Module 3 Foreign Food

Grammar

定 语 定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。 充当定语的有:形容词、代词、名词、分词、介词短语或副词和从句。

形容词作定语： e.g. The little boy needs a blue pen. (little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名 词pen.) 小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy. 汤姆是个英俊的男孩。

数词作定语相当于形容词： e.g. Two boys need two pens. 两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students. 这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room. 房间里有两个男孩。

代词作定语： e.g. His name is Tom. 他的名字是汤姆。

介词短语作定语： e.g. he boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. 教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom. 穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9, and three of 10. 有两个9岁的、三个10岁的男孩。

名词作定语： e.g. The boy needs a ball pen. 男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen. 这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。

副词作定语： e.g. The boy there needs a pen. 那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom. 这里最棒的男孩是汤姆。

不定式作定语： e.g. The boy to write this letter needs a pen. 写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom. 将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today. 今天无事要做。

分词(短语)作定语： e.g. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢 笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China. 她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left. 有五个留下的男孩。

定语从句 1. 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。 2. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。 3. 引导定语从句的连词叫关系代词或关系副词。 关系代词: who, whom, whose, that, which, as 关系副词: when, where, why

如果先行词是指人, 用who, whom, whose, that引导定语从句。如果先行词是指物, 用that, which, whose引导。

关系代词: 1. who指人, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略) The man who I talked with is our teacher. 我谈论的这个人是我们的老师。 A person who steals things is called a thief. 偷东西的人叫贼。

2. whom指人, 作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省) The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr Li. 我对他点头的那个男人是李先生。 The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li. 对我点了点头的人是李教授。

3. which 指物, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省) These are the trees which were planted last year. 这是去年种的那些树。 This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan. 他正在用的这台录音机是日本制造的。

Is this the library (which) you borrow books from? Is this the library from which you borrow books? 这个是你借书的图书馆吗？

4. that 指人/物, 作主语或宾语 (作宾语可 省略) A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。 He is the man (that) I told you about. 他是我告诉你的那个男人。

注意: 介词提前时只能用which而不能用that。 Is this the library from which you borrow books? from that

that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 一般用that而不用which。 (1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时。 I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我确信她有你要借的东西。

I’ve read all the books that are not mine. 我已经读了的所有的书都不是我的。 (2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。 I’ve read all the books that are not mine. 我已经读了的所有的书都不是我的。 (3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。 This is the first book that he has read. 这是他读的第一本书。

(4) 先行词被the only, the very, the same修饰时。 This is the very book that belongs to him. 只有这本书属于他。

在下列情况下只用which, 不用that。 1. 引导非限定性定语从句。 2. 直接作介词的宾语。 3. 避免与that重复。 Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world. 他制作了一部短片，这使他赢得了一世界上最年轻的电影导演的称号。

Many people were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark. 当许多人记起电影中人们被鲨鱼吃掉的场景时，他们不敢在海里游泳。

关系副词where： This is the factory. I worked in the factory ten years ago. This is the factory where I worked ten years ago. The school is near a park. My son studies in this school. The school where my son studies is near a park.

We visited the house. Lusun once lived in the house. We visited the house where Lusun once lived.

关系副词when： They’ll never forget July 1. Hong Kong returned to its motherland on July 1. They’ll never forget July 1 when Hong Kong returned to its motherland. The days are gone forever. We used foreign oil during those days. The days when we used foreign oil are gone forever.

There was a time. The businessman lost heart at that time. There was a time when the businessman lost heart.

= when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词, 并在定语从句中作时间状语, 相当于“介词+ 关系代词（which）”。 I’ll never forget the day when I joined the league. = on which(=on the day)

= We still remembered the days when we travelled together. in which(=in the days) The time ____ I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. when

= where引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词, 并在定语从句中作地点状语, 相当于“介词+ 关系代词(which)”。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. = in which(=in the house)

Harvard is a world-famous university Harvard is a world-famous university. There Wang An got his Doctor’s degree Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctor’s degree. The place _________ we visited yesterday is a school for disabled children. which/that

Grammar (1)

1. I thought this vast wave of food was 1. Work in pairs. Look at the sentences and answer the questions about the underlined words or phrases. 1. I thought this vast wave of food was the total number of dishes to be served. 2. Everyone else just tasted a bit of each dish and then put their chopsticks down.

3. The first time I saw a three- year- old kid cheerfully chewing a chicken’s head I had bad dreams for weeks. 4. At the counter there were colourful mixtures in eight or nine big boxes. 5. I still remember what I ate: a tuna fish and cheese sandwich.

6. The things inside sandwiches and baked potatoes are also various kinds of mashed food.

(a) Can you find examples of these parts of speech: 1. adjectives: 2. numbers: 3. pronouns: colourful / big / three- year- old / bad / baked / various / mashed / vast / total eight or nine each / their

tuna / cheese / a chicken’s 4. infinitive verbs: 5. nouns: to be served tuna / cheese / a chicken’s

(b) Which words and phrases come before the noun they describe and which come after it? Adjectives, numbers, pronouns and nouns come before the noun they describe, while the infinitives come after the noun.

a number of strange- looking complete green online 2. Rewrite the sentences below with words or phrases from the box, and make adjectival phrases. Change any other words if necessary. a number of strange- looking complete green online some wonderful well- cooked

1. The dinner party was a success. The dinner party was a complete success. 2. The dish contained fruits that I had never seen before. The dish contained a number of strange- looking fruits.

3. There were smells coming from the kitchen. There were some wonderful smells coming from the kitchen. 4. I only like meat. I only like well- cooked meat.

5. Have you ever tried shopping using your computer? Have you ever tried online shopping using your computer? 6. You should eat lots of vegetables. They’re good for you. You should eat lots of green vegetables. They’re good for you.

3. Rewrite the sentences. Use the infinitive, -ing form or –ed form. Example: He cooks dishes that use a lot of ginger. He cooks dishes using a lot of ginger.

1. Do you know the people who are coming to dinner tonight? Do you know the people coming to dinner tonight? 2. These are the dishes which will be cooked tonight. These are the dishes to be cooked tonight.

3. I wanted to use the recipe that your mother recommended to me. I wanted to use the recipe recommended by your mother. 4. You must come to the banquet which we will hold tomorrow. You must come to the banquet to be held tomorrow.

5. The party we are going to hold tomorrow is very important; it’s my parents’ wedding anniversary. The party to be held tomorrow is very important. it’s my parents’ wedding anniversary.

6. I like to cook dishes that contain a lot of vegetables. I like to cook dishes containing a lot of vegetables.

Grammar (2)

1. Look at the sentences. Answer the questions about the underlined words. 1. The rules aren’t obvious for the foreign visitor who has been invited to a party. 2. If you eat up all the food which is on the plate, you are paying a compliment to the chef.

3. If there’s something that I want, is it OK to ask for it? (a) Which word refers to a person? who (b) Which word refers to a thing? which / that (c) Which word can be used instead of which or who? that

(d) In which sentence can the underlined word be left out? Sentence 3

2. Look at the sentences and answer the questions. 1. Salad is made from vegetables which are only washed before serving, while Chinese food is prepared more carefully. 2. But one thing I do admire is the polite manner in which British people eat.

3. The menu included asparagus, which his guest had never eaten before. 4. The perfect host is the one who saves his guests from embarrassment. 5. The willow tree, which gives its name to the plate, has two songbirds flying overhead.

(a) Which words do the underlined parts refer to? They refer to the nouns which precede them. (b) Which clauses adds essential information about the subject? The ones in Sentences 1, 2 & 4 (defining clauses)

(c) Which clauses adds extra information about the subject? The ones in Sentences 3 & 5 (non-defining clauses) (d) Which punctuation mark separates a non-defining clause from the subject? A comma.

3. Complete the passage with the words in the box. how in which that where which who whom whose Ken Hom Ken Hom is a Chinese- American cook (1) _________ is very well- known in both Britain and America. who/that

He was born in Tucson, Arizona, (2) ______ his Cantonese parents lived after moving to America in the 1920s. As he grew up, he found American food terrible compared to his mother’s cooking, so she sent him to school with a box (3) ________ she put hot rice and vegetables much better than the sandwiches (4) __________ his friends had for lunch. where in which that/which

At age 11, Ken went to work in his uncle’s Chinese restaurant and learned (5) ____ to cook everything. At university he gave cooking lessons to earn money. His first lessons were to a rich politician’s wife (6) _______ he taught to make Italian pasta dishes, although he soon food. how whom

Ken Hom, (7) _______ first book was about Chinese cooking techniques, is now a famous cook. He wrote an article for a newspaper and from there, he got his first TV programme, (8) ______ was a big success. Since then he has written more than 12 books and had four TV series. whose which

4. Rewrite the sentences and include the extra information. Example: Rice, which is the main food for millions of people, is only grown in hot places. 1) Rice is only grown in hot places. 2) The company has 400 cooks. 3) Tonga is a Polynesian country which lies east of Australia.

(a) It is the main food for millions of people. 4) Asparagus is best eaten at the beginning of summer. 5) Escoffier was one of the greatest of all European chefs. (a) It is the main food for millions of people. (b) It is also known as “ The Friendly Islands”.

(c) 150 of them are women. (d) He came from the south of France. (e) It was appreciated by the Ancient Greeks. (2) The company has 400 cooks, of whom 150 are women. (3) Tonga, which is also known as “the friendly Islands”, is a Polynesian country which lies east of Australia.

(4) asparagus, which was appreciated by the Ancient Greeks, is best eaten at the beginning of summer. (5) Escoffier, who came from the south of France, was one of the greatest of all European chefs.

5. Work in pairs. Define these things using attributive clauses. Example: fast food Fast food is food which is easy to cook, quick to eat, doesn’t cost much and is soon forgotten.

1. take-away food 2. the perfect meal 3. a good guest 4. table manners 5. the perfect host

Exercises 1. A football fan(球迷) is _____ has a strong interest in football. A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what 2. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired. A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof

3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled. A. that B. what C. why D. for which

5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 6. Who _____ has common sense（常 识）will do such a thing? A. which B. who C. whom D. that

7. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A. that B. those C. which D. what 8. They asked him to tell them everything _____ he saw at the front. A. what B. that C. which D. where 9. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all

10. A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan. A. who B. who’s C. whose D. which 11. Is this the museum _____ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 12. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one

13. -How do you like the book? -It’s quite different from _____ I read last month. A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 14. The train _____ she was traveling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that

15. Which sentence is wrong? A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth. B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform? C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land. D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth.

Homework Finish the Activity 5.