站长站素材 OM 陈寅恪 Arkey Works
陈寅恪(Chén Yanke 1890年6月16日-1969年10月7日)江西省义宁(今九江修水县)人,1890年生于湖南长沙属陈氏义门堂。中国现代历史学家、古典文学研究家、语言学家,“中央研究院”院士,代表作是《柳如是别传》。 Yinke (Yinque) (Chinese: 陈寅恪, Pinyin: Chén Yínkè; 16 June 1890 - 7 October 1969) was a Chinese historian, researcher of classical literature, linguist, and fellow of Academia Sinica. His representative work is Biography of Liu Rushiy
求学经历 少时在南京市家塾就读,曾师从国学大师王伯沆(hang)。在家庭环境的熏陶下,广泛阅读经、史、哲学典籍。 1902年随南京矿路学堂毕业的长兄陈衡恪东渡日本,入巢鸭东京弘文学院;同年入读该校的中国学生还有鲁迅等人。 1905年因足疾辍学回国,后就读上海市吴淞复旦公学。 1910年考取官费留学,先后到德国柏林大学,瑞士苏黎世大学、法国巴黎政治学院学习。 1914年因第一次世界大战爆发,回到中国。 At his youth, Chen Yinke attended a private school in Nanjing, and was once student of Wang Hang, a Sinology master. Benefited from his family‘s classical traditions, he was exposed to classical works of Confucianism。Chinese history and Chinese philosophy. In 1902 he went to Japan with his elder brother Chen Hengke to study at Hongwen School, where other Chinese students such as Lu Xun and Chen Shizeng were also enrolled the same year. In 1905 he was forced to return to China due to foot disease, to study at Fudan School, Shanghai. In 1910 He obtained a scholarship to study at Berlin University, and later at University of Zurich and Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. In 1914 he came back to China due to World War I.
1918年冬获得江西教育司官费资助,再度出国深造,先在美国哈佛大学随兰曼教授学梵文和巴利文。后因时局不稳,官费停寄,生活至为艰苦,每餐吃1炒腰花(猪肾),省下的钱买书[。性情孤僻,很少社交。 1921年转往德国柏林大学,随路德施教授攻读东方古文字学,同时向缪勤学习中亚古文字,向黑尼士学习蒙古语。通过留学期间的学习,具备了阅读蒙、藏、满、日、梵、英、法、德和巴利、波斯、突厥、西夏、拉丁、希腊等十余种语言的能力,尤精梵文和巴利文,1923年陈寅恪在〈与妹书〉中明确地表示“我今学藏文甚有兴趣,因藏文与中文,系同一系文字。如梵文之于希腊拉丁及英德法等之同属一系”。夏曾佑曾对他感慨说道:“你能读外国书,很好;我只能读中国书,都读完了,没得读了。” 颇具意味的是,陈寅恪四处求学,学贯东西,可一生中只有唯一一张来自复旦公学的文凭。 In winter 1918 he got another official scholarship from Jiangxi Province to go study abroad again. He studied Sanskrit and Tripitaka at Harvard University under Charles Rockwell Lanman. In 1921, he went to Berlin University to study Oriental Paleography under Prof. Lueders, Central Asian Paleography under Max Müller, and Mongolian Language under Erich Haenisch. He acquired in his studies knowledge of Mongolian, Tibetan, Manchu, Japanese, Sanskrit, English, French, German, Tripitaka, Persian,Turkic, Tangu script, Latin, and Greek, His mastery of Sanskrigzt and Tripitaka was particularly in depth. Xia Cengyou once said to him: "It is good for you to be able to read books in foreign languages. I know only Chinese so I have no more to read after finishing all the Chinese books."
清华时期 1925年3月再次回到中国,时吴宓主持清华国学研究院,应清华学校之聘,与王国维、梁启超、赵元任同为国学研究院导师。在这之前,清华校长曹云祥原本聘请胡适为导师,胡适坚辞不就,并推荐了梁启超、王国维和章太炎三人。1928年清华学校改制为清华大学,应聘为中文、历史二系教授,并在北京大学兼课。1928年暑假,回上海探亲,与原台湾巡抚唐景嵩之孙女唐筼(yun)完婚。 In March 1925 he returned to China again, meanwhile Wu Mi was in charge of the Institute of Guoxue Studies, Tsinghua School. He accepted the invitation to become a supervisor at Institute of Guoxue Studies, together with Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao and Zhao Yuanren. In 1928 Tsinghua School was restructured to become Tsinghua University. Chen was employed as professor at Chinese Language and Literature Department and History Department, while also adjunct with Peking University. Chen married Tang Fen, granddaughter of Tang Jingsong, former governor of Republic of Formosa, in summer 1928.
在此期间主要讲授佛经翻译文学、两晋南北朝隋唐史料和蒙古史料研究等课程。1930年以后,开“佛经文学”、“世说新语研究”、“唐诗校释”、“晋至唐文化史”、“魏晋南北朝史专题研究”、“隋唐五代史专题研究”诸科,凡是与佛教有关的资料,一律用黄色的包装着,当时名家如吴宓、朱自清、冯友兰都来旁听,郑天挺称他是“教授的教授” During this time he mainly gave lectures on Buddhist texts translation, historical documents of Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, and Mongolia. He also became adjunct member of Board of Academia Sinica, research fellow and director of Department 1 of The Institute of History and Philosophy, board member of National Palace Museum, member of Committee of Qing Dynasty's Documents. After the Second Sino-Japanese War began Chen moved to National Southwestern Associated University, Kunming, Yunnan, teaching lectures on history of Jin Dynasty Southern and Northern Dynasties, history of Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, and poetry of Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi.
”,历史系教授姚从吾说:“陈寅恪先生为教授,则我们只能当一名小助教而已。”自视甚高的刘文典认为西南联大文学院真正的教授只有“两个半”,陈寅恪便是其中的一个,他自己只能算半个。他甚至公开说:“陈寅恪才是真正的教授,他该拿四百块钱,我该拿四十块钱……”同时还兼任中央研究院理事、历史语言研究所研究员及第一组(历史)主任、故宫博物院理事、清代档案编委会委员等职,得遍阅故宫满汉文宗。陈寅恪本人是谦虚的,自称:“寅恪不敢观三代两汉之书,而喜谈中古以降民族文化之史。”在清华大学任教时,仍经常到东交民巷向钢和泰学习梵文。
抗战时期 中国抗日战争爆发后,其父陈三立忧愤死。寅恪悲恸过度,导致右眼失明。11月携眷南逃,途中手稿遗失甚多,任教昆明西南联合大学,主要讲两晋南北朝史、隋唐史专题和元白诗研究等。1939年,英国牛津大学聘请他为中国史教授。隔年前往蒙自的西南联大,次年又随西南联大迁往昆明。1940年9月,他离昆明赴香港,准备转英国。因战事未能成行,返昆明。在昆明期间撰有《隋唐制度渊源略论稿》,有诗“食蛤那知天下事,看花愁近最高楼。”。 In 1939, Oxford University offered him a professorship in Chinese History. He left for Hongkong in September 1940 on his way to United Kingdom, but was forced to return Kunming due to ongoing battles.
1941年受香港大学中国文学系主任许地山所邀,任职客座教授,讲授隋唐史,仅讲授韦庄《秦妇吟》一诗,耗时两个月,1941年8月4日,许地山逝世,接任系主任。1941年底香港沦陷,学校停课,生活物资奇缺,由于陈寅恪懂日文,日军十分礼遇之,寅恪拒不接受日人馈赠。期间寅恪闭门治学,撰《唐代政治史略稿》一书。1942年,携妻女逃离香港,至桂林,中科院物理所长丁西林前去迎接,任教于广西大学。1943年12月再前往燕京大学。1945年,左眼失明。是年9月,前去英国治眼疾,却因耽搁太久,无法痊愈,仅一眼能见微光。1946年再任清华大学教授。1948年,解放军逼进北平,傅斯年电话催请寅恪南下,寅恪举家乘飞机至南京,次日赴上海。最后留在岭南大学,未能前去台湾。 In 1941 he became a guest professor with Hong Kong University to teach history of Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. Since the Japanese occupation in Hong Kong began in the end of 1941, he conducted history research at home, which resulted in the writing of A Brief Introduction to the Political History of Tang Dynasty. In July 1942, Chen fled to Guilin to teach in Guangxi University, later in December 1943 he moved to Chengdu to teach in Yenching University. He became employed by Tsinghua University for a second time in 1946.
岭南时期 1948年底,任教广州岭南大学。1952年院系调整,岭南大学并入中山大学,自此一直担任中山大学教授,为历史系、中文系讲授两晋南北朝史、唐史、唐代乐府等三门课程。1960年7月被聘任为中国中央文史研究馆副馆长。 He began to teach at Lingnan University, Guangzhou in late 1948. As a result of a nation-wide restructure campaign across universities and colleges, Lingnan University was merged into Zhongshan University in 1952. Chen Yinke taught courses on history of Jin Dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties, history of Tang Dynasty, and Yue fu of Tang Dynasty. In 1953 he started writing Biography of Liu Rushi, an in-depth investigation of the poetry and activities of Liu Rushi, a famous prostitute in late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. He finished this last major work in 1964, by then having been completely blind. He became vice president of Central Research Institute of Culture and History in July 1960.
文革时期 国务院副总理,时人称为“南霸天”的陶铸敬重陈寅恪的学识和人品,1957年亲自关心陈寅恪的眼疾。1962年,陈寅恪滑倒于浴盆内,右腿折断,陶铸派三名护士轮班照顾,助手为黄萱。中国文化大革命时,陶铸被江青打倒,陈寅恪同时遭到迫害,红卫兵冻结寅恪夫妇工资,珍藏多年的大量书籍、诗文稿,多被洗劫1969年10月7日在广州因心力衰竭且骤发肠梗阻麻痹逝世。 Chen was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution due to his previous connection with the out-of-favor Tao Zhu. He and his wife's salaries were frozen by the Red Guards. For several times he was forced to write statements to clarify his political standings: "I have never done anything harmful to Chinese people in my life. I have been a teacher for 40 years, only doing teaching and writing, but nothing practical (for Kuomintang)". Many of his book collections and manuscripts were robbed. He died in Guangzhou on 7 October 1969.
学说 陈寅恪开创以诗证史、以史解诗的学术方法,很明显是继承了钱谦益“以诗证史”的方法,陈寅恪曾言:“对古人之学说,应具了解之同情,方可下笔”。例如在《元白诗笺证稿》一书中提出白居易以“七月七日长生殿”为寝殿之误,“长生殿”前身是祀神之“集灵殿”,“唐代宫中长生殿虽为寝殿,独华清宫之长生殿为祀神之斋宫”。
著作书目 《陈寅恪魏晋南北朝史讲演录》 《隋唐制度渊源略论稿》 《唐代政治史述论稿》 《元白诗笺证稿》 《论〈再生缘〉》 《柳如是别传》 《金明馆丛稿初编》 《寒柳堂集》 《陈寅恪学术文化随笔》 《陈寅恪文集》 《陈寅恪集》 《金明馆丛稿二编》 [edit] List of works Chen Yinke Wei Jin Nan Bei Chao Shi Yan Jiang Lu (Lectures on History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties) Sui Tang Zhi Du Yuan Yuan Lue Lun Gao (A Brief Introduction to the Origins of Institutions of Sui and Tang Dynasties) Tang Dai Zheng Zhi Shi Lun Shu Gao (A Brief Introduction to the Political History of Tang Dynasty) Yuan Bai Shi Jian Zheng Gao (A Testifying on Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi's Poems) Lun Zai Sheng Yuan (On Zai Sheng Yuan) Liu Ru Shi Bie Zhuan (An Unofficial Biography of Liu Rushi) Jin Ming Guan Cong Gao Chu Bian (Writings on Jin Ming Guan, Vol. 1) Han Liu Tang Ji Chen Yin Ke Xue Shu Wen Hua Sui Bi (Essays on Chen Yinke's Academy and Culture) Chen Yin Ke Wen Ji (Collection of Chen Yin Ke) Chen Yin Ke Ji (Corpus of Chen Yin Ke) Jin Ming Guan Cong Gao Er Bian (Writings on Jin Ming Guan, Vol. 2)
治学理念 陈寅恪一生治学秉持“独立之精神,自由之思想”。1953年已决定其为中国科学院历史研究所第二所所长。在他1953年12月1日的《对科学院的答复》里, 提出就任所长的两个条件。第一条: “允许中古史研究所不宗奉马列主义,并不学习政治。”第二条:“请毛公或刘公给一允许证明书,以作挡箭牌。”并说:“其意是,毛公(毛泽东)是政治上的最高当局,刘公(刘少奇)是党的最高负责人。我认为最高当局也应和我有同样看法,应从我之说。否则,就 谈不到学术研究。”遂不能就任。 仍任教于中山大学。此事于20世纪80年代方公之于世。
[编辑] 评价 《吴宓文集》说:“宓于民国八年在美国哈佛大学得识陈寅恪。当时即惊其博学,而服其卓识,驰书国内诸友谓:‘合中西新旧各种学问而统论之,吾必以寅恪为全中国最博学之人。’今时阅十五、六载,行历三洲,广交当世之士,吾仍坚持此言,且喜众之同于吾言。寅恪虽系吾友而实吾师。” 傅斯年对陈哲三说:“陈先生的学问近三百年来一人而已。” 胡适在1937年2月22日的日记中称:“寅恪治史学,当然是今日最渊博、最有识见、最能用材料的人。”
陈寅恪的“四不讲” 著名史家陈寅恪先生先后留学于日本、德国、瑞士、法国、美国等,通晓梵文、突厥文、满文等多种东西方语言文字。归国后先后任教于清华国学研究院、岭南大学等数所大学。陈寅恪一生中为人们留下了大量著作,内容涉及历史、文学、宗教等多个领域,为后来人开辟了新的学术领域,更提供了新的治学方法,民国以来即广为学界所尊崇。 陈寅恪治学面广,宗教、历史、语言、人类学、校勘学等均有独 到的研究和著述。他曾言:“前人 讲过的,我不讲;近人讲过的,我不讲;外国人讲过的,我不讲;我自己过去讲过的,也不讲。现在只讲未曾有人讲过的。”
此外,陈寅恪讲学还注意自然启发,着重新的发现。对学生只指导研究,从不点名,从无小考;就是大考,也只是依照学校的规章举行,没有不及格的。他常说:问答式的笔试,不是观察学生学问的最好办法,因此每次他都要求学生写短篇论文代替大考。但陈寅恪又强调:做论文要有新的资料或者新的见解,如果资料和见解都没有什么可取,则做论文也没有什么益处。
陈寅恪在讲授历史研究的心得时, 常说:“最重要的就是要根据史籍或其他资料以 证明史实,认识史实,对该史实有新的理解, 或新的看法,这就是史学与史识的表现。”他的学生曾经回忆道:“陈师在讲历史研究时,常说:凡前人对历史发展所留 传下来的记载或追述,我们如果要证明它为‘有’,则比较容易,因为只要能够发现一二种别的记录,以作旁证,就可以证明它为‘有’了;如果要证明它为‘无’,则委实不易,千万要小心从事。因为如你只查了一二种有关的文籍而不见其‘有’,那是还不能说定了,因为资料是很难齐全的,现有的文籍虽全查过了,安知尚有地下未发现或将发现的资料仍可证明其非‘无’呢?”陈寅恪对学术研究的严谨态度由此可见一斑。难怪傅斯年对他进行这样的评价:“陈先生的学问,近三百年来一人而已!”
谢谢