English is a bridge to the world. 语法知识 Grammar 定语从句 English is a bridge to the world.

一、概念 定语从句 在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出 。 关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有： when, where, why等。

二、用法 1、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who(主格), whom（宾格）, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：

a) 他就是 我昨天见到的 那个人。 （ ） ①He is the man. ②I saw him yesterday. He is the man whom I saw yesterday. b) 你认识 站在那边的 那个人吗？ （ ） ①Do you know the man? ②He is standing over there. Do you know the man who is standing over there?

2）whose 用来指人或物。 例如： a) 小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级里最好的学生。 （ ） ①Xiao Ming is the best student in our class. ②His father is an engineer. Xiao Ming whose father is an engineer is the best student in our class. 注意：定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即定语从句所修饰的词）

3）which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 例如 ： （ ） ①This is the factory. ②We visited it last year. This is the factory which / that we visited last year. 可以省略 说明：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。

b) 这是 去年建造的 工厂。 （ ） ①This is the factory. ②It was built last year. This is the factory which / that was built last year. 不可以省略 2、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）关系副词when, where, why 的含义相当于 “介词+ which” 结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如： a) 我仍然记得 我参军的 那一天。 （ ） ①I still remember the day. ②On that day I joined the army. I still remember the day when I joined the army. 或 I still remember the day on which I joined the army.

b) 这就是 我们去年住的 房屋。 （ ） ①This is the house. ②We lived in it last year. This is the house where we lived last year. 或 This is the house in which we lived last year. 或 This is the house which we lived in last year.

c) 你知道 他迟到的 原因吗？ （ ） ①Do you know the reason? ②He was late for that reason. Do you know the reason why he was late? 或 Do you know the reason for which he was late? 2）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用when, where, why 来引导定语从句。 例如：

这是我们去年参观的地方。 ······① vt. a) 这是我们去年工作的地方。 ······② vi. ①This is the place which / that we visited last year. ②This is the place where we worked last year. 我仍然记得我入团的那一天。 b) 我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。 ①I still remember the day when I joined the League. ②I still remember the day that / which we spent together.

3、判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全 取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

B D 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的 成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this the museum _____ you visited a few days ago? 　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which D. the one D 例2. Is this museum _____ you visited a few days ago? A. where　B. that　 C. on which D. the one

4、关系代词 that 的用法 1）不用 that 的情况 介词后不能用。例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on the land that / which we get our food from. 2）只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代 词的情况

a) 在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不 用 which。 b)不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用 that，不用 which 。 c)先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时，只用 that。 d) 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰 时，只用 that。 e) 先行词既有人，又有物时 。

定语从句练习 1.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor. A. of whom B. whom　　　　 C. of whose　 D. whose　　 D 2.In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help. A. that　　 B. who　　　　 C. from whom　　 D. to whom　　　 D

3.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that　 D. when　 B 4.He lived in London for 3 months, during ____ time he learned some English. A. this　　 B. which C. that　　 D. same B

5.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. _____ I got wet through. A. It’s the reason B. That’s why C. There’s why D. It’s how B A 6.I don’t like _____ you speak to her. A.the way that B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of that 下面请看定语从句语法（二）

The Attributive Clause 定语从句

boy the handsome the tall the strong the clever 关系代词指人 The boy is Tom. The boy who is handsome is Tom. The boy who is tall is Tom. The boy who is strong is Tom. The boy who is clever is Tom

The boy who has a round face is Tom. §The boy is Tom. The boy is smiling. The boy who is smiling is Tom. (主语) §The boy is Tom. The boy has a round face. The boy who has a round face is Tom. §The boy is Tom. He sits in front of me. The man who sits in front of me is Tom.

The woman can speak German. §The woman got the job. The woman can speak German. The woman who can speak German got the job. §The man is kind. Everyone likes him. The man (whom) everyone likes is kind. (宾语) §The woman got the job. We saw her on the street. The woman (whom) we saw on the street got the job.

We met the teacher yesterday. §The teacher will give us a talk. We met the teacher yesterday. The teacher (whom) we met yesterday will give us a talk. §The boy is in the lab. You want to talk to him. The boy (whom) you want to talk to is in the lab. 或 The boy to whom you want to talk is in the lab.

关系代词指物 the red the green the small the big apple The apple which is red is mine. The apple which is green is yours. The apple which is red is small. The apple which is green is big. 以上四句中的 which 都可以用 that.

Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat which is eating her flowers. §Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat. The goat is eating her flowers. Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat which is eating her flowers. §Can you lend me the book? You talked about it last night. Can you lend me the book (which) you talked about last night. 或 Can you lend me the book about which you talked last night?

Do you find the pen (which) I wrote with just now? I wrote with it just now. Do you find the pen (which) I wrote with just now? Do you find the pen with which I wrote just now? ★which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省) ★介词提前时只能用which 而不能用 that

▲The scientist Ø we met yester- day is very famous in the world. §(1) The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday. ▲The scientist Ø we met yester- day is very famous in the world. ▲The scientist whom we met yes- terday is very famous in the world. ▲The scientist who we met yes- terday is very famous in the world. ▲The scientist that we met yes- terday is very famous in the world.

▲This is the best film that I have ever seen. §(2)This is the best film. I have ever seen this film. ▲This is the best film that I have ever seen. ▲This is the best film Ø I have ever seen. 接着请做定语从句练习

定语从句专项练习

1. This is all ____ I know about the matter. A. that B. what C. who D 1.This is all ____ I know about the matter. A.that B.what C.who D.whether A 2.Is there anything else ____ you want? A.which B.that C.who D.what B B 3.The last place _____ we visited was the Great Wall. A.which B.that C.where D.it

4.He talked happily about the men and books _____ interested him greatly in the school. A.which B.that C.it D.whom B A 5.There is no dictionary _____ you can find everything. A.that B.which C.where D.in that 6.This is one of the best books ___. A.that have ever been written B.that has ever been written C.that has written D.that have written A

7.He wrote a letter to me, telling me everything ____ he saw on the way to the Paris. A.what B.that C.which D.where B 8.Is oxygen（氧气） the only gas _____ helps fire burn? A.that B. / C.which D.it A B 9.Is there anything _____ to you? A.that is belonged B.that belongs C.which belongs D.that belong

10.The scientist and his achieve- ments（成就）_____ you told me about are admired by us all. A.which B.that C.who D.whose B 11.Which of the books _____ were borrowed from him is the best? A.which B.what C.that D.whose C

结论: 先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时，通常用关系代词 that。 1)先行词是 all, no, none, everyone, something, much, little等。 2)先行词前有序数词,形容词最高级或 the last, the only等。 3)如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时。 4)若主句中有疑问代词 who, which 为了避免重复, 关系代词不要再用who, which.

1. Do you know who lives in the building _____ there is a well. A 1.Do you know who lives in the building _____ there is a well? A.in front of it B. in front of whose C.in front of which D.in front which C A 2.I’ll never forget the day ____ I joined the League. A. on which B. in which C. which D. at which B 3.The woman _____ my brother spoke just now is my teacher. A.who B.to whom C.to who D.whom

B 4.Jeanne was her old friend, ____ she borrowed a necklace. A. from who B. from whom C. to that D. to whom C 5.His glasses, _____ he was like a blind man（盲人）, fell to the ground and broke its leg. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that

6. She is a teacher of much know- ledge, _____ much can be learned. A 6.She is a teacher of much know- ledge, _____ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom D 7.He built a telescope（望远镜）_____ he could study the skies. A. in which B. with that C. through which D. by it C D 8.Do you know the reason ____ he was late? D. for which A. that B. which C. for what

B 9.I have bought two ball-pens, ____ writes well. A.none of which B.neither of which C.none of them D.neither of them A 10.This is the very knife_____I used to cut apples yesterday. A. that B. by which C. which D. with which for 11.The book, _____ which he paid 6 yuan, is worth reading.

结论: 介词﹢关系代词引导的定语从句，关键是判断介词的选择，方法一是看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词（习惯搭配），再则可以通过整个句子整体含义来判断,结合生活实际来判断。

a d c a ①Is this the factory _____ you visited last year? 1. ②Is this factory ____ you visited last year? a. that b. where c. in which d. the one c ①All ____ I need is a good rest. 2. a ②You know ____ I need is a good rest. a. what b. all what c. that d. which

①Mr Smith is one of those forei- gners who____ working in China. d 3. ②Mr Smith is the only one of those foreigners who ____ work- ing in China. a a. is b. has c. have d. are a ①Pisa is a city, ____ has a lean- ing tower. 4. c ②Pisa is a city, ____ there is a leaning tower. a.which b.that c.where d.there

a b c / d c ①This is the place ____ we visit- ed last year. 5. ②This the place ____ we worked last year. a. which b. where c. in that d. there ①The news ________ he told us was very exciting. c / d 6. c ②He told us the news ____ our team had won the game. a.what b.as c.that d.which

结论 在实践中要注意定语从句与其它从句的结构上的细微差别,能够正确区分使用它们。

∧ ∧ ∧ Correct mistakes: 1. Here is the pen you lost it yesterday. 2. The girl told me the news is not here now. ∧ 3. Is this farm we visited last year? ∧ ∧ 或 4. This is the teacher with whom we’ve learnt a lot. 5. He is the only one of the students who know French.