Content Listening and speaking Reading Grammar Writing Culture express

Listening and speaking Pronunciation and listening skills Conversations Passage

Listening for opposing ideas / opinions Tips 在英语听力中，应注重对语篇行文逻辑的把握，如转折、因果、递进等逻辑关系。本单元重点练习转折关系。 英文中有一些特定的表示转折关系的词或词组。如：but，yet，however，nevertheless，while，whereas，instead，on / to the contrary，in contrast，其后面的信息往往是说话人想重点强调的。 点击左上角的“Unit 1”的左半部和右半部可以前后翻页。点击“？”按钮可以打开更多的“tips”。展示答案请点击右下角的“钥匙”按钮，点击“扫把”按钮可以清空答案。 4

Listening for opposing ideas / opinions Listen to a passage and complete it with what you hear. Lang Lang is one of the most famous pianists in the world now. However, _____________________________________. When he was three years old, he was sent to a piano class. The boy studied very hard, yet _________________________ _____________________________________________ and ___________________________. Lang Lang didn’t give up. Instead, ___________________________________________. Day by day, he became more and more skilled. Now, he is a pianist of great success. So remember, everyone can reject you, but ___________________________. his path to success is full of frustrations his tutor pronounced that he was not the right person to play the piano would never achieve anything 点击左上角的“Unit 1”的左半部和右半部可以前后翻页。点击“？”按钮可以打开更多的“tips”。展示答案请点击右下角的“钥匙”按钮，点击“扫把”按钮可以清空答案。 he pushed himself even harder to practice the piano you can never reject yourself 5

Conversation 1 Exercises Functional language Conversation 2 Exercises Conversations Conversation 1 Exercises Functional language Conversation 2 Exercises Functional language

Showing gratitude & responses 1. Listen to a short conversation and choose the best answer to each of the following questions. Word tips attentively adv. 专心地；专注地 magician n. 魔术师 simile n. 比喻 1 In which course did Paul get another “A+”? ✔ A History. B Geometry. C Chemistry. 2 What’s the probable relationship between Paul and Tim? 点击左上角的“Unit 1”的左半部和右半部可以前后翻页。点击“？”按钮可以打开更多的“tips”。展示答案请点击右下角的“钥匙”按钮，点击“扫把”按钮可以清空答案。 A Teacher and student. B Classmates. C Father and son. ✔ 7

F T T T Conversation 1 – Showing gratitude & responses 2. Listen again and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). F 1 Tim just can’t do well in chemistry though he is interested in it. T 2 Mr. Lin is Paul’s first chemistry teacher. T 3 According to Mr. Lin, people who study chemistry well are like magicians. T 4 Mr. Lin told his students the importance of observation in doing experiments in the first chemistry lesson.

Conversation 1 – Showing gratitude & responses Scripts Tim: Wow! Paul, you got another “A+” in chemistry. Congratulations! Paul: Thank you, Tim. How can you do so well every time? What’s the secret? Well, there’s no secret at all. I just listen attentively to the teacher in class. Me too. But I’m not interested in chemistry and no matter how hard I try, I never do well. Actually, I should thank my first chemistry teacher, Mr. Lin, for this. It was him who got me interested in chemistry. 9

Conversation 1 – Showing gratitude & responses Scripts Tim: Come on, tell me more about it. Paul: Mr. Lin told us that chemistry is just like magic, and people who study chemistry well are like magicians! I want to be a magician! Wow, what a wonderful simile! Yeah. Besides, he told us in our first lesson the importance of observation in doing experiments, and I benefited a lot from it. I see. It was Mr. Lin who made you fall in love with chemistry. You’re so lucky! Yes. Tim, if you need any help with your chemistry, just feel free to let me know. That’s really very nice of you! 10

Conversation 1 – Showing gratitude & responses 3. Role-play a conversation in pairs according to one of the following situations. You may refer to the Functional Language. Situation 1 A helped B keep up with studies while B was in hospital. B has jus known that he / she passed the exam and shows gratitude to A. (Sample) Situation 2 B has just won a prize in the ad design contest. He / She thanks A for his / her help. (Sample) GUIDED CONVERSATION A: Congratulate B on his / her success. B: Show thanks to A. A: Respond to B’s thanks. B: Thank A again for his / her help. A: Say you are glad to be helpful.

Conversation 1 – Showing gratitude & responses Role play - Sample conversation Situation 1 Laura: Hi Bethany. I’ve passed my exam. Bethany: Good job, Laura. Congratulations! I’m so happy for you. Well, I couldn’t have made it without your help. Thanks a lot. You’re welcome. You have been working so hard. Seriously, I really appreciate your help. It’s very nice of you to come to help me keep up with my studies when I was in hospital. My pleasure. I’m glad to be helpful.

Conversation 1 – Showing gratitude & responses Role play - Sample conversation Situation 2 John: Hi Lisa. Long time no see. Lisa: Hello, John. I am about to call you. I have just won a prize in the ad design contest. Ah, yes, the contest! Congratulations! All your hard work paid off. Thanks. I’d like to express my gratitude to you for your help. My pleasure. I’m glad to be helpful. Thank you so much for your encouragement and great suggestions during my preparation for the contest. Think nothing of it.

Conversation 1 – Showing gratitude & responses Functional Language SHOWING GRATITUDE RESPONSES Thanks a lot. Thank you so much. It was really nice / kind / sweet of you! I really appreciate your help! I’d like to express my gratitude to you for... You’re welcome. My pleasure. That’s all right. Think nothing of it. 14

✔ ✔ ✔ Conversation 2 – Showing gratitude & responses 1. Listen to a short conversation and choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 1 Where does the conversation take place? A On a train. B In Tom’s house. C In Jane’s house ✔ 2 How long does it take Tom on the train? Word tips souvenir n. 纪念品 considerate adj. 考虑周到的;体贴的 ✔ 点击左上角的“Unit 1”的左半部和右半部可以前后翻页。点击“？”按钮可以打开更多的“tips”。展示答案请点击右下角的“钥匙”按钮，点击“扫把”按钮可以清空答案。 A Eight hours. B Nine hours. C Ten hours. 3 According to the tourist guide, the tourists will ___ at three o’clock in the afternoon. A Some coffee. B Some flowers. C Some souvenirs. ✔ 15

Conversation 2 – Showing gratitude & responses 2. Listen again and complete the following sentences with what you hear. Pay attention to the function of these expressions. Yeah, I think so. Jane, you know, ___________________ for looking after my house when I was away; _________ _______________. thank you so much it was really nice of you _____________. Would you like to have a cup of coffee? That’s all right Yes, please. Jane, my rooms are so tidy and the flowers are growing very well. ______________________. You’ve been a great help 4 Thank you! ____________________________. That’s very considerate of you

Conversation 2 – Showing gratitude & responses Scripts Jane: Hi, Tom! You are back! How was your journey? Tom: Not bad. But it took me 10 hours on the train, and I feel very tired. You’ll recover after a good sleep. Yeah, I think so. Jane, you know, thank you so much for looking after my house when I was away; it was really nice of you. That’s all right. Would you like to have a cup of coffee? Yes, please. Jane, my rooms are so tidy and the flowers are growing very well. You’ve been a great help. It’s my pleasure, Tom. Jane, I brought you some souvenirs. I hope you’ll like them. Thank you! That’s very considerate of you. You’re welcome. 17

Conversation 2 – Showing gratitude & responses 3. Role-play a conversation in pairs according to one of the following situations. You may refer to the Functional Language. Situation 1 B returned A the wallet he / she has lost. A shows gratitude to B. (Sample) Situation 2 B saved A from being drowned in the river. A shows gratitude to B. (Sample) GUIDED CONVERSATION A: Show thanks to B for his / her help. B: Say it’s what you should do. A: Say how terrible the possible results would be if without B’s help. B: Say you are glad to be helpful.

Conversation 2 – Showing gratitude & responses Role play - Sample conversation Situation 1 Joe: Excuse me, are you Amy? I guess this is your wallet. Amy: Yes, it is! Thank you so much for returning the wallet. I never expected that I could get it back. Joe:: No problem. It’s what I should do. I guess you must have been very worried. Yes, I was. I have many important cards in the wallet. It would be a disaster if I couldn’t get it back, but I couldn’t remember where I lost it. I found it outside the library. I must have dropped it when I talked to my friend on the phone. Your help saves me a lot of trouble. I really appreciate it. You’re welcome. Glad to have been of some help.

Conversation 2 – Showing gratitude & responses Role play - Sample conversation Situation 2 Tom: Jerry, thank you so much for saving my life. Jerry: Forget it. It’s what I should do. But how did you fall into the river? This bridge is wide enough for you to pass.. I was trying to dodge a coming car, but I was riding too fast to brake the bicycle, so I lost my balance and fell into the water. You were lucky that the bridge is not high. Otherwise you would get hurt badly. I would have been drowned in the river if you hadn’t been here. Don’t mention it. I’m glad to be helpful.

Conversation 2 – Showing gratitude & responses Functional Language SHOWING GRATITUDE RESPONSES I’m very grateful for your help. I just want you to know how much I appreciate your help. I really appreciate this! I’d appreciate that very much. I don’t know what I would have done without your help. Don’t mention it. Forget it. Glad to have been of some help. No problem.

Passage 1. Listen to a passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions. Word tips office boy n. （办公室的）勤杂员 account n. 账户 cart n. 马车 fleet n. 车队 delivery vehicle 运货车 retailer n. 零售商

Passage 1. Listen to a passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 1 What was the man asked to do as a test at Microsoft? A To send e-mails to customers. B To clean the floor. C To fix a computer. ✔ 2 Why didn’t the man get the job at Microsoft? A Because he disliked such a job. B Because he didn’t pass the test. C Because he didn’t have an e-mail account. ✔ 3 What did the man become five years later? A A good salesman. B A successful food retailer. C A good office boy. ✔ 23

Passage 2. Listen again and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). F 1 The man applied for the position of “office manager” at Microsoft. T 2 The man made $20 by selling tomatoes in less than two hours. T 3 The man’s friend thinks he could have made even bigger achievements if he had an e-mail account. 24

Passage Scripts A jobless man applied for the position of “office boy” at Microsoft. The manager interviewed him and asked him to clean the floor as a test. The man did it excellently. “Give me your e-mail address,” said the manager. “I’ll send you the application to fill in.” The man replied that he didn’t have a computer, nor an e-mail account. “I’m sorry,” said the manager. “If you don’t have an e-mail account, that means you do not exist. So you can’t have the job.” The man left disappointed. He didn’t know what to do as he only had $10 in his pocket. Then he decided to buy 10 kilos of tomatoes and sell them from door to door. In less than two hours, he made 20 dollars. He repeated the operation several times. Soon he earned enough to buy a cart, then a truck,

Passage Scripts and later his own fleet of delivery vehicles. Within five years he became one of the biggest food retailers in the United States. One day, a friend asked him for his e-mail address. He said, “I haven’t got one.” His friend couldn’t believe his ears. “You don’t have an e-mail account, and yet have succeeded in building an empire! Can you imagine what you could have been if you had an e-mail account?” The man thought for a while and replied, “Yes, I’d be an office boy at Microsoft.” 26

Working in a big company Being self-employed Advantages Passage 3. Work in groups to discuss whether you’d like to work in a big company or become self-employed. List all the advantages and disadvantages of working in a big company and being self-employed. Then each group chooses a representative to report your discussion to the class. Working in a big company Being self-employed Advantages The pay is usually regular. … Disadvantages You don’t have much say in decision-making. … Disadvantages B returned A the wallet he / she has lost. A shows gratitude to B. Advantages You’re your own boss. … Disadvantages You have to shoulder all the responsibili-ties and it would be stressful. … 27

Working in a big company Passage Working in a big company Advantages 1 The pay is usually regular. 2 You will meet more people and you can also meet friends that will carry over into your personal life. 3 You may get more chances, such as training, offered by the big company while working there. 4 You also have more chances to go abroad. It can broaden your vision and expand your knowledge. Disadvantages 1 You don’t have much say in decision-making. 2 You may have fewer opportunities to be promoted because big companies have many employees and thus there will be more competition. 3 You may have to work under great pressure. 28

2 The profit the business makes all belongs to you. Passage Being self-employed Advantages 1 You’re your own boss. 2 The profit the business makes all belongs to you. 3 You can control your working hours. Disadvantages 1 You have to shoulder all the responsibilities and it would be stressful. 2 Though you can earn considerable profits with a successful business, losses can force you out of business and sometimes, place you in debt. 3 You have no guaranteed wage. Your earnings can vary greatly, depending on business conditions. 29

Passage A Passage B Reading SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Passage B Four phases of design thinking

SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Passage A SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Lead-in Text study Exercises

Passage A – Super jam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Lead-in Video appreciation Pre-reading questions

Passage A – Super jam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Lead-in - Video appreciation 33

Passage A – Super jam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Pre-reading questions Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 1. Have you ever thought of starting up your own business someday? • Yes, I have. Nowadays, graduates are being seriously affected by high unemployment rate, and it’s difficult for us to find an ideal job. So, starting up our own business is also a choice. • No, I haven’t. Starting up a business is so risky for me. If it doesn’t work out, I may lose all my money and may even be in debt. What’s more, if I start up my own business, I have to shoulder all the responsibilities of the business, which is too stressful.

Passage A – Super jam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Pre-reading questions 2. If you were to start up your own business, what kind of business would you choose? Why? 2. I would choose the education industry. I major in English Education in university. So, I would set up a cram school to help those students who have difficulty with their studies. In this way, I can apply what I have learned at school. 3. What do you think would be the difficulties of starting up your own business? 3. One of the difficulties is having a great business idea. This is the foundation for any business. What’s more, to get sufficient financial support at the beginning is difficult.

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Text study Text reading Organization of the text Language points

SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Passage A SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur I guess it’s not every 14-year-old that wakes up, stumbles out of bed, goes to the kitchen, and makes jam. Let’s just say Fraser is special. Fraser Doherty now runs his own company, SuperJam. He was taught to make jam by his grandmother at the age of 14. He later began making jam at home, selling it to neighbours, at farmers’ markets, and to local shops. Fraser became the youngest ever supplier to Waitrose, a major U.K. supermarket chain in 2007. And SuperJam currently supplies over 2,000 supermarkets around the world. Fraser’s company is estimated to be worth over £1 million. I guess he’s not done too badly for himself. I got the chance to ask him a few questions about his life and work. _________________________________________________ __________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________ 按图标S只显示需讲解的句子超链接；按图标W只显示需讲解的词汇和短语超链接；按扫帚图标清除所有超链接标记。按上箭头回到上一层。 _______________________________________________

Passage A 5. Question: It’s not every 14-year-old that wants to start up their own business. What inspired you to do that at such a young age? 6. Fraser: I was inspired to start making jam by my grandmother. She was cooking jam in the kitchen one afternoon, and I got really excited about it and started cooking jam as a hobby in my spare time. The neighbours soon started buying my homemade jam, and then I began selling it at farmers’ markets and to small shops. 7. Question: Were you exposed to entrepreneurship as a child? Did you have any family members who influenced you in that way? _________________________________________

______________________________________________ Passage A 8. Fraser: My parents and family weren’t entrepreneurs, but they always let me try out new things and do whatever I wanted to do in my spare time. I was always interested in making a bit of extra pocket money and tried out all kinds of ideas. My favourite story of all is when I hatched out some chickens from eggs that I got from a local farm. I kept the eggs warm on top of the telly, and amazingly they hatched. I sold the chickens to the neighbours and that was my first ever little business. 9. Question: On those impossible days of starting up, what motivated you to keep going? 10. Fraser: I was motivated by a feeling that I was doing something worthwhile with my life and by the fact that I was enjoying what I was doing every step of the way. ___ ______________________________________________ ________________________ _____________________________________ _________________________________________________ ________________________________________ 39

Question: How do you manage the growth of your company? Passage A Question: How do you manage the growth of your company? Fraser: The business is growing very fast, and we’re launching new products in new stores all the time. The most important things are that we have stayed focused on the idea of making 100% pure fruit jams, have focused on keeping the retailers happy, and have improved every aspect of the business as we’re moving forwards. Question: Excluding yours, what company or business do you admire most? Fraser: I admire entrepreneurs like the late Anita Roddick and other entrepreneurs who have run businesses with not only an aim of making money, but an aim of making the world a better place. Inspired by companies like theirs, I set ________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________________________ 40

_______________________________________ __________________ Passage A up a charitable project over a year ago, running tea parties for lonely elderly people. We have now run over 120 tea parties, with live music, dancing, and scones and tea; some parties attracted over 500 guests. It feels great to be able to put something positive like that into the world. Question: What sacrifices did you have to make to be a successful entrepreneur? Fraser: Getting the business off the ground took a huge amount of hard work. In the early days, I was spending 12 hours or more a day in the kitchen. I have to spend a lot of time on the road, visiting customers and sharing my story at events around the world. It has been worth all the work and I’ve enjoyed it all along. _______________________________________ __________________ 41

____________________________________________ Passage A 17. Question: What are your hobbies? What do you do in your non-work time? 18. Fraser: I enjoy cooking, travelling, and music. I don’t work at weekends and have plenty of time to spend with my friends. 19. Question: What qualities have you developed as a result of running your business? Fraser: I am invited to speak every week at schools, colleges, universities, and conferences, sharing the story of how I built my grandmother’s jam recipe into a successful company. Having that experience has helped me to become good at talking to the audience, and I’m getting invited to bigger and bigger events, sometimes in the U.S.A. and around Europe. ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ________ 42

21. Question: How has being an entrepreneur affected your family life? Passage A 21. Question: How has being an entrepreneur affected your family life? 22. Fraser: My family have enjoyed the experience of the past few years, and without their great support my business wouldn’t have been possible. Question: What is your advice to upcoming entrepreneurs? Fraser: Be willing to give things a shot and don’t be afraid that they might not work out. I’d also say it’s a great idea to find a mentor—someone who has already “been there and done it”. The best advice I have had was from my mentor, who taught me about how supermarkets worked and gave me a lot of confidence in my product. _________________________________ ________________________ 43

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Organization of the text Part I (Para. ______) 1-3 A brief introduction of Fraser Structure Part II (Para. ______) 4-24 Interview questions about Fraser’s life and work

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur I guess it’s not every 14-year-old that wakes up, stumbles out of bed, goes to the kitchen, and makes jam. (Line 1, Para. 1) 我想不是所有 14 岁的孩子醒来都会跌跌撞撞地从床上爬下来，走进厨房做果酱。 14-year-old 文中14-year-old 为名词，可以与不定冠词连用，也有复数形式。 14-year-old 还可以作形容词使用，作前置定语，表示计量的名词 year 要用其单数形式。 作为一个六岁的孩子，他相当聪明了。 He is quite clever for a six-year-old.

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur I guess it’s not every 14-year-old that wakes up, stumbles out of bed, goes to the kitchen, and makes jam. (Line 1, Para. 1) 她有一个10岁的儿子。 She has a 10-year-old son. 年满18周岁的人有权投票。 Eighteen-year-olds are qualified to vote. 46

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Fraser became the youngest ever supplier to Waitrose, a major U.K. supermarket chain in 2007. (Line 1, Para. 2) 2007 年，弗雷泽成为英国大型超市韦特罗斯有史以来最年轻的供应商。 ever: ever 为副词，用于比较级或者最高级后面表示强调，意为“曾经；任何时候” 。 这是我们有史以来的最低价格。 This is our cheapest ever price. Waitrose 和 a major U.K. supermarket chain 构成同位语。 47

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Fraser’s company is estimated to be worth over ￡1 million. (Line 1, Para. 3) 据估计，弗雷泽公司的价值已经超过 100 万英镑。 be estimated to be / have / cost, etc.: 估计······ 据估计这棵树至少有700岁了。 The tree is estimated to be at least 700 years old. 据估计这个项目已经花了一百万美元。 The project is estimated to have cost one million dollars.

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Fraser’s company is estimated to be worth over ￡1 million. (Line 1, Para. 3) be worth sth: to have a value in money 值······ 这座房子现在肯定值很多钱了。 The house must be worth a lot of money now. 难怪他们让军队接管这一地区；这里一点也不值得耕种。 No wonder they had let the army take over this area; it was worth nothing for farming. 49

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Were you exposed to entrepreneurship as a child? (Line 1, Para. 7) 你从小就接触做生意吗？ expose sb.to sth.: to introduce new ideas, activities,etc.to sb. so that he / she can learn about them 使某人接触到某物 因特网使人们接触到各种各样或好或坏的事物。 The Internet is exposing people to all kinds of things, either good or bad. 有些孩子从未接触过古典音乐。 Some children are never exposed to classical music.

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur … but they always let me try out new things and do whatever I wanted to do in my spare time. (Line 1, Para. 8) 但是他们总是让我尝试新事物，让我在空余时间做我想做的事。 do whatever I wanted to do: 做任何我想做的事情。 whatever 可以作代词，如：do whatever you like（你喜欢干什么就干什么）；还可以作限定词，置于被修 饰的名词之前，如：take whatever action is needed（采取一切必要的行动） 。

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur I was motivated by a feeling that I was doing something worthwhile with my life and by the fact that I was enjoying what I was doing every step of the way. (Line 1, Para. 10) 我知道自己正在从事一项不枉此生的工作；此外，我自始至终都很享受这个过程——这两者激励我前进。 motivate: v. to make sb. want to achieve sth. 激发；激励；促进 motivate sb. to do sth.: 激励某人做某事 该计划的目的是激励员工努力工作。 The plan is aimed at motivating the staff to work hard.

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur The most important things are that we have stayed focused on the idea of making 100% pure fruit jams, have focused on keeping the retailers happy, and have improved every aspect of the business as we’re moving forwards. (Line 2, Para. 12) 最重要的是，我们一直专注于制作百分之百纯果酱，专注于保持零售商的满意度，还有就是在发展的过程中完善企业的方方面面。 that 引导了表语从句，从句中有三个并列的谓语成分：have stayed focused on…，have focused on…，and have improved…。 He shouted no less loudly than others. 他大声喊叫，声音不亚于其他人。

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur The most important things are that we have stayed focused on the idea of making 100% pure fruit jams, have focused on keeping the retailers happy, and have improved every aspect of the business as we’re moving forwards. (Line 2, Para. 12) stay.: vi. continue in a certain state 继续处于某种状态 The weather stayed sultry. 天气持续闷热。 He stayed single all his life. 他打了一辈子光棍。 54

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur The most important things are that we have stayed focused on the idea of making 100% pure fruit jams, have focused on keeping the retailers happy, and have improved every aspect of the business as we’re moving forwards. (Line 2, Para. 12) focus on (doing) sth.: 集中于（做）某事 He needs to focus on his career. 他需要把注意力集中在事业上。 We should focus on improving the quality of our products. 我们应该把精力集中在提高产品质量上。 55

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur Getting the business off the ground took a huge amount of hard work. (Line 1, Para. 16) 生意起步阶段需要大量的努力。 get (sth.) off the ground: 开始，(使)顺利进行 Without more money, the movie is unlikely to get off the ground. 因为他没有打广告，所以他的生意一直做不起来。 I am delighted to see projects getting off the ground in this country. 我很高兴地看到，这些计划在这个国家正在实施之中。 56

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur I am invited to speak every week at schools, colleges, universities, and conferences, sharing the story of how I built my grandmother’s jam recipe into a successful company. (Line 1, Para. 20) 每周我都会应邀到很多学校、大学和会议上发表演讲，分享我的故事，介绍我是怎么将我奶奶的果酱烹饪法发展成了一家成功的公司。 build sth. into sth.: to make sth. a part of a system, an agreement, etc. 使······成为······的一部分 预算中包含了一项关于旅行花费的补贴。 An allowance for travel expenses was built into budget.

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur … without their great support my business wouldn’t have been possible. (Line 2, Para. 22) 没有他们的大力支持，这一切不可能实现。 主句谓语 wouldn’t have been possible 使用了虚拟语气，表示对过去情况的假设。without their great support 相当于一个条件从句，即 if there had not been their great support。 如果我们没有做充分的准备，大会不可能这么成功。 If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful. 58

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur (Line 2, Para. 5) inspire vt. fill sb with the ability or urge to do, feel, etc. sth beyond his usual ability 赋予(某人)灵感；启迪；引发 他最好的乐曲创作灵感来自怀念他的母亲。 His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother. The best museums educate, entertain and inspire us. 最好的博物馆可以用来教育、娱乐和给我们赋予灵感。

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur (Line 2, Para. 5) inspire vt. fill sb with thoughts, feelings or aims 鼓舞，激励 我们被他的演说所激励。 We were inspired by his speech. The father inspired his son with confidence. 那位父亲激发了儿子的信心。 60

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur (Line 1, Para. 8) try out 试验；检验 这个方法似乎不错，但需要试验一下。 The method seems good but it needs to be tried out. 他们正在试验那种新方法。 They are trying out the new method. 61

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur (Line 6, Para. 16) all along 始终，一直 我发觉原来这一直就在我口袋里。 I realized I had had it in my pocket all along. 我始终认为他们会取胜的。 I have known all along that they are going to win. 62

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur (Line 1, Para. 19) quality n. a degree or grade of excellence or worth 品质，优点 Her most essential quality is kindness. 她最主要的品质是善良。 What are the qualities that mark a great leader ? 伟大领袖的品质是什么? 63

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur (Line 1, Para. 24) give / have a shot at 尝试，试试看 I don’t know, but I’ll give it a shot. 我不知道，但我会试试看。 Give it a shot! You’ll never know. 试试看啊！没试怎么会知道！ 64

Passage A – SuperJam yields fruit for young entrepreneur (Line 2, Para. 24) work out 成功；产生结果 我相信你自己能做出这道题的。 I believe that you can work out this problem by yourself. 我恐怕这事不会成的。 I’m afraid that it's not going to work out. 65

Passage A – Exercises Comprehension Vocabulary & Structure Translation

Passage A – Comprehension 1. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). F 1 Fraser started cooking jam as a way to earn pocket money in his spare time. T 2 Fraser’s parents encouraged him to do whatever he wanted to do in his spare time. F Cooking jam was Fraser’s first little business. T 4 Fraser admires the entrepreneurs who have not only an aim of making money, but an aim of making the world a better place. T 5 Fraser set up a charitable project—holding tea parties for lonely elderly people.

Passage A – Comprehension 2. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 1 Who inspired Fraser to start up his own business? ✔ A His friends. B Anita Roddick. C His grandmother. 2 What motivated Fraser to keep going at the difficult start-up stage? ✔ A He enjoyed the start-up process and believed that the thing he did was worthwhile. B His grandmother encouraged him a lot. C His pure jams were very popular in the market. 3 Which of the following is NOT important for Fraser? A Staying focused on making 100% pure fruit jams. B Keeping the retailers happy. C Keeping the business growing fast. ✔ 68

Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 1. Complete the following words according to their definitions. The first letter of each word is given for your reference 1 s__________ v. tumble to almost fall down while you are walking 2 h__________ adj. omemade made at home rather than bought in a store 3 e__________ v. xpose to make it possible for sb. to experience ideas, events, methods, etc. that are new to them 4 y__________ v. ield to produce sth. 5 s__________ n. acrifice sth. that you decide not to have or not to do in order to get sth. that is more important

Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 2. Complete the following sentences with the expressions given below. Change the form if necessary. focus on work out try out set up get off the ground 1 It will take time and money to get the project to ________________ . get off the ground 2 The noise made it hard for me to _____________ my work. focus on 3 She enjoys ________________ new ways of doing things. trying out 4 Financially, things have ____________ well for us. worked out 5 There was a lot of work involved in _________ a company. setting up 70

Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 2. Complete the following sentences with proper prepositions or adverbs. 1. The small company developed _________ an international corporation in less than 10 years. into 2. As a mother, she doesn’t want to expose her children _________ the slightest possibility of danger. to 3. I’m very excited _________ the possibility of playing for England’s No. 1 football team. about 4. He returned to the United States with the aim ______ planning a victorious comeback. of

Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 4. Add the prefix “super-” to the words given below. Then complete the following sentences with the words thus formed. rich hero natural model fit 1. This skirt is ____________ for you. superfit 2. When I was a kid, I dreamed to be a ____________ like Batman and Superman. superhero 3. Only the ____________ are able to afford such luxury housing. superrich supernatural 4. Do you believe in ____________ powers? supermodel 5. That young girl has the talent to be a _____________ .

✔ ✔ ✔ Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 5. Read the following passage carefully and choose the best word to fill in each blank. The more I look 1)_______ me, the more self-employment seems to be the way to go for many people. I’m not sure if this is just my 2)________ or it’s indeed a global phenomenon, so I’d like to discuss it with you. In my opinion, there are two major reasons why self-employment seems to be popular. Necessity Many people lost their jobs because of the recent financial 3) _________. ✔ 1 A around B into C out 2 A prediction B observation C thought ✔ 3 A increase B crisis C decrease ✔ 73

✔ ✔ Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 5. Read the following passage carefully and choose the best word to fill in each blank. I read many stories about people with high salaries who suddenly found themselves out of work and found it difficult to get new jobs. For them, self-employment might be the only way to go because the job market isn’t as 4)________ as it was. Opportunity Many other people choose self-employment not because of necessity 5) _______ because of opportunity. They find that self-employment gives them more freedom and flexibility, not to mention the potentially big ✔ 4 A good B well C popular 5 A and B also C but ✔ 74

✔ ✔ Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 5. Read the following passage carefully and choose the best word to fill in each blank. financial rewards they could get. Self-employment can also give them more security. They are less likely to suddenly fall into a deep 6)________ trouble because of lost income. I am an advocate (拥护者) of self-employment and over time I become more and more 7) ________ because of the stories I hear from people around me. I often hear about those who lose their jobs and how it could take them months to get new jobs, if ever. I imagine that if only more people take the path of self- ✔ 6 A financial B physical C spiritual 7 A worried B confident C convinced ✔ 75

✔ ✔ Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 5. Read the following passage carefully and choose the best word to fill in each blank. self-employment, I would hear 8)_______ such stories. Of course, there are also 9)_______ aspects of self-employment. First of all, it’s not easy to start a self-employment career. It could be difficult to get consistent income in the beginning because of the difficulty to find clients. You might also need to work harder than when you work for a company since you are now totally on your own. 8 A more B a lot of C less ✔ ✔ 9 A negative B positive C neutral 76

✔ Passage A – Vocabulary and structure 5. Read the following passage carefully and choose the best word to fill in each blank. That being said, I think the freedom and security is still 10)________ it. With the world and the job market becoming more unpredictable, having your destiny in your own hands seems to be the best alternative. 10 A worthwhile B worthy C worth ✔ 77

Passage A – Translation 1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. I guess it’s not every 14-year-old that wakes up, stumbles out of bed, goes to the kitchen, and makes jam. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 我想不是所有 14 岁的孩子醒来都会跌跌撞撞地从床上爬下来，走进厨房做果酱。 2. I was motivated by a feeling that I was doing something worthwhile with my life and by the fact that I was enjoying what I was doing every step of the way. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 我知道自己正在从事一项不枉此生的工作；此外，我自始至终都很享受这个过程——这两者激励我前进。

Passage A – Translation 2. Translate the following sentences into English with the help of the words and expressions given in brackets. 现如今，自己创业对很多年轻人来说很有吸引力， 但是创业绝非易事，尤其是在创业初期，你可能会遇到 各种困难和挑战。只要你能树立切实可行的目标，坚信 自己所做的事是值得的，你的付出终将得到回报。 （appealing, start up, anything but, worthwhile, pay off） The idea of starting up one’s own business is appealing to a lot of young people today. However, to start up one’s own business is anything but easy. You may meet with all kinds of difficulties and challenges, especially at the beginning. As long as you set up realistic goals and believe what you do is worthwhile, your efforts will eventually pay off.

Four phases of design thinking Passage Four phases of design thinking Lead-in Text study Exercises

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Lead-in Video appreciation Pre-reading questions 81

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Lead-in - Video appreciation 82

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Pre-reading questions Work in groups to discuss the following questions. 1. Do you think successful people share some common qualities and habits? If yes, what are they? 2. In your opinion, what’s most important for a successful designer: talent, dedication, creativity, or other factors? 1. Yes, I do. I think successful people actively look for opportunities and they enthusiastically and methodically work for their goals. 2. I think creativity is the most important. All designs begin with a creative mind which brings raw materials into mature products. But to be a successful designer, creativity alone is not enough. It also needs a combination of talent, dedication, skill, experience, and other factors. 83

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Text study Text reading Organization of the text Language points

Four phases of design thinking Passage B Four phases of design thinking Are there any ingrained habits that are linked to a designer’s ability to turn original ideas into innovations? Having studied more than 100 top designers in various fields over the past couple of years, I found that there are a few shared habits which seem to be almost second nature to many designers. And these ingrained habits are intrinsically linked to the designer’s ability to bring original ideas into the world as successful innovations. So what can people in business learn from studying the ways successful designers solve problems and innovate? On the most basic level, they can learn to question, care, connect, and commit—four of the most important things successful designers do to achieve significant breakthroughs. ____________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________ __________________________________ ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ____________ 85

__________________________________________ Passage B 2. Question. If you spend any time around designers, you quickly discover this about them: They ask, and raise, a lot of questions. Often this is the starting point in the design process, and it can have a profound influence on everything that follows. Many of the designers I studied, from Bruce Mau to Richard Saul Wurman to Paula Scher, talked about the importance of asking questions, even the “stupid questions”—the ones that challenge existing realities and assumptions in a given industry or sector. The persistent tendency of designers to do this is captured in the joke designers tell about themselves: How many designers does it take to change a light bulb? Answer: Does it have to be a light bulb? 3. In a business setting, asking basic “why” questions can make __________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________ __________________________________________________ 86

____________________________________________ ________ Passage B the questioner seem naive while putting others on the defensive (as in, “What do you mean by ‘Why are we doing it this way?’ We’ve been doing it this way for 22 years!”). But by encouraging people to step back and reconsider old problems or established practices, the designer can reframe the challenge at hand—which can then guide thinking in new directions. For businesses in today’s fast-changing marketplace, the ability to question and rethink basic fundamentals—What business are we really in? What do today’s consumers actually need or expect from us?—has never been more important. 4. Care. It’s easy for companies to say they care about customer needs. But to really empathize, you have to be willing to do what many of the best designers do: Step out of the corporate ____________________________________________ ________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 87

__________________________________ Passage B bubble and actually immerse yourself in the daily lives of people you’re trying to serve. What impressed me about design researchers such as Jane Fulton Suri of IDEO was the dedication to really observing and paying close attention to people—because this is usually the best way to find out their deep, unexpressed needs. 5. Connect. Designers, I discovered, have a knack for synthesizing—for taking existing elements or ideas and blending them together in fresh new ways. This can be a valuable shortcut to innovation because it means you don’t necessarily have to invent from scratch. By coming up with “smart recombinations” (a term coined by the designer John Thackara), Nike smartly combined a running shoe with an iPod __________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________________________________ 88

Passage B to produce its groundbreaking Nike + line, which enables users to program their runs. It isn’t easy to come up with these great combinations. Designers know that you must “think laterally”—searching far and wide for ideas—and must also be willing to try connecting ideas that might not seem to go together. This is a way of thinking that can also be embraced by non-designers. 6. Commit. It’s one thing to dream up original ideas. But designers quickly take those ideas beyond imagination by giving form to them. Whether it’s a napkin sketch or a digital mock-up, the quick and rough models that designers constantly create are a critical component of innovation—because when you give form to an idea, you begin to make it 89

_________________________________________________ Passage B real. 7. It’s true that when you put an idea into the world while it’s still young and imperfect, you increase the possibility of short term failure, but designers tend to be much more comfortable with this risk than most of us. They know that innovation often involves a repeated process with setbacks along the way and those small failures are actually useful because they show the designers what works and what needs fixing. The designers’ ability to “fail forward” is a particularly valuable quality in times of dynamic change. Today, many companies find themselves operating in a test-and-learn business environment, which is just one more reason to pay attention to the people who’ve been conducting their work this way all along. _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ _______________________ _______________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 90

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Organization of the text Part I (Para. ______) 1 Introduction: There are four important habits for designers to turn original ideas into innovations Structure Part II (Para. ______) 2-6 Discussion: Four phases of design thinking Part III (Para. ______) 7 Implication: The process of innovation often involves failures 91

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Having studied more than 100 top designers in various fields over the past couple of years, I found that there are a few shared habits which seem to be almost second nature to many designers. (Line 2, Para. 1) 在过去几年里，我调查了各种行业 100 多名顶级设计师，发现了很多设计师共有的、几乎是他们第二天性的一些习惯。 having studied 为现在分词的完成式，说明 study 这个动作发生在主句谓语 found 之前。 找到宾馆后，他们又开始找餐馆。 Having found a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant. 92

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Having studied more than 100 top designers in various fields over the past couple of years, I found that there are a few shared habits which seem to be almost second nature to many designers. (Line 2, Para. 1) couple: n. a small number of things 一些；几个 你几天后就会康复的。 You’ll recover in a couple of days. which引导了定语从句，修饰先行词a few shared habits。 93

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking On the most basic level, they can learn to question, care, connect, and commit—four of the most important things successful designers do to achieve significant breakthroughs. (Line 8, Para. 1) 从最根本上讲，他们能学会质疑、关注、联系并付诸行动。这些是成功设计师实现重大突破所要做的最重要的四件事。 文中破折号起概括作用，说明前面列举的 to question，care，connect，and commit 是 four of the most important things。 94

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking On the most basic level, they can learn to question, care, connect, and commit—four of the most important things successful designers do to achieve significant breakthroughs. (Line 8, Para. 1) successful designers do to achieve significant breakthroughs 为定语从句，先行词为 four of the most important things。因为先行词在从句中作宾语，因此省略了引导词。 make / achieve breakthroughs: 取得重大进展 科学家们在生物学领域取得重大进展。 Scientists have achieved breakthroughs in the biological area. 95

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Many of the designers I studied, from Bruce Mau to Richard Saul Wurman to Paula Scher, talked about the importance of asking questions, even the “stupid questions”—the ones that challenge existing realities and assumptions in a given industry or sector. (Line 4, Para. 2) 从布鲁斯·毛到理查德·索尔·沃尔曼到葆拉·谢尔，我调查过的许多设计师都会谈到质疑的重要性，甚至是问“白痴问题”的重要性。“白痴问题”是对某一行业或部门已经存在的事实和假定提出的挑战。 from Bruce Mau to Richard Saul Wurman to Paula Scher 为插入语，进一步说明上文提到的 designers 有哪些人。 96

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Many of the designers I studied, from Bruce Mau to Richard Saul Wurman to Paula Scher, talked about the importance of asking questions, even the “stupid questions”—the ones that challenge existing realities and assumptions in a given industry or sector. (Line 4, Para. 2) 本句话中的破折号起解释说明的作用，进一步说明 stupid questions。 the ones后面跟了由关系代词that引导的定语从句，先行词在从句中作主语，that不能省略。 97

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking In a business setting, asking basic “why” questions can make the questioner seem naive while putting others on the defensive. (Line 1, Para. 3) setting: n. the place where sth. is or where sth. happens, and the general environment 背景；环境 这座古老的农舍周围环境优美，吸引了很多游客。 This old farmhouse is in a beautiful setting and attracts many tourists. asking basic “why” questions 为动名词短语作主语。 连词 while 在本句中表示“和······同时” 。 98

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking For businesses in today’s fast-changing marketplace, the ability to question and rethink basic fundamentals—What business are we really in? What do today’s consumers actually need or expect from us?—has never been more important. (Line 6, Para. 3) “我们处在怎样的商业环境中？”“现在的客户真正需要的是什么？他们想从我们这里得到什么？”在当今市场瞬息万变的时代里，质疑并重新思考这些基本问题的能力尤为重要。 to question and rethink basic fundamentals 为不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 the ability。 99

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking For businesses in today’s fast-changing marketplace, the ability to question and rethink basic fundamentals—What business are we really in? What do today’s consumers actually need or expect from us?—has never been more important. (Line 6, Para. 3) 他与人相处的能力强，这是他的主要优点。 His ability to get on with people is his chief asset. 她对成功的渴望使她更加努力工作。 Her anxiety to succeed led her to work hard. 100

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking For businesses in today’s fast-changing marketplace, the ability to question and rethink basic fundamentals—What business are we really in? What do today’s consumers actually need or expect from us?—has never been more important. (Line 6, Para. 3) 句中破折号起列举说明的作用，说明了basic fundamentals都有哪些内容。 三个国家——西班牙、意大利和法国——拒绝投票。 Three countries—Spain, Italy, and France—refused to vote. 她对成功的渴望使她更加努力工作。 Her anxiety to succeed led her to work hard. 101

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking For businesses in today’s fast-changing marketplace, the ability to question and rethink basic fundamentals—What business are we really in? What do today’s consumers actually need or expect from us?—has never been more important. (Line 6, Para. 3) never + 比较级表示最高级的意思。 我从没遇到过比他更好的人了。 I have never met a kinder man. (=This is the kindest man I have met.) 我从没喝过比这更好喝的啤酒。 I have never drunk better beer. (=The beer is the best I have ever drunk.) 102

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Designers, I discovered, have a knack for synthesizing—for taking existing elements or ideas and blending them together in fresh new ways. (Line 1, Para. 5) 我发现设计师有种归纳总结的本领，他们能收集现有元素或想法，再以全新的方式将他们糅合在一起。 破折号后的内容是对synthesizing 进行解释说明。 blend sth. together: 把某些事物混合在一起 如果你想做美味的沙拉，请把所有的配料混合起来。 If you want to make the salad delicious, please blend all the ingredients together. 103

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking It’s true that when you put an idea into the world while it’s still young and imperfect, you increase the possibility of short-term failure, but designers tend to be much more comfortable with this risk than most of us. (Line 1, Para. 7) 当你把一个还很幼稚、不完善的想法带入这个世界时，你会增加短期失败的可能性，这是事实。但是，设计师往往比我们多数人更能承担这种风险。 句中第一个it为形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语。that从句是一个复合句：when you put an idea into the world while it’s still young and imperfect为从句，you increase the possibility of short-term failure为主句。而 while it’s still young and imperfect又在从句中作时间状语从句，其中的it指代an idea。 104

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking It’s true that when you put an idea into the world while it’s still young and imperfect, you increase the possibility of short-term failure, but designers tend to be much more comfortable with this risk than most of us. (Line 1, Para. 7) tend to do sth.: if sth. tends to happen, it happens often and is likely to happen again 易于做某事；往往会发生某事 随着年龄的增长人们往往睡觉越来越少。 People tend to sleep less as they grow older. 105

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Today, many companies find themselves operating in a test-and-learn business environment, which is just one more reason to pay attention to the people who’ve been conducting their work this way all along. (Line 9, Para. 7) 如今，许多公司处在“尝试加学习”的商业环境中，这使我们更有理由去关注那些一直以这种方式工作的人们。 find sb. / sth. doing sth.: 发现某人或某事物在做某事 我发现她晚上在街上游荡。 I found her wandering the streets at night. 106

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking Today, many companies find themselves operating in a test-and-learn business environment, which is just one more reason to pay attention to the people who’ve been conducting their work this way all along. (Line 9, Para. 7) operate: v. if a business or organization operates in a particular place or way, it works in that place or way 经营；营业；活动 除了罗马，这家公司还在其他几个国家运营。 This company operates in several countries out of Rome. test-and-learn 是复合词，意为“尝试加学习” 。 句中which引导了非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容。 107

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 1, Para. 1) be linked to / with sth 与······有关联 很多人认为帮派行为的增长与贫穷的生活条件直接相关。 Many people believe that the rise in gangs is directly linked to poor living conditions. 报酬增长和业绩相挂钩。 Pay increases will now be linked to performance. 108

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 4, Para. 3) step back 退一步考虑 退一步，你就会发现解决问题的更好方式。 Step back and you will find a better way to solve the problem. 有时，教师应该不介入而让学生以他们自己的方式处理事情。 From time to time, the teachers should step back and let their pupils run things their own way. 109

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 3, Para. 4) step out of 摆脱某事物；走出某事物 按照规则，运动员不能走出边界。 The rules don’t permit players to step out of boundary. 我们应该走出自己的舒适区而获得自我的成长。 We shall step out of the comfort zone and enrich our life. 110

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 4, Para. 4) immerse oneself in sth. vt. 潜心于某事；专心于某事 他埋头工作。 He immersed himself totally in his work. 这些教授一直埋头于研究他们的课题。 These professors always immerse themselves in their subjects. 111

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 6, Para. 4) dedication to 对（做）某事的奉献、献身 她对工作的奉献精神可钦可佩。 Her dedication to her work was admirable. 她想通过自己对他及其工作的奉献来换取他的爱。 She wanted to buy his love with her dedication to him and his work. 112

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 1, Para. 5) have a knack for 有做某事的技能或本领 有些人好像就是有赚钱的本领。 Some people seem to have a knack for making money. 他教算术有诀窍。 He has a knack of teaching arithmetic. 113

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 5, Para. 5) from scratch 白手起家，从零做起 他损失了所有的钱，只好再从头做起。 He lost all his money and had to start again completely from scratch. 我从零学起，六个月学会了德语。 I learned German from scratch in six months. 114

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 5, Para. 5) come up with 想出（主意、计划、答复等） 他想出一个推广产品的好方法。 He came up with good ideas for the product promotion. 佩吉提出了这样一个异想天开的聚会计划。 Peggy has come up with this fantastic idea for a party. 115

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 12, Para. 5) embrace v. 1）take up the cause, ideology, practice, method, of someone and use it as one’s own 欣然接受 她欣然接受他帮她学习英文的提议。 She embraced his offer to help her with her English. v. 2）the act of clasping another person in the arms (as in greeting or affection) 拥抱 那女人温柔地搂住孩子。 The woman embraced her child tenderly. 116

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 12, Para. 5) embrace 词义辨析： v. (动词) embrace, clasp, hug 这组词都表示“拥抱”。其区别是：hug比较通俗， 可表示任何形式的拥抱，可表示因为爱情而“拥 抱”，也可表示因友情而“拥抱” ；embrace则多 指因爱情而“拥抱” ；clasp则强调拥抱某一特定的部 位，如腰、颈等。 117

Passage B – Four phases of design thinking (Line 1, Para. 6) dream up 凭空想出，虚构；设想，设计，创造 你从哪儿想出那个主意来的? Where did you dream up that idea? 我们需要为我们的产品设想出一个市场计划。 We need to dream up a marketing plan for our product. 118

Vocabulary & structure Passage B – Exercises Comprehension Vocabulary & structure Translation Oral work 119

Passage B – Comprehension 1. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 1 Of the four phases of design thinking, which one is regarded as the starting point in the design process? ✔ A Question. B Care. C Connect. D Commit. 2 Why does Jane Fulton Suri of IDEO impress the writer? ✔ A Because she has the dedication to really observing and paying close attention to people. B Because she has the courage to ask even the “silly questions.” C Because she has the ability of taking existing elements or ideas and blending them together in fresh new ways. D Because she is good at finding out people’s deep, unexpressed needs. 120

Passage B – Comprehension 1. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions. 3 Which of the following statements is NOT true about the phase “Connect?” A “Connect” is a valuable shortcut to innovation. B “Smart recombination” is a term coined by the designer John Thackara. C For designers, it’s not difficult to come up with smart combinations. D Designers will even connect ideas that might not seem to go together. ✔ 121

Passage B – Comprehension 2. Work in groups to discuss the following questions. How do you understand the joke the writer mentions about designers in Paragraph 2? What does this joke reflect in your opinion? 2. How do designers view the short-term failure? 1. Asking a seemingly stupid question can inspire designers to think from a new perspective and then they may come up with different results. In this way, existing opinions and assumptions may be challenged. In my opinion, this joke reflects that reconsidering old problems or established practices from a new point of view can guide our thinking in new directions. 2. Those small failures are actually useful because they show what works and what needs fixing. 122

Passage B – Vocabulary and structure 1. Complete the following crossword based on the information given. 5) s h i r u 1 important and having a strong influence or effect 4) r i t n 2 a part of an area of activity, especially of business, industry, or trade 1) p r o u d o f n e t 3 a problem that delays or stops progress or makes a situation worse 2) s e t r c o 4 continuing to exist or happen, especially for longer than is usual 3) s e b k t a c e 5 a way of saving time or effort in doing sth. 123

Passage B – Vocabulary and structure 2. Compare each pair of words and complete the following sentences with the right one. Change the form if necessary. 1. innovate, innovation Too many regulations can discourage ___________. innovation Their ability to ___________ has allowed them to compete in world markets. innovate 2. assume, assumption Your light wasn’t on, so I ___________ that you were out. assumed We are working on the ___________ that the conference will take place as planned. assumption 124

Passage B – Vocabulary and structure 2. Compare each pair of words and complete the following sentences with the right one. Change the form if necessary. 3. defend, defensive When the dog attacked me, I ___________ myself with a stick. defended Talking about boyfriends always puts her on the ____________. defensive 4. dedicate, dedication Her ___________ to the work was admirable. dedication The actress now ___________ herself to children’s charity work. dedicates 125

Passage B – Vocabulary and structure 3. Complete the following sentences with the expressions given below. Change the form if necessary. come up with be linked to at hand dream up on the defensive 1 The study further strengthens the evidence that lung cancer ____________ smoking. is linked to 2 This is just a story _____________ by the little boy! dreamed up come up with 3 They still haven’t ________________ a name for the baby. 4 She was always ________________ in her boss’s presence. on the defensive 5 There is little time and I cannot deal with so many tasks _________. at hand 126

Passage B – Vocabulary and structure 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the structure “v-ing… ” Sample 1: In a business setting, asking basic “why” questions can make the questioner seem naive while putting others on the defensive. Sample 2: It is no use regretting your past mistakes. 1.大量阅读对语言学习十分重要。 _______________________________________________ Reading a lot is very important for language learning. 2. 听音乐是我的爱好之一。_______________________________________________ Listening to music is one of my hobbies. 3. 在阳光下看书对眼睛不好。_______________________________________________ Reading in the sun is not good for eyes. 127

Passage B – Vocabulary and structure 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the structure “v-ing… ” 4.和他争论是浪费时间。 _______________________________________________ It’s a waste of time arguing with him. 5. 服用这种药是没有用的。_______________________________________________ It’s no use taking this kind of medicine. 128

Passage B – Translation 1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Designers know that you must “think laterally”—searching far and wide for ideas—and must also be willing to try connecting ideas that might not seem to go together. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 设计师知道必须要有“横向思维”——要海阔天空地想——而且还必须愿意尝试关联一些看似不搭的想法。 The designers’ ability to “fail forward” is a particularly valuable quality in times of dynamic change. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 在瞬息多变的时代，设计师这种“从失败中汲取教训，不断进步”的能力尤为宝贵。 129

Passage B – Translation 2. Translate the following Chinese sentences into English with the help of the phrases given in brackets. 他是一个对工作极其负责的人。为了想出满意的有 创意的设计方案，他经常加班加点地工作。他对工作的 热忱给我们留下了深刻的印象。（come up with, original, extra hours, dedication, impress） He is a person extremely responsible for his work. To come up with a satisfactory and original design plan, he often works extra hours. His dedication to work impressed us deeply. 130

You may consider the following aspects: Passage B – Oral work 1. There is going to be a design contest of household items (家用产品). Work in groups to design a product to take part in the contest. You may consider the following aspects: • What’s your purpose of designing such a product? • Who are the target users of the product? • What’s the difference between your product and the existing ones? … 2. Each group chooses a representative to introduce your design to the class. 131

Passage B – Oral work We have designed a chair. The purpose of the design is to make people feel more relaxed and comfortable while they sit in it. The target users are people of all ages. The difference between our product and the existing ones is that its streamlined design is quite pleasing in form. It has also taken people’s posture into consideration. When people sit in the chair to watch TV, they don’t need an extra cushion to support their back anymore. 132

Grammar Ellipses and substitutions (省略和替代) Exercises

Grammar - Ellipses and substitutions 省略和替代的目的是使句子避免重复，言简意赅。 一、省略的常见用法 并列句中的省略 1. 如果句子中后面出现的系动词和前面的一致，可以省略。 e.g. My father is a manager and my mother (is) a teacher. 2 如果从上下文可以推断出不定式短语的内容，为了避免重复，可以省略to以后的内容。 e.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to (go to the party).

Grammar - Ellipses and substitutions 3 为使句子简洁，在无损句意完整的前提下常省略相同成分。 e.g. 1) He often regards English as easy and (he often regards) French as difficult. 2) I could have stayed home, but I didn’t (stay home). 135

Grammar - Ellipses and substitutions 复合句中的省略 1 如果状语从句和主句的主语相同，且从句中用了be动 词，从句的主语以及be可以省略。 e.g. 1) When (the museum is) completed, the museum will be open to the public. 2) Though (her bedroom is) not large, her bedroom is comfortable. 2 条件状语从句中含有“it + be +形容词”结构时，it 和be可以省略。 e.g. 1) He’ll go to the seaside for holiday if (it is) possible. 2) Use this phone only when (it is) necessary. 136

Grammar - Ellipses and substitutions 二、替代的常见用法 为避免重复，使表达简洁明了，我们常用it，that，one ，ones，those等词来替代前面已经出现的内容。one通常用于替代单数可数名词，表示泛指；其复数形式ones用于替代泛指的复数名词。the one用于替代“the +单数名词”，表示特指；其复数形式the ones用于替代“the +复数名词”，在口语中也常用those代替。 e.g. 1) My sister doesn’t like this book. Show her a more interesting one. 2) Mr. Smith gave the textbooks to all the pupils except the ones who had already taken them. 3) The houses of the rich are larger than those of the poor. 137

Grammar - Ellipses and substitutions 替代不可数名词时用 it 或 that。it 与 that 的区别在于： 表示同一事物时，用it；表示同类事物时，用 that 。 e.g. 1) The weather here is too cold. I don’t like it. 2) The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 138

Passage A – Translation 1. Rewrite the following sentences using ellipses. If it is necessary, I will come to the office at eight. ______________________________________________ If necessary, I will come to the office at eight. 2. She was poor, but she was confident. _______________________________________________ She was poor, but confident. 3. When in Paris, you should visit the Louvre (卢浮宫). ______________________________________________ When in Paris, you should visit the Louvre. 4. The boy wanted to ride his bike in the street, but his mother told him not to ride bike in the street. ______________________________________________ The boy wanted to ride his bike in the street, but his mother told him not to. 5. I am your friend, and I will always be your friend. _______________________________________________ I am your friend, and I will always be. 139

Passage B – Comprehension 2. Choose the best answer to each of the following sentences. 1 I lost my old camera; this is a new _________ . ✔ A one B ones 2 — Can I borrow your pen? — Sorry, I’m using _________ . ✔ A it B this 3 — May I help you with some shoes, sir? — Yes, I’d like to try on those white __________ . ✔ A one B ones 4 I prefer the climate of Kunming to __________ of Wuhan. ✔ A it B that 5 His ideas are little different from _________ of his friends. A that B those ✔ 140

Writing Letters Exercises

Writing - Letter Notes 英文书信一般有六个基本组成部分：信头（heading）、信内地址（inside address）、称呼（salutation）、正文（body）、结束语（complementary close）和签名（signature）。

Writing - Letter 1 信头 信头指写信人的单位名称、地址以及写信日期，位于信纸的最上端，以方便收信人回信时参考。信头在私人信件中常常省略。一般公函或商业信函的信纸上都有印好的信头，写信人可直接在地址下一行写上写信日期。 英文地址的写法与中文完全不同，应遵循从小到大的顺序：单位名称为一行，门牌号码和街道名称为一行，县、市、省或州名以及邮编为一行，国名另起一行。英式写法的信头每一行后面用逗号，地址的末尾用句号。美式写法的信头行末都不用标点符号。 写信日期位于地址下方。可以写成日、月、年的格式（英式），如：8 May, 2013；也可写成月、日、年的格式（美式），如：Feb. 8, 2013。正式信函中的月份一般不用缩写形式。 143

Writing - Letter 2 信内地址 信内地址包括收信人的姓名和地址。在一般的私人信件中，信内地址通常可省略，但是在公务信函中则不能省略。信内地址一般从低于信头和写信日期一两行处开始写。先写收信人的头衔和姓名、单位名称，再写收信人的地址，具体写法和信头一样。 144

称呼是写信人对收信人的称呼用语，位于信内地址下方一两行的地方，从该行的顶格写起。英国人一般在称呼后面用逗号，美国人则多用冒号。 Writing - Letter 3 称呼 称呼是写信人对收信人的称呼用语，位于信内地址下方一两行的地方，从该行的顶格写起。英国人一般在称呼后面用逗号，美国人则多用冒号。 称呼一般视双方的亲近程度而异。 1) 写给亲人或关系密切的朋友时，一般在Dear后面 加表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名。如：Dear Uncle Tom，Dear Mary。 2) 公务信函中或写给不熟悉的收信人时，一般用 Dear Mr. X，Dear Mrs. X，Dear Ms. X等。如 果不知道对方姓名，可直接用Dear Sir，Dear Madam等。 3) 还可以根据收信人的身份，在姓名前面加上头衔、 职位、职称或学位。如：Dear Prof. Tim Scales, Dear Dr. John Smith。 145

正文是书信的主体部分，一般从低于称呼一两行处开 始。正文应当层次分明、条理清楚。正文传统采用缩进式，即每段第一行缩进几个字母， Writing - Letter 4 正文 正文是书信的主体部分，一般从低于称呼一两行处开 始。正文应当层次分明、条理清楚。正文传统采用缩进式，即每段第一行缩进几个字母， 第二行则顶格写起。现在很多人采取齐头式，即每段首行不缩进，段落之间空一行。 146

Writing - Letter 5 结束语 结束语一般位于正文下方一两行处。对象不同，结束语的写法也不同。正式信件中或写给不熟悉的收信人时，一般可用 Yours truly (Truely yours)，Yours faithfully (Faithfully yours)，Yours sincerely (Sincerely yours) 等。写给熟悉或亲近的收信人时，除了上述结束语，还可使用 Yours，With best wishes，Love，Best等。 6 签名 一般信件中，写信人在结束语下方签上自己姓名即可。正式信件中，写信人应在结束语和打印好的姓名之间签上自己的名字，在打印好的姓名后还可注明写信人的职务或职称。 147

Writing - Letter Sample 齐头式 Jenny Carter 501 North Olive Avenue West, Palm Beach Florida 33401 U.S.A. July 16, 2012 Sport Science College Beijing Sport University No. 48, Xinxi Road, Haidian District Beijing 100084 P.R. China

Writing - Letter Sample 齐头式 Dear Lin: It feels like such a long time since I wrote you last time. How are you getting along? So far my summer vacation has been great! I spent most of my weekends on the beach. I drove an ice cream truck around and sold ice cream to kids. It is a combination of the two things I love most—ice cream and kids. The pay isn’t too good, but I love the job very much. When I was free, I also played beach volleyball with friends. And I have learned surfing these days. It’s so cool. Now I am getting a nice tan, and you can no longer say I am paler than you. I hope the summer has been going well for you, too. Please tell me how you spend your summer vacation in Beijing. With best wishes, Jenny 149

Write a letter in English according to the information given below. Writing - Exercises Write a letter in English according to the information given below. 假设你作为学校的交流学生，刚从美国学习半年回来，写一封信给你在美国结识的一位朋友Tim Smith。信件要点包括： 1) 感谢Tim对你英语学习的帮助； 2) 分享你回国以后的学习和生活； 3) 邀请Tim春节时来中国游玩，感受中国文化。 注意：信件内容应包含讲解中提到的六大基本组成部分。 150

Write a letter in English according to the information given below. Writing - Exercises Write a letter in English according to the information given below. Liu Ming College of Arts Peking University No. 5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District Beijing 100871 P.R. China July 16, 2013 Tim Smith College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida 4202 E.Fowler Avenue, Tampa Florida 33620 U.S.A. 151

Write a letter in English according to the information given below. Writing - Exercises Write a letter in English according to the information given below. Dear Tim, How are you doing? Is there anything interesting happening to you? Thank you for your kind help with My English when I stayed in the U.S.A. Now I have no problem with communicating in English at all. I have been busy with my studies since I came back. Life is simple and meaningful. I now work as the research assistant for a professor in our university, which benefits me a lot. I really hope you can come to China to experience Chinese culture during the Spring Festival, which is an important traditional Chinese holiday when family and friends get together! I’m sure that you will have a good time! With best wishes, Liu Ming 152

Culture express Chanel Questions

Culture express - Chanel When you think of designers, one name that instantly comes to mind might be Gabrielle “Coco” Chanel. Chanel started her career by making hats, and then gradually built up an empire of fashion. Famous for quilted (绗缝的) black chain bags, little black dresses, and that iconic double C logo, the brand Chanel she established is one of the most well-known and instantly recognizable brands in the world. Chanel was a woman of innovation and vision. She was sensitive to women’s needs and desires to get free from the constraints society and fashion had placed upon them. In 1925, she introduced the legendary Chanel suit with collarless jacket and well-fitted skirt. Her design was revolutionary for the time—borrowing elements of men’s wear and emphasizing

Culture express - Chanel comfort over the constraints of the then popular fashion. She helped women say good-bye to the days of corsets (紧身胸衣) and other confining garments. The following year she created the “little black dress,” which changed the fashion world forever. Not only was black altered from being seen only as a color of mourning, but a new concept of having a central black piece that can be worn on many occasions was introduced and it still has an influence today. Chanel set the stage for modern fashion by creating a signature style and a brand awareness. And she also played a huge role in designing the modern woman: independent, fashionable, intelligent, and unique. 155

Culture express - Exercises Work in groups to discuss the following questions. Besides Chanel, do you know any other international fashion brands? If yes, how do they impress you? If you were to create your own fashion brand, what stylistic elements would you include in your design?

Culture express - Exercises Work in groups to discuss the following questions. Besides Chanel, do you know any other international fashion brands? If yes, how do they impress you? I know some of the international fashion brands such as Prada, Gucci, Dior, Burberry, and Louis Vuitton. They impress me by their quality, design, and concept. Firstly, the quality of these international fashion brands is better than that of other ordinary brands, although they are much more expensive. Secondly, these brands usually lead the world’s fashion trends. Their designs usually represent the most creative and progressive ideas. Most importantly, many of these international fashion brands have a long history. They have developed their unique style and their influence can go beyond the fashion industry. It has come to represent a kind of lifestyle for many people. 157

Culture express - Exercises Work in groups to discuss the following questions. If you were to create your own fashion brand, what stylistic elements would you include in your design? If I were a designer, I would create a fashion brand which features traditional Chinese style. I would mainly use some natural materials such as silk or cotton because I hope my customers can lead a simple and relaxing life. 158