Introduction to Parasitology Helminth 蠕蟲 (-ology) Nematoda 線蟲 Trematoda 吸蟲 Cestoda 絛蟲 Protozoa 原蟲 (protozoology) Arthropoda 節肢動物 (Entomology 昆蟲學)

Terminology mutualism 互利共生, commensalism 片利共生 parasitism 寄生 infection 感染 Parasite 寄生蟲 : temporary暫時性, stationary定留性 ecto-, endo- obligatory 專性, facultative 兼性 Pathogenic 致病性, nonpathogenic 非致病性 spurious 假性, pseudo- 假的 accidental 偶然

Vector 媒介 : biological 生物性, mechanical 機械性 Host 宿主 : Final host (FH) (definitive host) 終宿主 Intermediate host (IH) 中間宿主 Paratenic host (transport host) 保幼宿主 Reservior host (RH) 保蟲宿主 Vector 媒介 : biological 生物性, mechanical 機械性 Parasitic zoonoses 人畜共通寄生蟲病

Mode of infection : oral, skin penetration, congenital infection Infective form 感染型 Effects of parasites on hosts : Compete for the nutrients Feed on host tissue Mechanical damage Toxic substance Others

-osis -asis Prevention : Treatment of patients and reservoir hosts Treatment of excreta of final hosts Control of vectors and intermediate hosts Prophylaxis against infections Scientific nomenclature :

Parasite No. infected (億) Deaths/year (萬) Ascaris 蛔蟲 13 2-6 The “top ten” human parasites (based on WHO estimates, 1995 & 1997) Parasite No. infected (億) Deaths/year (萬) Ascaris 蛔蟲 13 2-6 Hookworms 鉤蟲 13 5-9 Trichuris 鞭蟲 9 Amebae 阿米巴 5 4-11 Malaria 瘧疾原蟲 4-4.9 250 Giardia 梨形鞭毛蟲 2 Schistosomes 血吸蟲 1.5 50-100 Filarias 絲蟲 1.46 Trypanosomes 錐蟲 0.25 6.5-10 Leishmania 利什曼原蟲 0.12 8

The six tropical diseases WHO wishes to eliminate: Malaria 瘧疾 Trypanosomiasis 錐蟲症 Schistosomiasis 血吸蟲症 Onchocerciasis 蟠尾絲蟲症 Leishmaniasis 利什曼原蟲症 Leprosy 痲瘋

趨蟲 : 多針對腸道寄生蟲 西元前1500年古埃及人以食用油及山扁豆，或加入 蜂蜜、糖、棗子等。 西元前650年前亞述人用洋蔥、薄荷、芹菜、苦瓜、木瓜子、 松節油、樹脂、石榴等。 現今以 chemotherapy

Soil-transmitted parasite 土壤傳播性寄生蟲 Soil-transmitted parasite 蛔蟲 (Ascaris lumbricoides) 犬蛔蟲 (Toxocara canis) 鉤蟲 (Hookworm) 糞線蟲 (Strongyloides stercoralis)

吃魚可能感染的寄生蟲： I. 海獸胃線蟲 (Anisakines) 棘顎口線蟲 (Gnathostoma spp.) 菲律賓毛線蟲 (Capillaria philippinensis) II.中華肝吸蟲 (Clonorchis sinensis) 香貓肝吸蟲 (Opisthrochis viverrini) 橫川吸蟲 (Metagonimus yokogawai) 異形吸蟲 (Heterophyes heterophyes) III. 廣節裂頭絛蟲 (Diphyllobrothrium latum)

經食物傳染的寄生蟲 衛氏肺吸蟲 (Paragonimus westermani) 薑片蟲 (Fasciolopsis buski) 牛羊肝吸蟲 (Fasciola hepatica) 廣東血線蟲 (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) 舌蟲 (Pentastomes)

吃肉可能感染到的寄生蟲 I. 旋毛蟲 (Trichinella spiralis) II. 牛肉絛蟲 (Taenia saginata) III. 豬肉絛蟲 (Taenia solium) IV. 單包絛蟲 (Echinococcus granulosus) V.剛地弓形蟲 (Toxoplasma gondii) VI. 肉胞子蟲 (Sarcocystis spp.)