Food Security 糧食保障 蕭寧馨 應用營養研究室 台灣大學生化科技系 2011

Double Burden

世界人權宣言 （Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948） http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/eng.htm Article 25 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. 第25條款第1款明白宣示： 「人人皆應享有維持本人與家庭之健康與福利所需的生活水準，包括：食、衣、住、醫療照戶與必要的公共服務，並在失業、疾病、機能障礙、鰥寡、老年、不可抗力因素下喪謀生能力時，得到保障。∙∙」

世界人權宣言

Food security 定義 Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle. (World Food Summit 1996) Food is available – Amount and quality Food is affordable – Price and economics Food is utilized – Household preparation

世界人口變遷 http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/

開發中國家人口增長最多 World Population (in Billions): 1950-2050 Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision.

台灣的人口變遷 人口增加因死亡率降低之故 98：23,119,772 97：23,037,031 93：22,689,122

台灣人口轉型圖

台灣人口老化之進展 依聯合國標準，以65歲以上人口比例 「高齡化」7%：1993 「高齡社會」14%：2017 「超高齡社會」20%：2025

各國生育率變化圖

台灣糧食自給率與進口比例 分類 1997 (熱量%) 2007 進口 比例 綜合 37.2 30.6 69.4 榖類 30.2 21.7 79.2 油類 4.0 2.0 96.8 蔬菜 96.6 83.8 16.4 水果 87.3 87.1 15.7 乳品 27.8 26.1 69.1 肉類 100.2 88.3 12.5 水產 132.4 172.9 19.7 蛋類 100 0.1

其他國家糧食自給率 美國 122% 中國 >95% 法國 121% 日本 40% 意大利 69% 英國 61%

FAO Food Price Index

喪失糧食保障的原因 貧窮 健康不良 性別不平等: 女性 水與環境: AID/HIV 生產勞動者 1 公斤水稻需要 3000 公升水 1 公斤小麥需要1000公升水 灌溉可使生產量增加100-400% 17%農地有灌溉措施 性別不平等: 女性 生產勞動者 教育, 決策 災難與戰爭衝突 人口與都市化 人口增加 農地減少 貿易障礙 補貼與競爭

解決糧食問題 分配 增加農業生產效率 性別平等 食物救濟 改善經濟與貿易自由 (next) 重視女性 食物救濟 配合工作機會, 健康改善, 教育等 避免依賴性 解決長期問題為目標 增加農業生產效率 綠色革命The Green Revolution of the 1970s and 1980s 品種改良, 肥料, 農藥 技術, 研究, 補助 基因改造作物GMO 改善經濟與貿易自由

預防糧食危機 各國有責

The World Food Program (WFP) To lessen the effects of HIV/AIDS on a community by improving food security and securing the livelihoods of those living with the illness. Food aid assists people living with HIV/AIDS to respond better to drug treatments, maintain their strength and body weight and resist other infections such as tuberculosis. This assistance allows people to continue earning an income and caring for their families, and keeps their children in school. School feeding programs and vocational training also support children in schools and HIV/AIDS awareness programs help limit the spread of the disease.

The International Alliance Against Hunger Many partners, one goal: reducing hunger and poverty To unite national governments, the international community, civil society organizations, the private sector and concerned individuals to mobilize the political will, technical expertise and financial resources proposed by Johannes Rau, President of the Federal Republic of Germany on World Food Day in 2001. Raising awareness of the problems of hunger To work towards long-term solutions to guarantee sufficient food for all.

The International Year of Rice To promote improved production and access to this vital food crop. To learn about the origins of the International Year of Rice, the significance of rice in East Asia, the Middle East and Africa, its cultural and nutritional value, and the impact of the production of rice on the environment. The site also looks at how people livelihood in many countries is dependent on the production of rice, the different roles of men and women in rice growing, and the centrality of rice production to the economies of the countries where it is grown. There is a special section for kids and a range of media resources.

The Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) To help those living in developing countries, particularly the low-income food deficit countries (LIFDCs), to improve their food security through rapid increases in food production and productivity. To help governments replicate successful food security practices on a national scale. The SPFS also encourages investment in rural infrastructure, off-farm income generation, urban agriculture and safety nets. To reduce year-to-year variability in food production on an economically and environmentally sustainable basis and improve people's access to food

World Food Summit (WFS) In 1996, 180 nations met at FAO headquarters for the World Food Summit (WFS) to discuss ways to end hunger. The goal is to reduce, between 1990–92 and 2015, the number of undernourished people by half. Millennium Development Goal 1, target 1C, is to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

FAO: The state of food insecurity 2009

FAO: Hunger Report 2011

各地區人民的平均壽命

各地區的營養不足盛行率

Hungry people 2009: 1.02 billions 2008: 963 million 2007: 923 million State of Food Insecurity in the World http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0876e/i0876e00.htm

各地區營養不足人口增加率 2009 狀況 比對2008

貧困使女性勞動人口增加

貧困之下女嬰死亡率升高

The World Declaration of Nutrition and Global Plan of Action: Highlights Rome 1992 聲明「每個人有獲得營養及安全的食物的權利」。 認定營養是社會發展的先決條件，也是人類進步的目標，營養的健全應是社經發展與策略的中心 訂定全球行動計畫之目標 確保所有人都有持續的、安全、營養的食物供應 達到並維持全人類的營養健康 實現健全的環境及永續性社會發展，以助改善健康及營養 消除飢荒及餓死

The World Declaration of Nutrition 世界營養宣言九大行動主題： 將營養議題納入政策及計劃發展 改善居家食物保障 改善食物品質及安全以保護消費者 預防、處理傳染性疾病 鼓勵母乳哺育 照護社經、營養弱勢 預防、控制特定微量營養素缺乏 鼓勵健康的飲食及生活型態 評估、分析、監控營養狀況

健康、營養、食物、環境密不可分 自然界的碳循環

自然界的氮循環 資料來源 維基百科

英國加工食品的碳標籤 資料來源：行政院環保署管考處處長楊慶熙2009

韓國加工食品的碳標籤 資料來源：行政院環保署管考處處長楊慶熙2009

日本食品的碳標籤 資料來源：行政院環保署管考處處長楊慶熙2009

台灣的碳標籤

認知與行動-為自己 身體機能精妙複雜，飲食營養知識不簡單 要積極學習正確的食物與營養知識與資訊，以做出健康的選擇 不浪費食物，購買食品不囤積，準備食物不過量

認知與行動-人飢己飢 要發揮個人和公共的力量來改善弱勢族群的飲食營養 共同營造健康飲食環境，支持個人健康選擇 父母師長要以身作則，用聰明智慧來幫助兒女孩童建立健康的飲食習慣 參與經營健康生態與生產環境