Module 6 The Internet and Telecommunication
Important words 一. contain/ include contain 指的是某种物质含有某种成份或其他物质, 还有 “ 容纳 ” 的意思。 The bottle contains two litres. 此瓶容量为两升。 include 指的是作为整体中的一部分而被包括进去。 Many people, including me, bought a book yesterday. 很多人,包括我在内,昨天都买了一本书。 The book ( ) many pictures, ( ) four of mine. A contains, includes B is containing, including C includes, contains D contains, including
二. access n. 接近, 通路 have access to 可以获得 / 接近 Citizens may have free access to the library. access v. 到达, 进入,存取(计算机文件) I can’t access the files of your company because I’ve forgotten the code. accessible adj. 可接近的,可进入的,易相处的 She is accessible to her students. 她的学生觉得她平易近人.
三. breakdown n. 故障 break down (机器)等停止运转,出故障, 精神崩溃,身体垮掉. break out (战争,火灾等)发生,爆发. break up 粉碎,解散. break in 打断(说话), 插嘴说,闯入. break into 破门而入 break through 突破 四. data n. 数据 ( 单复数)同形. The data has been collected from different sources. 这些数是从不同的资料源收集而来的。
五. Make/ create/ invent/ discover make 制造, 用材料加工 This kind of food is only made in china. create 创新,新造的,原来不存在的. The God created the world. invent 发明,根据已有的材料制造出原来不存在的 东西. The telephone was invented by Bill. 贝尔发明了电话. discover 探索发现,发现原来存在却不为人知道的. Madame Curie discovered radium. 居里夫人发明了镭.
六. Permission n. 许可 permit n. 许可证 v. 允许 permit doing sth 允许做某事 permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事 He permitted me to retake the text, and I pulled my grade to an A. 七. Independent adj 独立的, 不受拘束的 independent of sb/sth 独立,自主 You should learn to be independent of your parents 你应该学习不要依赖父母. indepence from 独立 depend/ dependent on 依靠,依赖. 八.concentrate 集中 concentrate one’s/ the mind 认真的考虑某事 ,集中某人精力. concentrate sth / on sth/ on doing sth 全神贯注,专心致志做某事 we must concentrate our efforts on improving education. be involved in/ be absorbed in/ be devoted to (介词)
Reading 一. Consist of 由 … 组成,没有被动语态,没有进行时 主语是由宾语组成. A week consists of seven days. make up 组成,构成,可用于被动语态, make up 的主语构成或组成宾语. 64 members make up this club. This club is made up of 64 members. consist of = be made up of consist with 与 … 相符, 与 … 一致. Her actions do not consist with her words. consist in 在于 The beauty of city consists in its magnificent buildings
二. be known as 以 … 著称,被认为是 … 被称为 … He was known as a reliable man 他以人品可信赖著称. be known for 因 … 而著称 Jinan, known for springs, attracts lots of visitors.
冠词的用法 冠词是一种虚词,没有词义,没有数和格的变化,不能单独使用 只能帮助名词或起名词作用的其他词类说明其意义. 不定冠词的用法 一.当第一次提到某人或某物,并非特指,用不定冠词 a 或 an 起 介绍作用. He is a doctor. 二. a 或 an 用在单数普通名词前指一类人或事物,不定冠词通常 不必翻译出来. An ear is an organ for listening. 耳朵是听觉器官. 三.不定冠词可以用来说明事物的同一性质,特征,程度或大小 相当于 the same, 表示 “ 相同 ” 的意思. They are nearly of an age. 他们差不多同年. The two shirts are of a size. 两件衬衣尺寸相同. 四.不定冠词用在表示时间或度量单位的名词前,具有 “ 每一 ” 的 意思. The train is running sixty miles an hour. 火车正以每小时 60 英里的速度行驶.
定冠词的用法 1. 用在单数的普通名词前表示一类人或事物. The house is a useful animal. 2. 用在重新提及的人或事物的名词前. He bought a book yesterday. The book is on the desk. 3. 用在谈话人双方都知道的特定的人或事物的名词前. Pass me the book. 4. 用在有限制性定语修饰的名词前,表示特定的意义. This is the place where I once lived. 5. 用在序数词前. The first boy is his younger brother. 6. 用在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前. the world the sun the earth 7. 用在方向名词或某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语中. on the right in the east in the end in the middle of 8. 用在形容词或副词的最高级前,副词最高级常省略 the. Winter is the coldest season of the year. 9. 用在某些形容词或分词前, 表示具有这个形容词特点的 一类人或事物. the young 年轻人 the wounded 伤员
10. 用在姓氏复数形式前, 表示一家人. The Greens are at table. 格林一家正在吃饭. 11. 用在逢十的复数数词前表示某个年代. In the 1870’s, Marx began to learn Russian. 在 19 世纪 70 年代,马克思开始学习俄语. 12. 用在乐器的名称前. The girl is playing the piano. 13. 用在表示单位的名词前. I have hired the car by the hour. 14. 用在某些专有名词前. the Summer Palace 颐和园 the New York Times 《 纽约时报》
零冠词的用法 1. 复数名词前, 不用 the, 表示一类人或事物的全体. Cows are useful animals. 2. 专有名词(人名,地名,国名,节日,月份,星期几,季节) 前, 不用 the Marx 马克思 Kate 凯特 Guangxi 广西 National Day 国庆节 3. 复数可数名词或不可数名词表示泛指意义,而不是特制意义时候,不用 the They are teachers, not students. 4. 称呼语或家庭成员或表示含感叹意义的名词前,不用冠词. Good morning, boys and girls. 5. 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前,不用 the. Professor Zhang 张教授 6. 物质名词或抽象名词前一般不用冠词. Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母. 7. 表示学科,疾病,球类,游戏,颜色,和感官名称前,不用冠词. Smell is one of the five senses. 嗅觉是 5 种感官之一. 8. 表示餐名. 不用冠词. Dinner is ready. 9. 与 by 连用的表示交通工具的名词前,不用冠词. by bike 骑自行车 by bus 乘公共汽车
10. 如果名词前有名词所有格,形容词性物主代词,指示代词,疑问词以及 some, little, both, each, either, few, any, no 等词作定语时,不用冠词. whose purse is this? 11. 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时候,不用冠词. day and night 日夜 pen and ink 笔墨 用某些介词连接相同或相对的名词时候也不用冠词. face to face hand in hand side by side step by step from top to bottom from morning till night from beginning to end