Module 2

Module 2 The Renaissance

Review of non-finite verbs(1) Grammar Review of non-finite verbs(1)

1. Look at this sentence. Remember that the underlined word is a non- finite verb. Example: Beginning in the 14th Century, the Renaissance had a great impact on European civilization.

Now underline the non-finite verbs in these sentences. 1. Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 1503~1506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece. 2. Architects preferred designing buildings with more light which contrasted with the heaviness of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages.

3. During the Renaissance, philosophers began asking questions like “What is a person?” or “Why am I here?” 4. He produced astonishing drawings of machines which were not to be built until hundreds of years later.

2. Read the sentences above again and answer the questions. Which non-finite verb phrases: (a) contain –ing forms? (b) contain –ed forms? (c) are used as subjects? 2, 3, 4 1 no

(d) are used as objects? (d) are used as adjectives? 2, 3 4

非谓语动词包括不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式。它们的基本用法在前几册已经进行了比较全面的总结。本册主要补充以下几点： Non-finite verbs 非谓语动词包括不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式。它们的基本用法在前几册已经进行了比较全面的总结。本册主要补充以下几点：

1. 作主语、宾语和表语时，不定式与 动词的-ing形式的区别 作主语、宾语和表语时，不定式与 动词的-ing形式经常可以互换，但 在有些情况中存在如下区别：

(1) 不定式作主语、宾语和表语时表 示具体的、一次性或将要发生的动 作。 e.g. It’s not good for you to smoke. 你抽烟不好。（具体情况）

Our task now is to increase food production. 我们现在的任务是提高粮食产量。（将要发生的动作） He prefers to stay at home today. 今天他宁愿呆在家里。（一次性的动作）

(2) 动词的-ing形式作主语、宾语和表 语时则表示抽象的、经常性的动作 或一般情况。 e.g. Smoking is prohibited here. 此地禁止吸烟。（一般情况）

Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。（经常性的动作） They prefer walking to cycling. 他们宁愿走路，不愿骑车。（一般倾向）

2. 动词-ing形式的被动式 -ing形式的被动式是由“being+v.-ed” 构成的，通常表示“正在被……”的意 思。如强调-ing形式所表示的动作发 生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发 生，可用-ing形式的被动态的完成式 （having + been + v.-ed）。

e.g. The bridge being build will be completed next year. Having been used for a long time, the car needs fixing.

动词的-ing形式的被动式、不定式的被动式与动词的-ed形式作定语的区别：

e.g. The meeting being held now is very important. 现在正在开着的会议很重要。（会 议正在开） The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天要开的会议很重要。（会议将 要开）

The meeting held yesterday is very important. 昨天开的会议很重要。(会议已经开了)

3. 动词的-ing形式和-ed形式的独立结构 时，其逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主 语一致。但有时它们可以有自己的独 立主语。这种结构称为独立结构。它 们常由名词或代词主格担任，一般放 在 –ing形式或 –ed形式之前。

-ing 形式和 –ed 形式的独立结构多用于书面语，常表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况。

(1) 当逻辑主语与其后的动词是主动关 系时，用动词的 –ing形式。 e.g. Spring coming on, the trees turn green. = When spring comes on, the trees turn green. 春天来 了，树都绿了。(表示时间，主 动关系)

It being Sunday, they had no classes It being Sunday, they had no classes. = As it was Sunday, they had no classes. 由于是星期天，他们不上课。(表示原因，主动关系) Time permitting, we can finish the work. = If time permits, we can finish the work. 如果时间允许，我们就册做完这个工作。(表示条件，主动关系)

He lay on his back, his glaring eyes looking straight upward. 他仰卧着，瞪着两眼往上看。(表示伴随情况，主动关系)

(2) 当逻辑主语与其后的分词是被动关 系时，用动词的 –ed 形式。 e.g. All the work done, they had a rest. = When all the work was done, they had a rest. 所有工作 都做完后，他们就休息了。(表 示时间，被动关系)

Their strength exhausted, they sank down one by one Their strength exhausted, they sank down one by one. = As their strength was exhausted, they sank down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因，被动关系)

All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to Mike All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to Mike. = After all things have been considered, I think we ought to give the job to Mike. 各方面考虑起来，我们应该把这个工作交给迈克。(表示条件，被动关系)

He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. 他脸朝天，头枕着双手躺着。(表示伴随情况，被动关系)

3. Underline the correct form of the verb. Leonardo was born in a small town in Tuscany, in the center of Italy. At school his teachers were astonished / astonishing by his talent. But Leonardo thought his progress was disappointed / disappointing because he hadn’t learnt enough.

So instead of relaxing / relaxed evenings spent with friends, Leonardo preferred studied / studying Latin by himself. He was good at everything: he was a strong athlete and he had a fine sung / singing voice. But he was especially interested / interesting in painting.

When he was 14 he went to work for the well-known artist Verrocchio and soon became a greater artist than his master. His first known drawing, showing / showed a valley in Tuscany, is astonished / astonishing. It shows a completely new approach to perspective. The scene looks real.

4. Complete the passage with the correct phrase from the box and compare your answers with your partners. a stolen page delighted Finding the October page illustrated with a hunting scene Measuring just 130mm × 95mm

Lost Page Found After 500 Years showing religious days ￡10m The beautifully illustrated Sforza Hours The lost pages Lost Page Found After 500 Years A 15th century Italian Renaissance book costing (1) ______ has finally been completed after (2) ____________ was returned to the rest of the book. ￡10m a stolen page

(3) _________________________________ was started around 1490 but at least three pages were stolen from the artist before it was finished. (4) ____________ were discovered 65 years ago and until this year one stayed in a private collection. The British Library paid ￡191,000 to a private US dealer for the final page. The beautifully illustrated Sforza Hours The lost pages

(5) _____________________________, the book is thought to be one of the lirbrary’s greatest treasures. It contains a calendar (6) ____________________ alongside pictures for each month. The final page – October – is (7) ____________________________, a typical activity for the time of year. Measuring just 130mm × 95mm showing religious days illustrated with a hunting scene

“The Sforza Hours is one of the greatest Renaissance books,” said Scot McKendrick of the British Library. “(8) ______________________ ends a 500- year search and we are (9) _________ that all parts of the Hours have now been returned to the British Library.” Finding the October page delighted

Review of non-finite verbs(2) Grammar Review of non-finite verbs(2)

1. Look at the sentences and answer the questions. 1. To find out why Mona Lisa is smiling is a lot of art lovers. 2. What Renaissance artists were interested in was to get new ideas.

3. The word Renaissance was used to describe a period in European history. 4. The King of France asked Leonardo to do scientific research.

(a) What form of non-finite verbs are used in all the underlined phrases? The infinitive. (b) Can this form of non-finite verbs be used to express purpose? Yes.

(c) Can this form of non-finite verbs be used after certain passive verbs? Yes. (d) In which sentence is the underlined phrase the subject of the sentence? Sentence 1.

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. More than one form may be possible. 1. Leonardo decided _________ (become) an artist when he was a boy. 2. He used _______ (draw) everything he saw around him. to become to draw

3. He went to France _______ (work) for the King. 4. When he got there, he gave up _______ (paint). 5. The Renaissance artists taught us _____ (see) nature in a new way. 6. They stopped ________ (follow) the old rules about color and perspective. to work painting to see following

7. They began ______________ _____________(experiment) with light and shade. 8. The increase in international trade helped Renaissance ideas ________ __________(spread) quickly. 9. Many artists agreed _______ (work) for wealthy patrons. to experiment / experimenting spread / to spread to work

10. Today lots of people enjoy _____ (go) to art galleries. 11. You promised ______ (take) me to the Louvre! 12. I suggest _______ (read) about the Renaissance before we go. going to take reading

3. Read the sentence in Activity 2 again and answer the questions. 1. Which verbs are followed by the infinitive? decided, used, went, taught, began, helped, agreed, promised

2. Which verbs are followed by the –ing form? gave up, stopped, began, enjoy, suggest 3. Which verbs are followed by either the infinitive or the –ing form? began

4. Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs. Vesalius Vesalius was born in Brussels and went to Paris (1) ___________ (complete) his medical training. He became Professor at Padua University in Italy, an important centre for (2) ________ (train) doctors during the Renaissance. to complete training

Vesalius had met artists who were studying the bones of the human body and (3) ___________ (cut up) bodies to make their paintings more lifelike. He said it was important for doctors (4) ____________ (examine) human bodies (5) ___________ (find out) how they work. cutting up to examine to find out

As the Catholic Church did not allow this, Vesalius had to remove dead bodies that were (6) _______ (bury). He even stole a body from a prison (7) ________ (study). Vesalius wrote a great book called “ The Fabric of the Human Body”, (8) __________ (describe) how parts of the body work. buried to study describing

The famous artist Titian produced over 200 drawings, (9) _______ (show) the human body in greater detail than ever before. (10) ________ (print) in 1543, the book was soon available in every medical school in Europe. His work encouraged other scientists to become more (11) ___________ (question). showing printed questioning

After Vesalius it became more important (12) ________ (study) how the human body works. to study

Exercises Choose the correct answer. 1. Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting

2. The next morning she found the man _____ in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 3. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult. A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. to not make

4. ____ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 5. Robert is said ___abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in . A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

6. The great hall was crowded with many people, _____ many children _____on their parents’ laps. A. including; seated B. including; seating C. included; sat D. included; sitting

7. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain

8. Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, _____ him a millionaire overnight. A. making B. makes C. to make D. made

9. In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out _____. A. to escape burning B. to escape being burned C. escaping burned D. escaping from burning

用英语写一篇短文，介绍自己所在的城镇，文中要用上非谓语动词。词数80左右。