Why vegetarian diet? 為甚麼食素? Dr. Hildemar Dos Santos 山度士醫生 Assistant Professor Loma Linda University School of Public Health Former Director of Lifestyle Management Centre 健康生活促進中心 Hong Kong Adventist Hospital 香港港安醫院 Tsuen Wan Adventist Hospital 荃灣港安醫院

Vegetarians - History 素食 - 歷史 Back to the beginning! 開始!

Famous vegetarians through history 歷史上著名的素食者 Pythagoras - considered the father of vegetarianism 素食者之父 Zoroaster, Socrates, Plato, Horace, Ovido, Virgil - 著名的哲學家 Daniel, John the Baptist, 但以理, 施洗約翰 Buddha 佛祖

Mahatma Gandhi “The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals are treated”

“Hold fast to vegetarianism and abstain from taking life” Confucius “Hold fast to vegetarianism and abstain from taking life”

Sylvester Graham Graham bread格林麵包 Toured America advocating a meatless diet, no refined white bread, no alcohol, and no coffee.巡遊美國提倡無肉的飲食、無精製白麵包、無酒精、無咖啡。 His message influenced many Christians including a small group called Seventh-day Adventists 他的信息影響了很多基督徒, 包括一群基督複臨安息日者。

Seventh-day Adventist Church 基督複臨安息日教會 Founded in 1840, one of its leader, Ellen White, promoted a lifestyle of vegetarian foods and a lifestyle with exercise, rest, hydrotherapy, plenty of sunshine and fresh air, all these combined with spiritual health. 創於1840年 - 懷愛倫女士 -提倡素食的生活方式, 運動, 休息, 水療, 充裕的陽光, 新鮮空氣, 加上靈性健康。 John Harvey Kellogg - famous Adventist doctor 約翰家樂 - 著名的安息日會醫生

John Harvey Kellogg 約翰家樂氏 Corn flakes and granola 粟米片和麥片 Meat analogues 肉的替代品 Soybean milk 豆奶 Peanut butter目花生醬 Kellogg’s company (Will Keith Kellogg) 家樂氏公司

Adventists and Health 基督復臨安息日會與健康 Loma Linda University 美國羅瑪林達大學 Adventist Health Study 安息日會健康研究 30-50% are vegetarian 百分之30-50是素食者 400 hospitals and clinics around the world 全球有400間醫院及診所 Prevention, prevention, prevention 預防、預防、預防

Two more reasons for people to be vegetarians 多兩個原因做素食者 Environment impact of raising cows (Lappe - “Diet for a Small Planet”) 環境對養牛的強烈的影響 Inhumane practices of factory farming (PETA - People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals)不人道的工廠式務農方式

Different concepts of health 不同的健康概念 Vegetarians: “Health depends on your lifestyle.” 素食者:「健康有賴於生活方式」 Non-vegetarians: “Health is almost a matter of luck.” 非素食者: 「健康有賴於運氣」

Vegetarians in the USA 素食在美國 12 million vegetarians 一千二百萬素食者 20% of consumers will choose restaurants with meatless menus 百分之20的消費者會選擇無肉的食譜 Last 10 years - 2,000 soy-based meat alternatives 最近十年 - 2000 豆類的肉類代替品 15% of college students select vegetarian meals in the school’s cafeteria 百分之15的學生在學校飯堂選擇素食餐

Vegetarians in Hong Kong Vegetarian Society of Hong Kong Established in 1996 Has 3,000 members 700 new members in 2003

Types of vegetarians: 素食的種類: Lacto-ovo vegetarian - veg plus milk and eggs 蛋奶素食人者 - 菜加奶及雞蛋 Vegan - only vegetable sources 純素食 - 只吃菜類 Macrobiotic - vegan but cooked, almost no fruits 益壽飲食 -純素食(蔬菜)但熟食, 無果類 Frutarian - fruits, nuts and seeds 果素食 - 生果、果仁、果子 Raw foods - vegan raw (sometimes uncooked dairy or even raw meat) 生食 -純素食(蔬菜) - 生食 (有時生奶類甚至生肉類)

Frutarian story 生果素食的故事 One day a lady was brought to my clinic for treatment. She was weak, very skinny, and showed mental abnormal behaviour. 有一天一位女士來我的診所求診。 她十分虛弱、非常瘦、及顯示出精神問題。

She was on a diet exclusive of fruits for one whole year. 全年裏她只吃生果

I admitted her, prescribed some vitamin B12 injections, plus other vitamin and mineral complex 加其他維他命及礦物質

After one week she recovered and after two she was totally healed 一星期後她的情況轉好了, 兩星期後她原全康復。

She almost died following this diet for such a long time 她長時間吃水果素食差點失去性命 Be careful of treatments like this. Be careful of diets like this. 對此食療及飲食方式要小心。

Benefits of vegetarian diets 素食的益處 Mostly we advise the vegan or total vegetarian diet 我們見意無肉飲食模式或全素食飲食模式

Blood cholesterol 血脂 Meat eaters 1198 5.31 3.17 食肉者 Diet No. of People Cholesterol LDL 飲食 人數 膽固醇 Cholesterol 低密度膽固醇 Meat eaters 1198 5.31 3.17 食肉者 Vegetarian 1150 4.88 2.74 素食者 Vegan 114 4.29` 2.28 純素食者 Thorogood et al

Cholesterol in the food 食物裏的膽固醇 Diet 飲食 Amount of cholesterol eaten 進食膽固醇的份量 Omnivores 400 mg/day 食肉者 每日400 豪克 Lacto-ovo 150/300 mg/day 蛋奶素食者 每日150/300豪克 Vegans 0 mg/day 純素食者 每日0豪克 The Dietitian’s Guide of Vegetarian Diets, page 59 - Aspen

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1988;48:795-800 Hypertension 高血壓 全素食 蛋奶素食 非素食 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1988;48:795-800

Breast cancer in China 中國的乳癌情況 每一千人中患乳癌的病發率 Animal food intake (times/year) 每年進食肉類 (次/一年) Guo W-D et al, 1994

RPF - Renal plasma flow (ml/min) Less kidney diseases 腎病少 RPF - Renal plasma flow (ml/min) 腎血漿流量 Kontessis et al, 1995

Body Mass Index - Men 身體質量 - 男 Vegetarian Nutrition, J. Sabate, CRC 2001, page 40

Body Mass Index - Women 身體質量 - 女 Vegetarian Nutrition, J. Sabate, CRC 2001, page 40

Vegetarians and longevity 素食者與壽命 12 - 56% decrease in risk of death for all causes 道至死亡所有原因- 減百分之12-56 For more than 20 years being vegetarian - plus 30% of decreased risk 超過20年食素 - 減多百分之30 Vegetarian Nutrition, J. Sabate, CRC 2001, page 40

Advantages of vegetarians 素食者的益處 Lower rates of 降低以下發病率 Cancer 癌症 Heart disease 心臟病 Diabetes 糖尿病 Obesity 肥胖 Hypertension 高血壓 Gallstones 膽石 Kidney Stones 腎石 Because of less animal and more vegetable protein: less risk of kidney failure, and osteoporosis. 因肉類蛋白質減少， 植物蛋白質增加:減少有腎石及患骨質疏鬆症的危機 Because of high fruit and vegetable intake - more antioxidant: less cancer, heart disease, cataracts, arthritis and better immune system. 進食大量水果及蔬菜 - 多抗氧因子: 少癌症, 心臟病, 白內障,關節炎, 及更好的免疫系統 The Dietitian’s Guide of Vegetarian Diets, page 59 - Aspen