简明英语语法 English Grammar
第二讲 名词
2.1名词的分类 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,joy等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:doctor,house,photo。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family,class。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:rice,water,air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:health,friendship。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。 归纳表格如下 | |专有名词 | | | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | | | | 可数名词 | | | | 集体名词 | | | |普通名词 | | | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | | | | 不可数名词| | | | 抽象名词 | |
2.2名词复数的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 _________________________________________ 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 _________________________________________ 一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars ___________________________________________________ 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches ___________________________________________________ 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾 的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses ___________________________________________________ 以辅音字母+y 变y 为i 结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
1)以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时, 直接加s变复数: 如: two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较: 楼层:storey ---storeys story---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如 knife---knives thief---thieves leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives c. 均可,如:handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
2.3 名词复数的不规则变化 1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2)单复同形 如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如:staff people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a staff a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b 4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
2.4不可数名词量的变化 1) 物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 2) 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如: a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议
2.5 复合名词的复数形式 a. 一般是只把复合名词中的主体名词变成复数形式。 looker(s)-on旁观者, son(s)-in-law女婿 如没有主体名词,则在最后一个词变成复数形式。 grow-up(s)成年人, go-between(s)中间人 c. 有些复合名词的组成部分都要变成复数形式。 man servant — men servants woman doctor — women doctors
2.6 名词作定语 名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如:men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。 如:goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan 一个五年计划
2.7名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有或所属关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher’s book。名词所有格的规则如下: 1)表示有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格一般在名词后加’s。 my father’s study 我父亲的书房 a. 以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加“ ’ ”。 the teachers’ reading room 教员阅览室 b. 不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加 ’s。 the people’s right 人民的权利 the women’s dress c. 如专有名词以s结尾,它的所有格一般只加“ ’ ”,但也有加 ’s 的时候。 Burns’ poems 彭斯的诗
d. 复合名词的所有格的词尾 ’s 加在后面的名词之后。 her son-in-law’s photo 她女婿的照片 e d. 复合名词的所有格的词尾 ’s 加在后面的名词之后。 her son-in-law’s photo 她女婿的照片 e. 如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词的后面加’s 。如果不是共有的,则两个名词之后都要加’s。 Jane and Helen’s room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有) Bill’s and Tom’s radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有) f. 有些指时间,距离,国家,城镇的无生命名词也可加 ’s 表示所有格。 half an hour’s class 半个小时的课 China’s industry 中国的工业 twenty minutes’ walk 二十分钟的路程
2) 表示无生命东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有关系。 the cover of the book 书的封面 the contents of the story故事的内容 3) 指有生命的名词有时也可以用of词组表示所有格。 a. 如果名词较长。 the story of Dr. Norman Bethune 白求恩的故事 the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin马,恩,列,斯著作 b. 如果名词的定语较长,就只能用of词组来表示所有关系。 Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate? 你知道站在大门旁的那个男孩的名字吗? 4)“of+ 词组+所有格 ”(双重所有格)的用法:在表示所属物的名词前有冠词,数词,不定代词或指示代词(如: a, two, some, this, that, these,those等)时,常用“of+ 词组+所有格 ”的形式来表示所有关系。 a friend of my father’s = ( one of my father’s friends) 我父亲的一个朋友 a picture of his uncle’s 他叔叔的一张照片 (他叔叔所有照片中的一张,但不一定是他本人的照片。试比较:a picture of his uncle 他叔叔本人的一张照片。) that novel of her little brother’s 她弟弟的那本小说
随堂练习 一. 将下列句子中的词变成复数形式。 Example: This is a bus. — These are buses 随堂练习 一. 将下列句子中的词变成复数形式。 Example: This is a bus. — These are buses. She has a red bag. — They have red bags. 1. This is a brush. 2. That is a tomato. 3. He has a radio. 4. There is a photo on the wall. 5. He is a salesman. 6. I am a tractor driver. 7. That is her child. 8. There is a piece of bread and a glass of milk in the table. 9. An American and an Englishman visited (参观,访问)our university yesterday. 10. He is neither a baby nor a child but a grown-up. 二. 选择正确的选项填空。 1. ( ) Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave 2. ( ) -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges
3. ( ) John bought___for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B 3. ( ) John bought___for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4. ( ) -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken 5. ( ) There are five___in our factory. A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers 6. ( ) This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a___. A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop 7. ( ) They write most of their___ in English. A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses letter D. businesses letters 8. ( ) The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____. A. thirty minutes's walk B. thirty minute's walk C. thirty minutes' walk D. thirty minutes walk 9. ( ) The post card is sent by ____. A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my father's C. my father friend D. my father friend's 10. ( ) Please take two___. A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park
Exercises 一. 指出下列普通名词的类别。 air, aunt, ink, library, house,water, childhood, education, news, piano, group, hope, committee 二.写出下列名词的复数形式。 baby, nurse, wish, fly, way, potato, fox, airman, sheep, tooth, hero, mouse, wolf, photo, German, potato, Frenchman, Chinese, success 三.用适当的选项填空。 1. ( ) We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe 2. ( ) What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes 3. ( ) Can we have some ___? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear 4. ( ) When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news 5. ( ) He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads
6. ( ) In the picture there are many____ and two ____. A 6. ( ) In the picture there are many____ and two ____. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; fox C. sheeps; foxes D. sheep;foxs 7.( ) A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 8. ( ) There are sixty-seven___ in our school. A. women's teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher 9. ( ) We came to a ___ at last and went in. A. watch shop B. watches shop C. watching shop D. watchs shop 10. ( ) This table is made of___. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass 11. ( ) September 10th is____in China. A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers'Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day 12. ( ) Excuse me, where is the___? A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men rooms
13. ( ) This is my____dictionary. A. sister Mary B. sister's Mary C 13. ( ) This is my____dictionary. A. sister Mary B. sister's Mary C. sister, Mary's D. sister's Mary's 14. Joan is____. A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister 15. ( ) The football under the bed is____. A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily's and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy's 16. ( ) It's about ___ walk from my house. A. ten minute B. ten minutes' C. ten minute's D. ten minutes 17. ( ) ____ face to the south. A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The room's windows D. The windows in room 18. ( ) Miss Smith is a friend of____. A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mothers
Answers: 1-10 BBAADCBCBB 1-18 CABCCACBADBACBDBBA