汉英对比 中西思维差异 英汉词汇现象的对比 英汉句法现象的对比

汉英思维方式对比 一、 (1)中国人注重伦理（ethics），英美人注重认知（cognition） (2)中国人重整体（integrity）、偏重综合性（synthetic）思维，英美人重个体（individuality）、偏重分析性（analytic）思维 (3)中国人重直觉（intuition），英美人重实证（evidence） (4)中国人重形象思维（figurative thinking），英美人重逻辑思维（logical thinking）（陈宏薇、李亚丹：2004：25－32）

二、 英语: 先概括后分解、先表态后叙事、先总结后事例、先整体后细节，由果到因、由小到大等。 汉语:按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证，习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern) 。

例如： It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to pay to Hong Kong On July 1St. 我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。 英语先概括，语义重心在前面 然后分解开来

I strongly believe that it’s in the interests Of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters. 在全球经济事务中，中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量，我坚信这是符合我国利益的。

英汉词汇现象的对比---词义 英汉词语完全对应（word for word correspondence） Aspirin； Marxism； Capitalism； modernism. 英汉词语部分对应 (one word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning ) Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆； president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长； Morning: 早晨、上午

部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如： Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早 而mid-morning 等最好用时间表示： Mid morning 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon 下午三、四点 In the middle of next week: 下周三前后

英汉词语不对应 (words without correspondence ): Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 Prey: 被捕食的动物 Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族

英汉词汇现象的对比---词序 一、主语的确立 二、谓语的确立 三、状语的位置

主语的确立 英语主语的严格性，只能由名词、代词，或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（如动词不定式、动名词、主语从句）来充当。 试找出下列句子英译的恰当主语，并进行翻译。

直接用原文的主语 如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. 替换主语以符合英语表达 1.鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。 Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy－拍马屁，奉承 or obsequiousness-谄媚; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.

找出译文中合适的主语 2) 胎又瘪了。 We’ve got another flat tire. 1）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. At the turn of the century, China is most active in its diplomatic activities.

2）北京地区由于近些年加强了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。 The expansion of woods in some places around Beijing these years attracts quite a few rare birds. Quite a few rare birds come to settle down in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woods there these years.

无主句－增补主语 到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更具为有趣。 When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.

谓语的确立 英语谓语只能由动词（系动词或实义动词）或动词短语担当。如： 1）北京很好玩。 Beijing is a great city to have fun. 2）北京外来人口逐年增多。 The number of people from other places in Beijing increases year by year.

注意谓语动词的选择的准确性 如： 1）中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR. 2）中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。 The economy of China will converge with that of the world. (merge into>意为消没在。。。之中，不恰当) 3）新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。 The emergence of one new scenic spot after another and the influx of more and more tourists have also boosted the economy.

比较以下译文，哪个更好？ 1）本文所讲的内容对通讯工程来说是很有趣的。(b) a. The content that this paper talks about is of great interest to communication engineers. b. What this paper discusses is of great interest to communication engineers.

2）和古庙正好隔河相对的那坐宝塔据说是明代的建筑。(b) a. The pagoda that stands facing the ancient temple and is separated from each other by the river is said to have been built in the Ming Dynasty. b. It is said that the pagoda just across the river from the ancient temple was built in the Ming Dynasty.

3) 我们大为惊奇的是，那幢经受强烈地震而幸存下来的惟一建筑物竟是砖木结构。(a) a. To our great surprise, the only building that survived the violent earthquake was one of brick and wood structure. b. To our great surprise, the only building that fortunately existed after the violent earthquake was one of brick and wood structure.

Modern science and technology are developing rapidly 状语的位置 Modern science and technology are developing rapidly 现代科学技术正在迅速发展 He is running fast enough 他跑得够快的了

我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过了花园。 Then with a bag of toys and books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn. 我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过了花园。 英语状语一般在被修饰之后（有时可前置） 汉语状语一般在被修饰词之前

A car, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray 一辆坐满人的小汽车急驶而过，溅了我一身水（有时也置后，视习惯而定) 英，地点短语状语在时间状语前；汉，相反 He was born in Shandong on May 1, 1990.

(1) .The cruel murder of the patriot has understandably aroused worldwide indignation. 残酷杀害爱国志士激起了全世界人民的义愤，这是可以理解的。 (2). A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists and can be usefully recalled at this point. 语言学家已指出一定数量的典型错误，如今回顾一下，不无裨益。

On the floor were piles of old books and newspaper. 地板上堆放着旧书和报纸。 On a hill in front of our school stood a great shopping mall. 我们学校前面的小山上有一个规模很大的购物中心。 Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken. 爆炸的威力如此之大，所有的窗户都震破了。 Young as she is, she has seen much of the world. 她年纪轻轻，可见过不少世面。

句法现象的对比 时态对比： 英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。 如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon. 我明天下午去北京。 Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now. 杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。

句序（复合句中主、从句顺序） 时间顺序： 英，灵活；汉，先发生先叙述 I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. The government would wait a month or two before deciding their next move. 政府将在一两个月后再做出下一步的行动。

In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the first to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the great Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies. 无论如何，他们都非常独立，不靠别人只靠自己。他们先往西走，到达阿巴拉契亚山脉，后顺着山谷往南走，进入中央大盆地，后又向西越过了落矶山脉。

空间顺序 Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the vale of Blackmore. (Tess of the D’Urbeverills, Hardy) 长庄稼的地块数不多，面积有限，全副景物，除了很小的例外，是大山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些小山小谷上盖着一片绵连、茂盛的草和树。布蕾谷就是这种样子。 （张谷若翻译） Hardy让人先看到的是草和树，再是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当的调整。

逻辑顺序 英语－因可前可后，汉语－先因后果； Now tourism has grown in importance to such an extent that many Third World countries cannot balance their financial budget accounts without their considerable earnings from tourism. 现在，旅游业越来越重要，如果少了这一块巨额收入，第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。

条件句中，英语的条件可前可后，汉语，先条件，再结果 If the system is used in the proper way to train umpires, we can look at this and see if there’s some kind of flaw. 如果我们合理地运用该系统来培训裁判员，就能通过该系统发现存在的缺陷。

表目的与行动的复合句 To prove their point they scaled up a chicken to the size of Tyrannosaurus rex and found the giant chicken probably would not have been able to stand. 为了证明自己的观点，他们按比例把一只鸡放大到暴龙族恐龙大小，结果发现这只巨鸡可能站都站不住。

句子结构转换 （1)英语简单句----汉语复合句 His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City of New York. 由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。

The pursuit of science withdraws a scientist’s interest from external things. 科学家(因)潜心于科学研究，(所以)没兴趣关注外界的事情。

(2)．英语复合句--------〉汉语简单句 While we were operating the machine tools, we were very careful. 我们在操纵机床时非常小心。 I have no idea when my son will be back?

(3). 英语复合句--------〉汉语复合句 It worries her mother much that her daughter often stays up so late. 女儿经常熬夜，这让妈妈很担心。

(4)．被动------〉主动 She did not wish to be troubled . Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion[k[5r[uV[n]. 防腐的新措施已引起了关注。

(5) 英语倒装句-----〉汉语正装句 Here ends the diary of Dr. Green. 格林医生的日记写到这里就结束了 Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. 当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事

汉句重意合 英句重形合 形合（英语）:词语和分句之间用语言形式连接，表达语法意义和逻辑关系.注重显性接应，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，以形显义。严谨。 喻：英句如一棵大树。 意合（汉语）：少用甚至不用语言形式连接，而通过词语和分句的含义表达。注重隐性连贯和逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，以神统形。简洁。 喻：汉句如一窝竹笋

英语的形合手段（常态） 1.关系词和连接词：关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词、并列连词、从属连词 条件：if it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

时间：He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago. 离开北京五年了，从未回去过。 结果：he read so fast that we could not hear it clearly. 他读的太快，我们听不清楚。

原因：It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night. 昨晚只有你在教室，肯定是你干的。 转折：江山易改，禀性难移。 it is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.

英译汉时：先分析句子结构、形式才能确定其功能、意义。 汉译英时：相反.先分析句子功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式

对比：道路是曲折的，前途是光明的。 The future is bright while the road ahead is tortuous. 上海是资本家的乐园，劳动群众的苦海。 Shanghai was once paradise for the capitalists but hell for the laboring people. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。 If you confer (give) a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, remember it always.

我们过了江，进了车站，我买票，他忙着照看行李。 张培基：we entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. 杨宪益：we crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.

汉语的意合手段 1.语序 汉语的许多主从复句，虽无关联词，却有主有次 Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her. （因为）她不老实，我不信任她（常态） 我不信任她，因为她不老实

人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人 We will not attack unless we are attacked

2.反复、排比、对偶、对照等句式整齐、均匀，往往不用关联词 他不来，我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow[s[u], so will you reap

3.紧缩句:取消各分句之间语音停顿，略去一些词语.简约 Let everybody share the food if there is any. 有饭大家吃 A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep’s clothing. 狼披羊皮还是狼

4. 四字格（2+2） Move forward, or you’ll fall behind. 不进则退 Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire. 玩火自焚