The Nature of Intercultural Communication Chapter 1 The Nature of Intercultural Communication

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Topics Globalization/glocalization/grobalization Culture Enculturation/Acculturation Ethnocentrism Norms, rules, roles, and networks Subcultures and subgroups Communication barriers Multinational management orientations 全球增长化 透过麦当劳例子，认识全球本土化/全球在地化（Glocalization）和全球增长化（Grobalization）的概念，从而培养学生将具体例子归纳为抽象概念的能力 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-3

Example of Miscommunication Telex sent to a factory manager of a U.S. subsidy in Lima, Peru: “Please send a headcount of the people in your factory and in your office, broken down by sex. Information urgent.” The local manager, a Peruvian, replied: “Here’s your headcount: we have 30 in the factory, 15 in the office, 5 in the hospital on sick leave, none broken down by sex. If you must know, our problem here is with alcohol.” (Axtell, 1994) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-4

Communication and Culture Communication and culture are inseparable. Culture is a code we learn and share. Learning and sharing require communication Communication requires coding and symbols that are learned and shared. (Smith, 1966) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Definitions International communication - communication between governments or among nations Intracultural communication - communication between members of the same culture Global business communication - communication between businesses from different countries Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Intercultural business communication – interpersonal communication within and between businesses that involve people from more than one culture Melting pot - sociocultural assimilation of people of differing backgrounds and nationalities; implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society (macroculture) Diffusion - the process by which two cultures learn and adapt materials and adopt practices of each other Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. World culture - the idea that as traditional barriers among people of differing cultures break down, one culture will emerge Globalization - the ability of a firm to take a product and market it in the entire civilized world Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. Census 2010 64% White Americans 16% Hispanic Americans 14% African Americans 5% Asian Americans .9% Amer. Indians & Alaskan Natives .2% Native Hawaiians & Pacific Islanders .9% Others Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Globalization, Glocalization, and Grobalization Globalization(全球化)—the worldwide diffusion of practices Glocalization(全球本土化)—the interpenetration of the global and local Grobalization (全球增长化)——focuses on the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, and organizations to impose themselves on others Globalization — 全球化 全球化是一个以经济全球化为核心、包含各国各民族各地区在政治、文化、科技、军事、安全、意识形态、生活方式、价值观念等多层次、多领域的相互联系、影响、制约的多元概念。“全球化”可概括为科技、经济、政治、法治、管理、组织、文化、思想观念、人际交往、国际关系十个方面的全球化。 ：Glocalization（由globalization和localization组合而成） 从这个概念的定义来看，可以指一切希望并能够用“全球化的思想，本土化的操作”（“think globally and act locally”）的个人、团体、机构等等。 此概念最早出现于20世纪80年代晚期，日本经济学家在《哈佛商业评论》发表的文章中提到该词。意在强调当全球化的产品或服务与当地文化相结合时更有可能取得成功。 　麦当劳的成功是全球本土化的经典案例之一。麦当劳在世界范围内市场的逐渐扩大是全球化的例子，然而为了适应当地人们的口味，其连锁店的菜单各不相同，则是全球本土化的一个典型例子。 全球本土化不仅是一种营销策略，也是一种全球经济日益全球化和一体化背景下出现的一种新的理论和思潮。社会学家罗兰·罗伯森（Roland Robertson）认为，“全球本土化”描述了本土条件对全球化的反馈作用。1997年，在一个关于“全球化和本土化文化”的会议上，罗伯森称全球本土化意味着普遍化与特殊化趋势的融合，两者共同起着作用 增长全球化 1.Ritzer also combines "grow" and "globalization" into "grobalization",which implies that the impetus to grow promotes the diffusion of nothing. 美国社会学学者乔治·里茨尔的新作《虚无的全球化》在前有研究的基础上,结合全球现实层面的新的发展趋势,提出了分析全球化的新的理论工具——虚无,并针对罗卜逊著名的新概念——全球本地化,创造了增长全球化(grobalization)一术语,以其提供一个更平衡地描述全球化的支点。 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

Physical Psychological Dimensions of Culture Languages (codes/modes) Verbal Nonverbal Physical Psychological Environment Human Behavior Content Processes Natural Man Made Knowledge Belief Encoding Systems Decoding Thought From Borden, 1991, 171 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Describe the U.S. or another Culture Using Borden Language Verbal Nonverbal Psychological Content Knowledge Belief Systems Processes Encoding Thought Decoding Thought Physical Environment Cultural activities Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Perceptions & Stereotypes Perceptions are learned through the dimensions of culture. Culture is learned through perception. Stereotypes are perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities, often based upon limited knowledge and/or exposure Perception 这是比较理性的，即洞察力、与生俱来的一种理解力。 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Stereotypes of U.S. Persons Informal relationships Rather formal in business attire (suits for men; dresses or suits for women) Workaholics Embarrass foreign businesspeople Overly concerned with time, money, and appointments Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Make decisions on hard, objective facts Consider contracts and the written word as very important Be aware of the status differences within the organization; however, generally no display of superiority or inferiority is made which makes rank-conscious foreigners uneasy Are very mobile Convey superiority in their actions Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

Stereotypes of Selected Cultures (Japanese and U.S. Students) Japanese Americans English gentlemanly, formal, proper, polite polite, intelligent Irish cold, patient, drinkers, jovial, religious hot-tempered, loud Chinese diligent, serious quiet, small, ingenious, laboring industrious, smart Mexicans cheerful, passionate lazy, poor, loud, spicy-food eaters dirty, uneducated Russians cold, dark, closed, cold, respect authority, secret, selfish hard-working Israelis religious, faithful, religious, quarrelsome, warlike, Jewish wealthy, greedy Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Terms Enculturation - socialization process you go through to adapt to your society Frontstage culture - cultural information that you are willing to share with outsiders Backstage culture - cultural information concealed from outsiders Acculturation - process of adjusting and adapting to a new and different culture Cultural synergy - two cultures merge to form a stronger overriding culture Multicultural - people who can move between two or more cultures very comfortably Ethnocentrism - the belief that your own cultural background is correct Mindsets - ways of being that allow us to see, perceive, and reason through our own filter Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviours appropriate or necessary in that culture. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Dimensions of Acculturation Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture Deculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

Norms, Rules, Roles, and Networks (Situational factors that influence encoding and decoding of verbal and nonverbal messages) Norms - culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken, carry a form of overt or covert penalty Rules - formed to clarify cloudy areas of norms Roles - include behavioral expectations of a position within a culture and are affected by norms and rules Networks - formed with personal ties and involve an exchange of assistance Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Subcultures and Subgroups Subcultures (or microcultures) - groups possessing traits that set them apart from others within the macroculture. U.S. examples: senior citizens, Catholics, disabled persons, Asian Americans Subgroups - groups with which the macroculture does not agree and has problems communicating. U.S. examples: youth gangs, prostitutes, embezzlers Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

Cultural Intelligence（文化智商） Involves linguistic intelligence, spatial intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and interpersonal intelligence Involves the ability to interact successfully with individuals from other cultures Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

Communication Barriers Physical - time, environment Cultural - social, ethnic, religion, social Perceptual - viewing from your own mindset Motivational - mental inertia（情绪惯性） of listener Experiential - dissimilar experiences or life happenings Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Linguistic - unusual vocabulary Emotional - personal feelings, likes or dislikes Nonverbal - how something is said or how the person behaves or gestures Competition - listener's having the ability to do other things Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cultural Iceberg Above the waterline—what we can see; behaviors that are visible Below the waterline—what we cannot see; behaviors that are not visible or that do not make sense to us Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 24

Cultural Iceberg

Domestic and Global Mindsets Domestic Mindset Functional expertise Prioritization Structure Individual responsibility No surprises Trained against surprises Global Mindset Bigger, broader picture Balance of contradictions Process Teamwork and diversity View change as opportunity Openness to surprises Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 26

Multinational Management Orientations Ethnocentric Management - All workers treated the same; no allowance for cultural differences in the work force Polycentric Management - Considers the cultural needs of country where the firm is located Regiocentric Management - Considers the region rather than the country in which the firm is located Geocentric Management - A synergy of ideas from different countries of operation Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 27

Ten Commandments for Going International Be well prepared. Ask questions; be observant; listen. Make an effort. When problems develop, assume the main cause is miscommunication. Be patient. Assume the best about people. Be sincere. Keep a sense of humor. Try to be likable. Smile. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 28

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What foreign students WOULD like to see incorporated into their own culture: Opportunity for individuals to raise their station in life Efficiency of organizations Hard work and productivity Freedom to express opinions openly General sense of freedom Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What foreign students WOULD NOT like to see incorporated into their own culture: Excessive individualism Weak family ties Treatment of older people Materialism Competitiveness Rapid pace of life Divorce “Free” male/ female relations Impersonality Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 30

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