Reading

Task: What things were buried with kings and emperors? gold objects pearl ring pearl necklace

copper

bronze tripod sword earthen pot

Sanxingdui Ruins

Discussion Why were dead kings given these objects after their death?

To show off their power and wealth. Why? To continue their luxurious life in the nether world. To be given to him for his use in the next life.

The King of Stonehenge

What you see today is about half of the original monument, some of the stones have fallen down, others have been carried away to be used for building or to repair farm tracks and over centuries visitors have added their damage too.

Fast reading Read the text fast and answer the following questions. 1. Who is the King of Stonehenge? 2. Why is he called the King of Stonehenge?

Fast reading Read the text fast and answer the following questions. 1. Who is the King of Stonehenge? The man found on May 3, 2002 in a grave three miles from Stonehenge.

2. Why is he called the King of Stonehenge? Because he is the richest…three miles from… when stones were being brought…

Read through the whole passage and find out the main idea of each paragraph.

Part 1 (para. 1): The ________ of a grave. Part 2 (para. 2-3): _______ found in the grave. Part 3 (para. 4-5): The __________ of the discovery. Part 4 (para. 6): about __________ Part 5 (para.7-8 ): about ___________ __________

Part 1 (para. 1): The ________ of a grave. Part 2 (para. 2-3): _______ found in the grave. Part 3 (para. 4-5): The __________ of the discovery. discovery Objects importance

Part 4 (para. 6): about __________ Stonehenge the King of Stonehenge and trade and cultural links with other parts in Europe

Which objects were found in the grave of the king of Stonehenge? two pots a bone pin a bow two gold earrings objects arrows a cushion stone tools two copper knives

Which materials were found? feather gold bone materials stone copper clay Bronze, iron

The discovery is important for varieties of reasons: His grave is the richest of any found from that period. The two gold earrings buried with him are the oldest gold found in Britain.

It shows that he was a member of a powerful class who may have organized the construction of Stonehenge.

From things that were found in the grave, archaeologists now believe that people in the Bronze Age in England had trade and cultural links with other parts in Europe. Give examples of such links and what was traded.

Country or part of Europe Material or objects of trade West Wales gold jewellery Spain and Western France artefacts stone Europe copper, bronze, copper knives some places far from England

For trade and cultural links as well as life in Britain and the construction of Stonehenge, people in the Bronze Age must have had knowledge about certain things and certain fields of science.. Work in groups to talk about the inventions and kinds of science they must have had, based on the reading passage.

Activity Knowledge, science, inventions and tools needed 1. Travel to Scotland Roads, shoes… 2. Construction of Stonehenge language Hammers, rope, something to transport heavy stones, architecture…

Rope, string, bow, arrows, spear, sticks… 3. Hunting 4. Trade with Europe 5. Making copper knives Money or goods to trade, boats, bags, maps, language,… Fire, chemistry, physics, pots, hammers,…

True or False 1. When the King of Stonehenge died, he was about 50 years old. 2. From tests on his teeth, it is certain that he spent his childhood in England. F F

3. The most amazing find was two gold earrings. 4. Stonehenge was begun around 2300 BC. 5. In terms of technical development, people were going from the Bronze Age to the Stone Age at that time. T F F

6. It has been proven that the copper knives came form Spain and Western France.

Explanation On May 3, 2002, archaeologists in England found a grave of a man dating back to around 2300 BC. 2002年5月3日,英国考古学家发现了一座墓穴。这座墓穴可以追溯到公元前2300年左右。

date back to (= date from) 始于, 起源于, 追溯到;多用于一般现在 时态中 e.g. This castle dates from the 14th century. Our partnership dates back to 1960.

date Make sure you sign and date it at the bottom. The rocks are dated by examining the fossils found in the same layer.

He was buried on his left side with his face to the north. e.g. He is used to sleeping on his back. The boy often walks on tiptoe.

“with+名词+介词短语/-ing/ -ed” 作状 语, 表示伴随动作或性质。 e.g. The woman came in with a baby in her arms. The weather was even colder with the wind blowing. He usually works in his study with the door locked.

Buried with him were the tools of a hunter or warrior. 该句为倒装句, 表语置于句首时, 倒装结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。 e.g. Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.

bury oneself in 专心致志于, 埋头于 be buried in thought 沉思 e.g. He buried himself in his work. Buried in his book, he didn’t notice me entering the room.

Some of the objects found in the grave give us an idea of how he was dressed when he was buried. give sb. an idea of 使某人明白 e.g. The book will give you an idea of what everyday life of ordinary Americans is like.

情态动词＋have done must/may/might+have done (肯定) 对过去事实的推理 e.g. He might have given your more help, they were busy. I can’t find my pen anywhere. I must have lost it.

can/ could +have done 表示对过去事实疑问和否定的推测 e.g. He can’t have finished the work so soon. could + have done 意为“过去能够,而事实上却没有”,表示一种遗憾 e.g. He always works hard. He could have passed the exam.

should / ought to +have done 意为“过去应该…但没有…”,有责备对方的意思 e.g. You should have told me the news an hour ago. shouldn’t / oughtn’t to +have done 意为“过去不应该…，却…”,意在责备对方 e.g. You shouldn’t have told him the news. He was nearly sad to death.

needn’t + have done 意为“过去本没有必要..…却……” e.g. There was plenty of time, she needn’t have hurried. might + have done 表示“过去本可以….却没有…” e.g. They might have given you more help, though they were busy.

distinction: the condition or fact of being dissimilar or distinct; difference A distinction should be made between the primary and secondary contradictions. 要区分主要矛盾和次要矛盾。 There is no apparent distinction between the twins.

make/draw a distinction between 对...加以区别 without distinction 无差别地, 一视同仁地 with distinction 以优异的成绩; 以杰出的表现

Only a few centimetres from his head were two pots made of clay, … 地点状语＋谓语＋主语; 谓语往往是be, lie, stand, sit, live 等表示客观存在的动词 e.g. In the village lived an old man, both whose sons were serving in the army. Nearby were two boats in which they came to the island.

spare adj.备用的; 额外的; 多余的 a spare room 预备的房间 a spare tire 备用轮胎 I have little spare time. 我没有什么余暇。 in one’s spare time 在某人闲暇的时候

spare vt. 匀出;分出 spare no efforts 不遗余力 e.g. Can you spare me just a few minutes? There’s no time to spare. Spare the rod and spoil the child. [谚]孩子不打不成器, 娇养忤逆儿。 (省了棍子坏了孩子。)

The discovery is important for a variety of reasons. 由于种种原因, 这项发现非常重要。 a variety of 形形色色的, 种种的 e.g. a collection of a variety of butterflies 收集各式各样的蝴蝶

There are a wide variety of people on the earth. a wide/great/endless variety of… variety store 杂货店 variety show 综艺节目

tend to 有某种倾向; 有…的趋势 e.g. People under stress tend to express their full range of potential. 处于压力下的人容易发挥自己全 部的潜力。

Boys tend to be bigger than girls. Jane tends to get angry if you disagree with her. It tends to rain here a lot in spring.

average n. 平均数;平均；平均水平 e.g. The average of 4, 8, and 60 is 24. 4、8和60的平均数是24。 e.g. What is the average rainfall for August in your country? on (an) average 通常;按平均 e.g. We fail one student per year on average. 我们平均每年有一个学生不及格。

convey vt. (1) 运送;运输 e.g. The truck conveyed machinery across the country. 这辆卡车在全国各地运送机器。 Wires convey electricity. 金属线导电。

(2) 通知;通报;传［表, 转］达 e.g. I will convey the information to him. I can’t convey my feelings in words. The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier.

link vt./ vi. (常与together, to, with连用)连接, 联合 e.g. The two towns are linked by a railway. The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.

be linked to / have links with 与… …有联系 e.g. Sichuan have trade links with the Yangtze River.

have a hand in 参与, 插手, 对某事物负部分责任 e.g. I can’t promise much. I’m not the only one that has a hand in things in this town. I bet he had a hand in it.

at hand 即将来到;在手边 by hand 用手 hand in hand 手牵手,携手 take…in hand 担负起…的责任 wash one’s hands of 洗手不干

In terms of 用…的话，以…的观点，就…而说 In terms of technical development, people were going from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. 就技术发展而言，人们正从石器时代过度到青铜器时代。 In terms of 用…的话，以…的观点，就…而说 (1)He thought of everything in terms of money. 他每件事都从钱的角度考虑。 (2) In terms of money we’re quite rich, but not in terms of happiness. 从钱的角度说我们相当富有，但就幸福而言则不然。

It was thought that the skills to make copper and bronze objects spread to Britain was through war and armed conflict.

in the eyes of sb. (=in sb. ’s eyes): in the opinion of sb In your father’s eyes you’re still a child. 相关词组： keep an eye on sb. 留神，看守，看管 look sb. in the eye 目不转睛地看某人 shut (close) one’s eyes to sth. 闭目不看…，装着没看到…，视而不见

curious adj. 好奇心强烈的，渴望知道的; curiosity be curious about sth. Children are curious about everything around them. be curious to do sth. I’m curious to know what is written in his letter. be curious wh- 从句 The boy was curious why his father worked so long every day. It is curious that he didn’t pass the exam. ….是奇怪的。

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