Telencephalon 端 脑

External feature The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure 大脑纵裂. cerebral transverse fissure 大脑横裂. three surfaces: Superolateral 上外侧面, medial 内侧面 Inferior 下面.

central sulcus 中央沟 lateral sulcus 外侧沟 parietooccipital sulcus顶枕沟 Three sulci Central sulcus 中央沟 Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟 Lateral sulcus外侧沟

frontal lobe 额叶 parietal lobe 顶叶 temporal lobe 颞叶 occipital lobe 枕叶 insular lobe 岛叶 Five lobes Frontal pole 额极 Occipital pole 枕极 Parietal lobe Insular lobe Fronta lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe preoccipital notch枕前切迹. Temporal pole颞极

Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface Precentral gyrus 中央前回 Postcentral gyrus 中央后回 Precentral sulcus 中央前沟 Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟 Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟 Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶 Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟 Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟 Superior,middle and inferioe frontal gyri 额上、中、下回 Angular gyrus 角回 inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶 Supramarginal gyrus缘上回

Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface Superior temporal Gyrus 颞上回 Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟 Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟 Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回 Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回

Transverse temporal gyri

Medial surface Dentate gyrus 齿状回 Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶 Corpus callosum 胼胝体 Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟 Marginal ramus 边缘支 cingulate gyrus 扣带回 Cuneus 楔叶 Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟 Calcarine sulcus 距状沟 Lingual gyrus舌回 Uncus 钩 Dentate gyrus 齿状回 Collateral sulcus 侧副沟 Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回

Inferior surface Olfactory bulb 嗅球 Olfactory tract 嗅束 Olfactory trigone 嗅三角 Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟 Anterior perforated substance 前穿质 Medial and lateral occipitotemporal gyri 枕颞内、外侧回

Hippocampus 海马 Hippocampal formation 海马结构 Dentate gyrus 齿状回

Histology of the cerebral cortex archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation) paleocortex 旧皮质 (rhinencephalon ) neocortex 新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)： 3 cell layers 6 cell layers 1.分子层 molecular layer 2.外颗粒层 external granular layer 3.外锥体层 external pyrammidal layer 4.内颗粒层internal granular layer 5,节细胞层 ganglionic layer 6.多形细胞层polymorphic layer

1. Primary motor area 第I 躯体运动区 Functional location of the cerebral cortex 1. Primary motor area 第I 躯体运动区 Located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule 中央前回和中央旁小叶前部

1. Primary motor area 第I 躯体运动区 Characters (1) The body is represented in the motor area as inverted, but head and face are upright (2) send out fibers to controll the voluntary movements of contralateral limbs. (3) the size of cortical area representing parts of the body is determined by the functional importance of the part.

2. Primary somatic sensory area------ 第I 躯体感觉区 Lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule 中央后回和中央旁小叶后部。

Characters (1) The body is represented in the Sensory area as inverted, but head and face are upright (2) Receives sensations form the contralateral half of the body. (3) the size of cortical area for a parts of the body is determined by the functional importance of the part.

3. Visual area 视区 Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus 距状沟上下方皮质 in medial surface of occipital lobe Visual area of one hemisphere receives optic impulse from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side. 接受来自同侧视网膜颞侧半，对侧视网膜鼻侧半的视觉冲动。

4. Auditory area 听区 Located in transverse gyri 颞横回 Receive auditory information from both ears

Vestibular area: located in front of superior temporal gyrus Olfactory area: located near the uncus Taste area: located at frontal operculum

Language area 语言中枢 it is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢 (1) Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus 额下回后部 (Broca 区) (2) damage: motor aphasia 运动性失语 Writing area 书写中枢 (1) Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus 额中回后部 (2) Damage: agraphia 失写症

Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢 (1) Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus (2) Lesion: sensory aphasia 感觉性失语 Visual speech area 视觉性语言中枢 (1) Located in angular gyrus 角回 (2) Lesion: alexia 失读症

Ⅲ. Internal structures 1. lateral ventricle 侧脑室 Position: located in cerebral hemispheres. Divided into 4 parts: a) Central part 中央部: lies in parietal lobe b) Anterior horn 前角: extends into frontal lobe c) Posterior horn 后角 extend into occipital lobe d) Inferior horn下角: extend into temporal lobe

Ⅲ. Internal structures 1. lateral ventricle侧脑室 Communication → interventricular foramen (室间孔)→ third ventricle

2.Basal nuclei: deep within base of cerebral hemisphere Corpus striatum 纹状体 globus pallidus 苍白球 putamen 壳 Paleostriatum 旧纹状体 lentiform nucleus 豆状核 Neostriatum 新纹状体 Caudate nucleus尾状核 Claustrum 屏状核 Amygdaloid body 杏仁体 杏仁体

3.White matter -- cerebral medullary substance 1. Association fibers 联络纤维 run between gyri within the same hemisphere Cerebral arcuate fibers 弓状纤维 Superior longitudinal fasciculus上纵束 inferior longitudinal fasciculus 下纵束 Uncinate fasciculus 钩束 Cingulum 扣带

White matter -- cerebral medullary substance 2. Commissural fibers 连合纤维: run between left and right hemisphere (1). Corpus callosum 胼胝体: rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium (2). Anterior commissure前连合

Corpus callosum

(3). Fornix 穹窿 and commissure of fornix 穹窿连合

White matter -- cerebral medullary 3. Projection fibers:投射纤维 connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers ★ Internal capsule 内囊 Position a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform Nucleus.

Division： The internal capsule may be divided into 3 parts Head of caudate nucleus The internal capsule may be divided into 3 parts Anterior limb 前肢： Genu 膝: Posterior limb 后肢: lie between the head of caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus Lentiform nucleus the junction of anterior and posterior limbs Dorsal thalamus lie between the thalamus and lentiform nucleus

Anterior limb 前肢 Anterior thalamic radiation 丘脑前辐射 Head of caudate nucleus Anterior thalamic radiation 丘脑前辐射 Frontopontine tract 额桥束 Lentiform nucleus Dorsal thalamus

Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝 . Head of caudate nucleus Containing: corticonuclear tract 皮质核束 Lentiform nucleus Dorsal thalamus

Posterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢 . May be divided into 3 parts thalamolentiform part丘脑豆状核部 sublentiform part 豆状核下部 retrolentiform part 豆状核后部 The fibers Passing through the thalamolentiform part include Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束 Corticorubral tract 皮质红核束 Central thalamic radiations 丘脑中央辐射 Parietopontine tract

Posterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢 . sublentiform part 豆状核下部 Acoustic radiation 听辐射 temporopontine tract 颞桥束 Acoustic radiation retrolentiform part 豆状核后部 Optic radiation 视辐射 occipitopontine tract 枕桥束 Optic radiation

Limbic system 边缘系统 Composition Limbic lobe 边缘 叶:include septal area 隔区, cingulate gyrus 扣带回, parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回, hippocampus 海马, dentate gyrus齿状回, temporal pole 颞极, anterior part of insular lobe 岛叶前部 。

Limbic system 边缘系统 Associated subcortical nuclei 皮质下结构: amygdaloid body杏仁体, septal nuclei 隔核, hypothalamus 下丘脑, epithalamus 上丘脑, anterior nucleus group of thalamus 丘脑前核, tegmentum of midbrain 中脑被盖.

Limbic system 边缘系统 Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’ 内脏脑

Anterior thalamic radiation Head of caudate nucleus Frontopontine tract Lentiform nucleus Corticonuclear tract Corticorubral tracy Corticospinal tract Parieto-occipito- temporo-pontine tract Dorsal thalamus Central thalamic radiation auditory radiation Medial geniculate body Optic radiation Lateral geniculate body