急性腎衰竭 嘉義榮民醫院 腎臟科 姜丁引 醫師 2009.4.23
課程大綱 腎臟基本構造與功能 腎功能的評估及處置 影響腎臟功能的常見藥物 Renal blood flow / Glomerular filtration rate assessment Chronic renal failure / Acute renal failure 影響腎臟功能的常見藥物
腎臟基本構造 Gerota’s fascia 腎筋膜
腎臟的構造 長度約10公分﹐重量約120公克 腎臟位於第12胸椎延伸至第3腰椎,連同腎上腺一起被腎周圍脂肪包圍 腎元是腎臟基本的基本單元 腎皮質位於腎臟外層 ﹐含有所有的腎絲球 腎髓質位於腎臟內層﹐由腎椎體構成含有亨利氏環、直靜脈和集尿管的最後段
腎臟基本構造
腎臟血流和神經 主動脈→腎動脈→大葉間動脈→弓動脈→小葉間動脈→入球小動脈→出球小動脈→入髓質→亨利氏環下降又上升的直靜脈→腎靜脈→下腔靜脈 腎臟血流量(RBF)約為1000ml/min,大約占20%的心輸出量,腎絲球過濾率為125ml/min 控制腎臟的神經﹕T10、T11、T12
腎臟血流
腎絲球構造
腎絲球顯微構造
尿液的形成 腎絲球過濾→近側小管→亨利氏環細上升肢→亨利氏環細上行肢→亨利氏環粗上升肢→緻密斑→遠曲小管→收集管→集尿管 腎絲球過濾屏障內含三個結構: 內皮細胞 (endothelial cell) 腎絲球基底膜 (glomerular basement membrane) 鮑氏囊的上皮細胞 (epithelial cell)
腎臟基本功能
Juxtaglomerular apparatus Juxtaglomerular cell 特化的afferent artery Macular densa
腎臟功能 功能 機制 影響成份 廢物移除 腎絲球過濾 尿素、肌肝酸 腎小管分泌 尿酸、藥物 電解值平衡 再吸收及分泌 鈉、鉀、氯、鈣 酸鹼平衡 氫離子分泌 酸鹼 血壓調節 鈉排泄調控 胞外液容積 腎素製造 血管阻力 荷爾蒙調節 維生素D活化 鈣恆定 紅血球生成素 紅血球量
尿毒症之系統嚴重障礙 水及電解質失衡:水腫、肺積水、高血鉀 代謝性酸中毒:腎無法回收HCO3-及排酸性廢物 骨病變:Vit.D3及副甲狀腺機能亢進會有軟骨症及囊狀纖維性骨炎 心血管疾病:尿毒症心肌病變致心衰竭、高血壓、心包炎、 肺水腫、肋膜積水。 血液系統:貧血、出血傾向。血 小板數目正常但是機能不好
尿毒症之系統嚴重障礙 腸胃系統:噁心、嘔吐、食慾不振、口腔中有尿騷味、病態性打嗝及消化道出血 腦神經障礙:尿毒症腦病變、有記憶力減退、注意力不集中、全身性肌肉抖動發抖及雙手有撲異狀震動發生。尿毒症周圍神經病變及運動神經病變 皮膚變化:黃黑色變化可能是貧血及尿色素無法排出、搔癢症、指甲易脆
腎功能的評估及處置 Renal blood flow measure Glomerular filtration rate assessment Chronic renal failure Acute renal failure
Renal blood flow measure 腎臟血流量 佔C.O 1/5,約1200 ml/min 其中約20%流經腎臟的plasma(約占RBF的50~60%)會被過濾出 GFR約125 ml/min 最常用的marker為para-aminohippurate PAH, 氨基馬尿酸 ER≒0.7~0.9且會因人而異,及受其他藥物干擾,準確度也就打折扣
GFR assessment Criteria for a marker of GFR:可自由從glomerulus濾出,濾出後無reabsorption,無secretion,無其他modification 測量GFR的方法是以clearance的概念為基礎,若符合GFR marker criteria則clearance =GFR C x Pi = Ui x V C = Ui x V / Pi
GFR assessment 外來性物質 內源性creatinine 有Inulin, polyfructosan,又以後者為佳,因其可溶於水 其他:51Cr-EDTA, 125mTc-DTPA, 125I-iothalamate也可用來測GFR,但因具輻射線而較少使用 內源性creatinine 分子量113 Da,由肌肉中的creatine, phosphocreatine代謝而來;serum level決定於muscle mass及食物中肉類含量 creatinine濾出後不會reabsorption,但飽和時會secretion,故當GFR↓時, creatinine clearance會高於inulin clearance secretion會被一些帶正電的藥物(和Cr競爭)如cimetidine, Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, dapsone所抑制,但因人差異性大,故難輔以藥物而增加評估clearance的精確性
Creatinine and inulin clearance
GFR assessment
GFR assessment 20 y/o male, 85 kg, Cr 1.4 80 y/o Female, 40 kg, Cr 1.4 GFR約 100 ml/min 80 y/o Female, 40 kg, Cr 1.4 GFR僅 20 ml/min 單單血中Cr的濃度,難以反映實際的GFR
Chronic renal failure
Acute Renal Failure定義 Baseline serum Cr<3.0mg/dL Cr increases >0.5 mg/dL Baseline serum Cr>3.0mg/dL Cr increase >1.0 mg/dL
False high value of Pcr Large meat meal Ketoacidosis Acetoacetate can raise Pcr by 0.5~2mg/dl Cimetidine/Trimethoprim Raise Pcr 0.4~0.5mg/dl due to inhibit creatinine secretion
False low value of Pcr in ARF Low muscle mass Low meat meal Malnutrition Cirrhosis (decrease hepatic production of creatine) Very acute stage of acute renal failure
False high value of BUN High protein intake Enhance tissue breakdown: Trauma GI bleeding Steroid Decrease tissue anabolism Tetracycline
False low value of BUN in ARF Severe liver disease Low protein intake
輔助證據 1.Check laboratory data: CBC, urine analysis, K, Ca Acute renal failure Chronic renal failure Urine amount Change No change Serum Cr level Increase Stable Anemia Often no anemia Often anemia Kidney size Often normal size and normal echogenicity Often small size and increased echogenicity 1.Check laboratory data: CBC, urine analysis, K, Ca 2.Check sonography of kidney and urinary tract
Classification of ARF Prerenal ARF (prerenal azotemia): ~55% Intrinsic renal ARF (renal azotemia):~40% Postrenal ARF (postrenal azotemia):~5%
How to Approach ARF Step 1: 先排除最簡單的Post-renal ARF Step 2: 分辨Pre-renal ARF 及 Intrinsic ARF Step 3: 若為Intrinsic ARF, 再依損害部位分 Vascular Tubular Interstitial Glomerular
Therapeutic Trials Fluid replacement – Pre-renal ↑cardiac output – Pre-renal Relief obstruction – Post-renal DC drugs (NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors) – Drug-related renal failure
Renal Biopsy No obvious cause Systemic disease (fever, neurological, pulmonary,skin lesions, joints, diffused LAP) Heavy proteinuria, persistent hematuria Anuria (without obstruction) Prolonged oliguria (>2-3 weeks)
影響腎臟的常見藥物 血管 腎小管 Pre-glomerular vasoconstriction Post-glomerular vasodilation 腎小管 Diuretics 影響ADH的藥物 破壞性toxin
Pre-glomerular vasoconstriction NSAID Indomethacin Naproxen Radiocontrast Osmotic nephrosis Endothelin, adenosine may play a role Norepinephrine Cyclosporin
Predisposing factor of acute renal failure Renal perfusion decrease Combined nephrotoxic drug UTI Age CKD
Post-glomerular vasodilatation ACEI ARB Dipyridamole
破壞性(toxin) Radiocontrast Aminoglycoside Chemotherapy(cisplastin) Cyclosporin Organic solvent(ethylene glycol) acetaminophen
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