression in which someone does not re4spond much to stimulation from people or situations around, they may have feelings of foreboding or be worried by unnecessary fears. 翻译： 在身体康复的过程中，他们……克服了消沉或者轻度抑郁症。

118 Some go through a period of passivity, during which they shut down.
Language Points Some go through a period of passivity, during which they shut down. When the bulldogs gave up on something important, they encounter a hard time in their physical recovery. They began to look on the world in a negative way and stop doing anything. 翻译： 有些人在此过程中会有一段消沉的时间，变得消极懈怠。

119 Language Points Melancholy can actually help most of us to give up on the Olympic gold and preserve the human species. The implied meaning here is that melancholy can help us to put aside unrealistic goals ( for the majority of people getting an Olympic gold medal is just not a realistic possibility ) and re-evaluate our situation more carefully to see what we can actually achieve. This helps to keep us productively engaged in realistic tasks. If most people only tried to reach completely goals the human species would die out because nothing would get done. 翻译： 抑郁症实际上可以帮助我们中的大多数人放弃不切实际的奥运金牌的念头，而且还有助于保护人类。

120 Language Points For young people, it’s part of creating an individual identity in the world. Setting goals is part of the identity of young people because, in part, we become what we set out to achieve in life. In a sense, as particular individuals, we are what we aim at in our life or at least this influences the direction of our development. 翻译： 对年轻人来说，这是在世上确立个人身份时必做的一件事。

121 So while we may grow out of our dreams, at the same time, we grow up.
Language Points So while we may grow out of our dreams, at the same time, we grow up. If someone grows out of something, they stop doing it because they get older or wiser. Learning to modify goals is a normal part of growing up and becoming mature. 翻译： 因此，在放弃梦想的同时，我们长大了。

122 Reading and understanding
Exercises Reading and understanding Dealing with unfamiliar words Reading and interpreting Developing critical thinking

123 Reading and understanding
Exercises Reading and understanding 3 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.

124 (Quitters don’t always give up and don’t
Exercises 1 Quitters are people who ________ . (a) don’t know what they want to do in life (b) know when to give up trying (c) keep on trying even when they have no chance of success (d) get depressed easily b (Quitters don’t always give up and don’t necessarily give up easily. They make an attempt at completing the activity and give up if achieving the goal seems unrealistic.)

125 2 Bulldogs are people who ________ .
Exercises 2 Bulldogs are people who ________ . (a) keep on trying because they find it difficult to accept failure (b) give up very easily (c) usually succeed in life (d) don’t very often succeed in life a (Bulldogs are determined and never give up. Some may become successful, but they may have problems when their goals are unrealistic.)

126 Exercises 3 Quitters are more likely than Bulldogs to ________ . (a) suffer from stress (b) fall ill (c) lead healthy lives (d) win gold medals c

127 Exercises 4 When Bulldogs finally admit defeat, they ________ . (a) may feel depressed (b) are unable to make a fresh start (c) usually need the help of a psychologist (d) feel the need to celebrate a

128 Exercises 5 The passage concludes that ________ . (a) there is no real difference between Bulldogs and Quitters (b) you should never try to do something more than once (c) if you don’t succeed in doing something, you are a failure (d) sometimes you need to change the goals you have in life d

129 Exercises The passage doesn’t say that if you don’t succeed in something you are a failure. It implies that we should find practical objectives so that we can succeed, and that everyone can succeed by finding the right goals.

130 Dealing with unfamiliar words
Exercises Dealing with unfamiliar words 4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 5 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. 6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

131 4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
Exercises 4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 not very important in comparison with people or things of the same type 2 relating to feelings and the way they affect your life aspiration depression emotional furthermore individual minor negative persist minor emotional

132 aspiration depression emotional furthermore
Exercises 3 something that you want to achieve 4 harmful or bad 5 a feeling of being extremely unhappy 6 used before a statement that is connected to what you have just said and adds something to it aspiration depression emotional furthermore individual minor negative persist aspiration negative depression furthermore

133 aspiration depression emotional furthermore
Exercises 7 to continue to do something in a determined way 8 existing or considered separately from other people or things aspiration depression emotional furthermore individual minor negative persist persist individual

134 Exercises 5 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. A I don’t usually feel (1) __________ about myself, but I’ve been suffering from (2) __________ lately because my life doesn’t seem to be going anywhere. aspiration depression emotional furthermore individual minor negative persist negative depression

135 aspiration depression emotional furthermore
Exercises B Well, I’d say you need some new goals and (3) __________. Change your job, get a new girlfriend, and (4)____________ , you need to get more exercise. Have you been ill recently? aspiration depression emotional furthermore individual minor negative persist aspiration furthermore

136 aspiration depression emotional furthermore
Exercises A Only a few (5) ___________ health problems, but nothing important. It’s more my (6)__________ state that I am worried about. B You know, everyone has their own (7)__________ way of dealing with problems. But if your problems (8)__________ , then you might need some professional help. aspiration depression emotional furthermore individual minor negative persist minor emotional individual persist

137 Exercises 6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 Our physical and (1) mental well-being are closely linked. A number of minor (2) health problems, such as loss of sleep, may be (3) directly related to stress. These problems can become serious if people do not (4) willingly admit their importance. psychological disorders specifically readily

138 Exercises Research shows that our levels of protein, which we need for (5) staying alive , can change if we suffer from stress, and lead to (6) very dangerous diseases such as cancer. survival killer

139 glorious career realistic
Exercises 2 So perhaps we need to think less about the (7) wonderful future we dream for ourselves, and our (8) professional life, and start having a more (9) practical attitude towards our life. glorious career realistic

140 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
Exercises 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If there’s no point in doing something, (a) is there no reason to do it, or (b) are there lots of reasons to do it? 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If there’s no point in doing something, (a) is there no reason to do it, or (b) are there lots of reasons to do it?

141 2 Is a damn fool (a) an optimist, or (b) an idiot?
Exercises 2 Is a damn fool (a) an optimist, or (b) an idiot? 3 Does up to a point mean (a) partly, or (b) completely? 2 Is a damn fool (a) an optimist, or (b) an idiot? 3 Does up to a point mean (a) partly, or (b) completely?

142 Exercises 4 Is an unattainable goal one you (a) cannot achieve, or (b) don’t want to achieve? 5 If you bombard someone with messages, do you send (a) lots of messages, or (b) only a few messages? 4 Is an unattainable goal one you (a) cannot achieve, or (b) don’t want to achieve? 5 If you bombard someone with messages, do you send (a) lots of messages, or (b) only a few messages?

143 Exercises 6 Does never-say-die spirit refer to (a) growing old cheerfully, or (b) refusing to accept defeat? 7 Does in the long term mean (a) at some time in the future, or (b) during the school year? 6 Does never-say-die spirit refer to (a) growing old cheerfully, or (b) refusing to accept defeat? 7 Does in the long term mean (a) at some time in the future, or (b) during the school year?

144 Exercises 8 If you have a hard time doing something, do you find it (a) takes a long time, or (b) is difficult? 9 If you grow out of something, do you (a) start enjoying it, or (b) no longer want it? 8 If you have a hard time doing something, do you find it (a) takes a long time, or (b) is difficult? 9 If you grow out of something, do you (a) start enjoying it, or (b) no longer want it?

145 Reading and interpreting Reading and interpreting
Exercises Reading and interpreting 8 Look at the sentence from the passage and answer the question. But are there times when it’s simply better to give up? Why does the writer ask this question? (a) Because he doesn’t know the answer. (b) Because he thinks the reader knows the answer. (c) Because he wants to focus the reader’s attention on the answer. Reading and interpreting 8 Look at the sentence from the passage and answer the question. But are there times when it’s simply better to give up? Why does the writer ask this question? (a) Because he doesn’t know the answer. (b) Because he thinks the reader knows the answer. (c) Because he wants to focus the reader’s attention on the answer.

146 examples of focusing questions.
Exercises Now look at the passage and find more examples of focusing questions. Have they always been clear about where they’re going in their lives, and now that they have arrived, are they happy and healthy? But what if success is extremely unlikely? Can being too persistent have a negative effect on your health? So why do Bulldogs finally say, “Enough is enough”?

147 Developing critical thinking
Exercises Developing critical thinking 9 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1 Do you think Bulldogs and Quitters really exist? Do you know any? • Researchers must have based their ideas on real people, but can people really be divided in this way? Surely most people would be between the two extremes of Bulldogs and Quitters, and it would depend on the context or circumstances.

148 Exercises • The same person might be a Quitter for some goals, but a Bulldog for some others. There must be other categories besides Bulldogs and Quitters.

149 Exercises 2 What characters are traditionally given to animals in China? How useful is it to use them to refer to humans? The most obvious examples are the characters Chinese people usually believe the 12 symbolic animals have. Many people in China and in the West are interested in these ideas, but perhaps mainly for fun. I don’t think it is very useful because not many people seem to believe that the animal signs have a strong influence on their lives.

150 Ox: hard-working, patient Goat: gentle, adaptable
Exercises Rat: intelligent, imaginative Horse: enthusiastic, enterprising Ox: hard-working, patient Goat: gentle, adaptable Tiger: loyal, courageous Monkey: intelligent, clear-minded Rabbit: prudent, honest Rooster: honest, courageous Dragon: dynamic, lucky Dog: faithful, reliable Snake: organized, wise Pig: honest, tolerant

151 Exercises 3 Do you think the psychological research of Bulldogs and Quitters described in the passage is useful? Why / Why not? • I think such research with only two categories (Bulldogs and Quitters) is limited, but their link with health seems interesting.

152 Exercises • This magazine-type of article is trying to make psychology popular, but it is not real science because it is over-simplified. The original research might have had more categories and would certainly have more details about the research methods.

153 Exercises 4 Which maxim do you agree with most: the original version, or the W. C. Fields’ version? The original version is “If you don’t succeed, try, try again.” The W. C. Fields’ version adds the joke about quitting. I agree with the original version because I don’t think you should ever give up.

154 Exercises 5 More than 2,000 years ago, the Roman writer Juvenal wrote that the first aspiration in life should be a healthy mind in a healthy body. Do you agree? The famous saying is “Mens sana in corpore sano.” This means that we should keep fit physically in order to have a clear mind (rather than vice versa). There are counter-examples, like Prof Stephen Hawking, the Cambridge physicist in a wheelchair, who has done much of his theoretical work in physics when he can only move one finger (he obviously has a sound mind despite physical disability).

155 Extension Activities A bulldog or a Quitter In small groups, write a simple questionnaire designed to find out if someone is a Bulldog or a Quitter. The questionnaire could be given to other groups in the class or to a range of students out of class, and then findings can be briefly presented in a later class.

156 Extension Activities Reread the passage critically to comment on the way the research is reported: What kind of information or comments seems to be missing here (which you would expect in a published report)? Alternatively, write questions relating to the missing information, as shown in the examples below.

157 Methods – Details of the experiments:
Extension Activities Methods – Details of the experiments: When and where were they carried out? What are the number of participants? What are the numbers or percentages of Bulldogs and Quitters? What is the method of distinguishing Bulldogs and Quitters (interviews, questionnaires, observation, experimental tests etc)? How were the various aspects of health measured?

158 Extension Activities Limitations – Are there any limitations, criticisms or further comments on this research? Context – What is the practical and theoretical context for this research? Related research – Is there any related research which supports or contradicts this research?

159 Thank you